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1. MUDDFormer: Breaking Residual Bottlenecks in Transformers via Multiway Dynamic Dense Connections

Author

Xiao, Da, Meng, Qingye, Li, Shengping, and Yuan, Xingyuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Artificial Intelligence, Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

We propose MUltiway Dynamic Dense (MUDD) connections, a simple yet effective method to address the limitations of residual connections and enhance cross-layer information flow in Transformers. Unlike existing dense connection approaches with static and shared connection weights, MUDD generates connection weights dynamically depending on hidden states at each sequence position and for each decoupled input stream (the query, key, value or residual) of a Transformer block. MUDD connections can be seamlessly integrated into any Transformer architecture to create MUDDFormer. Extensive experiments show that MUDDFormer significantly outperforms Transformers across various model architectures and scales in language modeling, achieving the performance of Transformers trained with 1.8X-2.4X compute. Notably, MUDDPythia-2.8B matches Pythia-6.9B in pretraining ppl and downstream tasks and even rivals Pythia-12B in five-shot settings, while adding only 0.23% parameters and 0.4% computation. Code in JAX and PyTorch and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/Caiyun-AI/MUDDFormer .

Published
2025

2. Benchmarking and Understanding Compositional Relational Reasoning of LLMs

Author

Ni, Ruikang, Xiao, Da, Meng, Qingye, Li, Xiangyu, Zheng, Shihui, and Liang, Hongliang

Subjects
Computer Science - Computation and Language, Computer Science - Machine Learning
Abstract

Compositional relational reasoning (CRR) is a hallmark of human intelligence, but we lack a clear understanding of whether and how existing transformer large language models (LLMs) can solve CRR tasks. To enable systematic exploration of the CRR capability of LLMs, we first propose a new synthetic benchmark called Generalized Associative Recall (GAR) by integrating and generalizing the essence of several tasks in mechanistic interpretability (MI) study in a unified framework. Evaluation shows that GAR is challenging enough for existing LLMs, revealing their fundamental deficiency in CRR. Meanwhile, it is easy enough for systematic MI study. Then, to understand how LLMs solve GAR tasks, we use attribution patching to discover the core circuits reused by Vicuna-33B across different tasks and a set of vital attention heads. Intervention experiments show that the correct functioning of these heads significantly impacts task performance. Especially, we identify two classes of heads whose activations represent the abstract notion of true and false in GAR tasks respectively. They play a fundamental role in CRR across various models and tasks. The dataset and code are available at https://github.com/Caiyun-AI/GAR., Comment: Accepted to the 39th Annual AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-25)

Published
2024

4. Improving Transformers with Dynamically Composable Multi-Head Attention

Author

Xiao, Da, Meng, Qingye, Li, Shengping, and Yuan, Xingyuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Machine Learning, Computer Science - Computation and Language
Abstract

Multi-Head Attention (MHA) is a key component of Transformer. In MHA, attention heads work independently, causing problems such as low-rank bottleneck of attention score matrices and head redundancy. We propose Dynamically Composable Multi-Head Attention (DCMHA), a parameter and computation efficient attention architecture that tackles the shortcomings of MHA and increases the expressive power of the model by dynamically composing attention heads. At the core of DCMHA is a $\it{Compose}$ function that transforms the attention score and weight matrices in an input-dependent way. DCMHA can be used as a drop-in replacement of MHA in any transformer architecture to obtain the corresponding DCFormer. DCFormer significantly outperforms Transformer on different architectures and model scales in language modeling, matching the performance of models with ~1.7x-2.0x compute. For example, DCPythia-6.9B outperforms open source Pythia-12B on both pretraining perplexity and downstream task evaluation. The code and models are available at https://github.com/Caiyun-AI/DCFormer., Comment: Accepted to the 41st International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML'24 oral)

Published
2024

5. Magnetic Resonance Frequency Shift Caused by Nonuniform Field and Boundary Relaxation

Author

Zhang, Xiangdong, Hu, Jinbo, Xiao, Da-Wu, and Zhao, Nan

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Physics - Atomic Physics
Abstract

Magnetic field inhomogeneity is usually detrimental to magnetic resonance (MR) experiments. It is widely recognized that a nonuniform magnetic field can lead to an increase in the resonance line width, as well as a reduction in sensitivity and spectral resolution. However, nonuniform magnetic field can also cause shift in resonance frequency, which received far less attention. In this work, we investigate the frequency shift under arbitrary nonuniform magnetic field and boundary relaxation by applying perturbation theory to the Torrey equation. Several compact frequency shift formulas are reported. We find that the frequency shift is mainly determined by $B_z$ distribution (rather than the transverse field components in previous study) and has important dependence on boundary relaxation. Furthermore, due to the difference of boundary relaxation and high order perturbation correction, this frequency shift is spin-species dependent, which implies a systematic error in many MR based precision measurements such as NMR gyroscope and comagnetometers. This insight provides a potential tool for understanding the unexplained isotope shifts in recent NMR gyroscope and new physics searching experiments that utilize comagnetometers. Finally, we propose a new tool for wall interaction research based on the frequency shift's dependency on boundary relaxation.

Published
2024

9. Spectris™ treatment preserves corpus callosum structure in Alzheimer's disease

Author

Xiao Da, Evan Hempel, Adam M. Brickman, Mihály Hajós, Ralph Kern, and Aylin Cimenser

Subjects
Alzheimer's disease, corpus callosum, white matter, atrophy, 40Hz, non-invasive, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of 40Hz gamma stimulation on the preservation of the corpus callosum, a critical structure for interhemispheric connectivity, in people with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer's disease.MethodsOVERTURE (NCT03556280) participants were randomized 2:1 (Active:Sham) to receive daily, 1-h, 40Hz gamma sensory stimulation or sham treatment for 6 months. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed to assess changes in corpus callosum area (N = 50; 33 for active, 17 for sham). Bayesian linear mixed-effects modeling was used to assess differences in longitudinal changes of corpus callosum area between the two treatment groups.ResultsAll observed differences in corpus callosum area favored the active treatment group. Differences were observed in the total corpus callosum area (2.28 ± 0.87%, p < 0.02) and its subregions, including genu/rostrum (2.36 ± 0.90%, p < 0.02), anterior-body (2.64 ± 1.26%, p < 0.04), mid-body (2.79 ± 1.18%, p < 0.03), posterior-body (2.87 ± 1.41%, p < 0.05), and splenium (1.58 ± 0.73%, p < 0.04). Total corpus callosum area and some of the sub-regional differences, such as genu/rostrum and splenium, were observed as early as 3 months after commencement of treatment.InterpretationThe structural magnetic resonance imaging results from the OVERTURE Phase 2 study suggest that 6 months of non-invasive 40Hz stimulation reduces the rate of atrophy of the corpus callosum in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. The preservation of structural integrity in the corpus callosum, crucial for interhemispheric communication and cognitive function, may be achievable through this non-invasive approach, potentially providing a promising disease-modifying alternative in Alzheimer's disease management.

Published
2024
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12. Universal energy-dependent pseudopotential for the two-body problem of confined ultracold atoms

Author

Xiao, Da-Wu, Zhang, Ren, and Zhang, Peng

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Quantum Physics
Abstract

The two-body scattering amplitude and energy spectrum of confined ultracold atoms are of fundamental importance for studies of ultracold atom physics. For many systems, one can efficiently calculate these quantities via the zero-range Huang-Yang pseudopotential (HYP), in which the interatomic interaction is characterized by the scattering length $a$. Furthermore, when the scattering length is dependent on the kinetic energy $\varepsilon_{\rm r}$ of two-atom relative motion, the results are applicable for a broad energy region. However, when the free Hamiltonian of atomic internal state does not commute with the inter-atomic interaction, or the center-of-mass (c.m.) motion is coupled to the relative motion, the generalization of this technique is still lacking. We solve this problem and construct a reasonable energy-dependent multi-channel HYP, which is characterized by a "scattering length operator" ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$. Here ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$ is an operator for atomic internal states and c.m. motion, and depends on both the total two-atom energy and the external field as well as the trapping parameter. The effects from the internal-state or c.m.-relative motion coupling can be self-consistently taken into account by ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$. We further show a method based on the quantum defect theory, with which ${\hat a}_{\rm eff}$ can be analytically derived for systems with van der Waals inter-atomic interaction. To demonstrate our method, we calculate the spectrum of two ultracold fermionic alkaline-earth-like atoms confined in an optical lattice. By comparing our results with the recent experimental measurements for two Yb173 atoms and two Yb171 atoms, we calibrate the scattering lengths $a_{\pm}$ with respect to anti-symmetric and symmetric nuclear-spin states to be $a_{+}=2012(19)a_{0}$ and $a_{-}=193(4)a_{0}$ for Yb173, and $a_{+}=232(3)a_{0}$ and $a_{-}=372(1)a_{0}$ for Yb171., Comment: 17 pages,6 figures

Published
2021
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13. Dual-field-of-view high-spectral-resolution lidar: Simultaneous profiling of aerosol and water cloud to study aerosol–cloud interaction

Author

Wang, Nanchao, Zhang, Kai, Shen, Xue, Wang, Yuan, Li, Jing, Li, Chengcai, Mao, Jietai, Malinka, Aleksey, Zhao, Chuanfeng, Russell, Lynn M, Guo, Jianping, Gross, Silke, Liu, Chong, Yang, Jing, Chen, Feitong, Wu, Lingyun, Chen, Sijie, Ke, Ju, Xiao, Da, Zhou, Yudi, Fang, Jing, and Liu, Dong

Subjects
Earth Sciences, Atmospheric Sciences, Climate Action, aerosol-cloud interaction, water clouds, high-spectral-resolution, dual-field-of-view, aerosol–cloud interaction, dual-field-of-view lidar, high-spectral-resolution lidar
Abstract

SignificanceAerosol-cloud interaction affects the cooling of Earth's climate, mostly by activation of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei that can increase the amount of sunlight reflected back to space. But the controlling physical processes remain uncertain in current climate models. We present a lidar-based technique as a unique remote-sensing tool without thermodynamic assumptions for simultaneously profiling diurnal aerosol and water cloud properties with high resolution. Direct lateral observations of cloud properties show that the vertical structure of low-level water clouds can be far from being perfectly adiabatic. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that, instead of an increase of liquid water path (LWP) as proposed by most general circulation models, elevated aerosol loading can cause a net decrease in LWP.

Published
2022

16. Magnetic Noise Enabled Biocompass

Author

Xiao, Da-Wu, Hu, Wen-Hui, Cai, Yunfeng, and Zhao, Nan

Subjects
Physics - Biological Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

The discovery of magnetic protein provides a new understanding of a biocompass at the molecular level. However, the mechanism by which magnetic protein enables a biocompass is still under debate, mainly because of the absence of permanent magnetism in the magnetic protein at room temperature. Here, based on a widely accepted radical pair model of a biocompass, we propose a microscopic mechanism that allows the biocompass to operate without a finite magnetization of the magnetic protein in a biological environment. With the structure of the magnetic protein, we show that the magnetic fluctuation, rather than the permanent magnetism, of the magnetic protein can enable geomagnetic field sensing. An analysis of the quantum dynamics of our microscopic model reveals the necessary conditions for optimal sensitivity. Our work clarifies the mechanism by which magnetic protein enables a biocompass., Comment: 13 pages, 14 figures

Published
2020
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17. Sensing individual nuclear spins with a single rare-earth electron spin

Author

Kornher, Thomas, Xiao, Da-Wu, Xia, Kangwei, Sardi, Fiammetta, Zhao, Nan, Kolesov, Roman, and Wrachtrup, Jörg

Subjects
Quantum Physics, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

Rare-earth related electron spins in crystalline hosts are unique material systems, as they can potentially provide a direct interface between telecom band photons and long-lived spin quantum bits. Specifically, their optically accessible electron spins in solids interacting with nuclear spins in their environment are valuable quantum memory resources. Detection of nearby individual nuclear spins, so far exclusively shown for few dilute nuclear spin bath host systems such as the NV center in diamond or the silicon vacancy in silicon carbide, remained an open challenge for rare-earths in their host materials, which typically exhibit dense nuclear spin baths. Here, we present the electron spin spectroscopy of single Ce$^{3+}$ ions in a yttrium orthosilicate host, featuring a coherence time of $T_{2}=124\,\mu$s. This coherent interaction time is sufficiently long to isolate proximal $^{89}$Y nuclear spins from the nuclear spin bath of $^{89}$Y. Furthermore, it allows for the detection of a single nearby $^{29}$Si nuclear spin, native to the host material with ~5% abundance. This study opens the door to quantum memory applications in rare-earth ion related systems based on coupled environmental nuclear spins, potentially useful for quantum error correction schemes., Comment: 8 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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18. Analytical solution for the spectrum of two ultracold atoms in a completely anisotropic confinement

Author

Chen, Yue, Xiao, Da-Wu, Zhang, Ren, and Zhang, Peng

Subjects
Physics - Atomic and Molecular Clusters, Condensed Matter - Quantum Gases, Physics - Atomic Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

We study the system of two ultracold atoms in a three-dimensional (3D) or two-dimensional (2D) completely anisotropic harmonic trap. We derive the algebraic equation J_{3D}(E) = 1/a_{3D} (J_{2D}(E) = ln a_{2D}) for the eigen-energy E of this system in the 3D (2D) case, with a_{3D} and a_{2D} being the corresponding s-wave scattering lengths, and provide the analytical expressions of the functions J_{3D}(E) and J_{2D}(E). In previous researches this type of equation was obtained for spherically or axially symmetric harmonic traps (T. Busch, et. al., Found. Phys. 28, 549 (1998); Z. Idziaszek and T. Calarco, Phys. Rev. A 74, 022712 (2006)). However, for our cases with a completely anisotropic trap, only the equation for the ground-state energy of some cases has been derived (J. Liang and C. Zhang, Phys. Scr. 77, 025302 (2008)). Our results in this work are applicable for arbitrary eigen-energy of this system, and can be used for the studies of dynamics and thermal-dynamics of interacting ultracold atoms in this trap, e.g., the calculation of the 2nd virial coefficient or the evolution of two-body wave functions. In addition, our approach for the derivation of the above equations can also be used for other two-body problems of ultracold atoms., Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures

Published
2020
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20. Cyclic t-z model for the long-term thermomechanical analysis of energy piles

Author

Pei, Huafu, Song, Huaibo, Zhou, Chao, Yang, Qing, and Xiao, Da

Subjects
Shared savings (Energy management) -- Methods, Piling (Civil engineering) -- Mechanical properties -- Testing -- Thermal properties, Stress-strain curves -- Analysis, Soil structure -- Models, Earth sciences
Abstract

Many elastoplastic and nonlinear models have simulated the long-term behavior of energy piles under cyclic thermomechanical loads. Although they considered the strain-stress hysteretic relationship at the pile-soil interface, the interface strength was assumed independent of the number of thermomechanical cycles. This simplification may cause errors in predicting the long-term responses of energy piles. Therefore, we proposed a cyclic t-z model for the long-term thermomechanical analysis of an energy pile. Here, the interface strength of the model changes with the cycle number of thermomechanical loads. In addition, the accumulation of irreversible deformation at the pile-soil interface can be modeled. Moreover, the cyclic performance of interface shear tests and the long-term behavior of an in situ energy pile were simulated. Comparisons between the measured and simulated results indicated several vital aspects of the energy pile-soil interaction, including strength degradation, strain ratcheting phenomenon of the interface, and long-term pile responses under cyclic thermomechanical loading. Furthermore, numerical simulations were used to evaluate the effects of model parameters on the long-term behavior of energy piles under thermomechanical loads. Key words: cyclic behavior, energy pile, thermoactive structure, shallow geothermal energy, 1. Introduction Energy piles are green energy-saving structures that use shallow geothermal energy by coupling a building pile foundation with a heat exchanger (Sani et al. 2019; Rotta Loria and [...]

Published
2023
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21. Hematopoietic stem-cell gene therapy is associated with restored white matter microvascular function in cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy

Author

Arne Lauer, Samantha L. Speroni, Myoung Choi, Xiao Da, Christine Duncan, Siobhan McCarthy, Vijai Krishnan, Cole A. Lusk, David Rohde, Mikkel Bo Hansen, Jayashree Kalpathy-Cramer, Daniel J. Loes, Paul A. Caruso, David A. Williams, Kim Mouridsen, Kyrre E. Emblem, Florian S. Eichler, and Patricia L. Musolino

Subjects
Science
Abstract

Cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (CALD) is a demyelinating disease caused by loss of ABCD1 gene function. Here the authors investigate white matter structural and microvascular changes in boys with CALD that received gene therapy with autologous hematopoietic stem-cells.

Published
2023
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25. This is FAST: multivariate Full-permutAtion based Stochastic foresT method—improving the retrieval of fine-mode aerosol microphysical properties with multi-wavelength lidar

Author

Wang, Nanchao, Xiao, Da, Veselovskii, Igor, Wang, Yuan, Russell, Lynn M., Zhao, Chuanfeng, Guo, Jianping, Li, Chengcai, Gross, Silke, Liu, Xu, Ni, Xueqi, Tan, Lizhou, Liu, Yuxuan, Zhang, Kai, Tong, Yicheng, Wu, Lingyun, Chen, Feitong, Wang, Binyu, Liu, Chong, Chen, Weibiao, and Liu, Dong

Published
2022
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26. Improving the Universality and Learnability of Neural Programmer-Interpreters with Combinator Abstraction

Author

Xiao, Da, Liao, Jo-Yu, and Yuan, Xingyuan

Subjects
Computer Science - Learning
Abstract

To overcome the limitations of Neural Programmer-Interpreters (NPI) in its universality and learnability, we propose the incorporation of combinator abstraction into neural programing and a new NPI architecture to support this abstraction, which we call Combinatory Neural Programmer-Interpreter (CNPI). Combinator abstraction dramatically reduces the number and complexity of programs that need to be interpreted by the core controller of CNPI, while still allowing the CNPI to represent and interpret arbitrary complex programs by the collaboration of the core with the other components. We propose a small set of four combinators to capture the most pervasive programming patterns. Due to the finiteness and simplicity of this combinator set and the offloading of some burden of interpretation from the core, we are able construct a CNPI that is universal with respect to the set of all combinatorizable programs, which is adequate for solving most algorithmic tasks. Moreover, besides supervised training on execution traces, CNPI can be trained by policy gradient reinforcement learning with appropriately designed curricula., Comment: Published as a conference paper at ICLR 2018

Published
2018

28. Application trends and research hotspots of endoscopic enucleation of the prostate: a bibliometric and visualization analysis.

Author

Lan, Xiao-Da, Yu, Zhuo-Yang, Jiang, Rui, Li, Zhi-Cun, Yang, Lei, Zhang, Kai, Meng, Yi-Sen, and Zhang, Qian

Subjects
*SURGICAL enucleation, *BENIGN prostatic hyperplasia, *BIBLIOMETRICS, *SEMICONDUCTOR lasers, *RANDOMIZED controlled trials
Abstract

Purpose: Endoscopic enucleation of the prostate (EEP) is a preferred treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This bibliometric analysis aims to analyze the application trends and research hotspots of EEP. Methods: We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection from 1989 to 2023. The techniques examined include holmium laser enucleation (HoLEP), thulium laser enucleation (ThuLEP/ThuFLEP), bipolar/monopolar transurethral enucleation (b-TUEP/m-TUEP), GreenLight laser enucleation (GreenLEP), and diode laser enucleation (DiLEP). We utilized VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and the R package 'bibliometrix' for the analysis. Results: A total of 739 English-language studies were analyzed, revealing a steady increase in EEP-related publications. HoLEP was the most extensively studied technique, followed by ThuLEP and b-TUEP, while ThuFLEP gaining emerging interest. There has been a notable lack of high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for GreenLEP, DiLEP and m-TUEP. China, the United States, and Germany led in publication volume and collaboration networks. Key contributors in the field were identified, with recent research focusing on topics like postoperative transient urinary incontinence (TUI) and the role of robot-assisted simple prostatectomy (RASP) in comparison to EEP. Conclusions: EEP is gaining widespread clinical acceptance for BPH treatment. Future research should focus on addressing the gap in high-quality RCTs, especially for underexplored techniques like GreenLEP, DiLEP and m-TUEP, and explore strategies to reduce postoperative TUI. Prospective comparisons between RASP and EEP will be crucial for optimizing surgical approaches in BPH management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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30. Chromosome-level genome assembly of Monolepta hieroglyphica, two-spotted leaf beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae).

Author

He, Hao, Zhao, Yongxin, Zheng, Dengyu, Kuang, Huiyun, Shen, Fei, He, Kang, Zhang, Haiyan, Zhao, Changjiang, Jiang, Lu, Xiao, Da, Wang, Su, Wang, Zhenying, Zhan, Shuai, Wei, Jianhua, Yang, Xiaozeng, Wu, Zhongyi, and Zhang, Chun

Subjects
CHRYSOMELIDAE, LIFE sciences, AGRICULTURAL pests, PLANT protection, CHROMOSOMES
Abstract

Monolepta hieroglyphica, in view of its wide-ranging host and highly polyphagous characteristics, has become an important agricultural pest in East and Southeast Asian countries. To better understand its biology and develop control strategies, we present a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of M. hieroglyphica, with contig N50 of 18.62 Mb and scaffold N50 of 241.916 Mb. Using 156x Hi-C data, we anchored a total length of 2,313 Mb (91.9% of the genome) to nine chromosomes. We predicted 46,561 genes using an integrated approach. The completeness of the final reported genome and proteome were assessed by BUSCO and show high values of 99.4% and 95.2%, respectively. The high-quality chromosome-level genome assembly of M. hieroglyphica will be a useful molecular resource for the communities of both beetle and crop protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2025
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32. Research progress in effect of alloying elements on corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys

Author

YIN Ming, SUN Jun-li, BAO Tong-yao, LIU Xiao-da, DU Hua-yun, WEI Ying-hui, and HOU Li-feng

Subjects
magnesium alloy, alloying element, corrosion resistance performance, corrosion mechanism, Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials, TA401-492
Abstract

As the lightest metal structural materials, magnesium and its alloys have great potential to achieve lightweight products in the future. However, magnesium has a high corrosion sensitivity, and the magnesium hydroxide film formed on the surface is loose and porous with little protection, which leads to its application being limited. How to improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium has become a worldwide problem that restricts its application. Alloying is one of the ways to radically improve the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In this paper, the corrosion mechanisms of pure magnesium and the mechanisms of alloying elements on the corrosion performance of magnesium alloys are described in terms of the influence of alloying elements on the corrosion resistance of magnesium and its alloys. In addition, protection mechanisms produced by alloying elements on magnesium alloys were compiled, and the protection mechanisms and corresponding characteristics of beneficial elements on magnesium alloys were summarized. This can provide some reference for the development of new magnesium alloys and the improvement of the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. In addition, this paper contributes to a better understanding of the corrosion behavior of magnesium alloys. At present, there is no magnesium alloys can be as good as aluminum alloys or stainless steels corrosion resistance, so the development of corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys needs further research. This paper provides a theoretical basis for the interaction between elements in magnesium alloys, which can provide ideas for the development of new corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys. The synergy between the elements will have a significant impact on the design, process and performance of new corrosion resistant magnesium alloys, and as the research progresses, it is expected that new corrosion-resistant magnesium alloys similar to "stainless steel" will be constructed.

Published
2021
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35. Pleiotropic effects of Ebony on pigmentation and development in the Asian multi‐coloured ladybird beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

Author

Lin, Jing, Xiao, Da, Wu, Mengmeng, Chen, Xu, Xu, Qingxuan, Wang, Su, and Zang, Liansheng

Subjects
*HARMONIA axyridis, *GENETIC engineering, *INSECT reproduction, *INSECT genes, *MELANOGENESIS, *LADYBUGS
Abstract

Melanin plays a pivotal role in insect body pigmentation, significantly contributing to their adaptation to diverse biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. Several genes involved in insect melanin synthesis showed pleiotropic effects on insect development and reproduction. Among these, the N‐β‐alanyl dopamine synthetase gene (Ebony) is integral to the pigmentation process. However, the full spectrum of its pleiotropic impacts is not yet thoroughly understood. In this study, we identified and characterised the HaEbony gene in the Asian multi‐coloured ladybird beetle (Harmonia axyridis) and found that HaEbony gene is a conserved gene within the Coleoptera order. We aimed to further explore the multiple roles of HaEbony in the physiology and behaviour in H. axyridis. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was applied to generate multiple HaEbony knockout allele (HaEbony+/−), showing nucleotide deletion in the G0 and G1 generations. Remarkably, the resultant HaEbony+/− mutants consistently displayed darker pigmentation than their wild‐type counterparts across larval, pupal and adult stages. Furthermore, these HaEbony+/− individuals (G0) demonstrated an enhanced predatory efficiency, evidenced by a higher number of aphids consumed compared to the wild type. A significant finding was the reduced egg hatchability in both G0 and G1 generations of the HaEbony+/− group, highlighting a potential reproductive fitness cost associated with HaEbony deficiency. In conclusion, our study not only sheds light on the multifaceted roles of HaEbony in H. axyridis but also highlights the potential of employing CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted modifications of the Ebony gene. Such genetic interventions could enhance the environmental adaptability and predatory efficacy of ladybirds, presenting a novel strategy in biological control application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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36. SpectrisTM treatment preserves corpus callosum structure in Alzheimer’s disease.

Author

Xiao Da, Hempel, Evan, Brickman, Adam M., Hajós, Mihály, Kern, Ralph, and Cimenser, Aylin

Subjects
CORPUS callosum, MAGNETIC resonance imaging, SENSORY stimulation, MILD cognitive impairment, WHITE matter (Nerve tissue)
Abstract

Objective: To examine the impact of 40Hz gamma stimulation on the preservation of the corpus callosum, a critical structure for interhemispheric connectivity, in people with mild cognitive impairment or Alzheimer’s disease. Methods: OVERTURE (NCT03556280) participants were randomized 2:1 (Active: Sham) to receive daily, 1-h, 40Hz gamma sensory stimulation or sham treatment for 6 months. Structural magnetic resonance imaging data were analyzed to assess changes in corpus callosum area (N = 50; 33 for active, 17 for sham). Bayesian linear mixed-effects modeling was used to assess differences in longitudinal changes of corpus callosum area between the two treatment groups. Results: All observed differences in corpus callosum area favored the active treatment group. differences were observed in the total corpus callosum area (2.28 ± 0.87%, p < 0.02) and its sub regions, including genu/rostrum (2.36 ± 0.90%, p < 0.02), anterior-body (2.64 ± 1.26%, p < 0.04), mid-body (2.79 ± 1.18%, p < 0.03), posterior-body (2.87 ± 1.41%, p < 0.05), and splenium (1.58 ± 0.73%, p < 0.04). Total corpus callosum area and some of the sub-regional differences, such as genu/rostrum and splenium, were observed as early as 3 months after commencement of treatment. Interpretation: The structural magnetic resonance imaging results from the OVERTURE Phase 2 study suggest that 6 months of non-invasive 40Hz stimulation reduces the rate of atrophy of the corpus callosum in individuals with Alzheimer’s disease. The preservation of structural integrity in the corpus callosum, crucial for interhemispheric communication and cognitive function, may be achievable through this non-invasive approach, potentially providing a promising disease-modifying alternative in Alzheimer’s disease management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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37. Estimation of Suspended Matter Concentration in Manwan Aquaculture area Based on GF-1 WFV.

Author

XU Yao-han, YAO Yue, XING Xiao-da, YAN Dong-mei, LIU Shen-dong, TIAN Dong-po, and ZHU Xiao-dan

Subjects
TOTAL suspended solids, AQUACULTURE, STANDARD deviations, SUSPENDED solids, REMOTE sensing, ROOT-mean-squares, SAMPLING errors
Abstract

Net cage aquaculture has a significant impact on the regional water environment, and studying the changes in water quality parameters in net cage aquaculture areas is of great practical significance for understanding the impact of regional aquaculture on the water environment. This article uses GF-1WFV data to construct an inversion model for the total suspended solids concentration in the net cage aquaculture area, which has grown exponentially in the Manwan Reservoir area in recent years. The results indicate that the model has high accuracy, with an average relative error of 9.65% between the inverted values and the measured values, and a root mean square error of 0.33mg/L. Based on the constructed inversion model and satellite imagery, the total suspended solids concentration in the Manwan net cage aquaculture area was inverted, and the variation patterns of total suspended solids concentration in the reservoir area and different net box positions were analyzed. Research has found that the variation pattern of suspended solids concentration in the Manwan reservoir area and different positions of net cages is basically consistent. The total suspended solids concentration in net cages has not shown any abnormalities due to the phenomenon of local "delineation" in aquaculture, but is lower than the overall suspended solids concentration in the reservoir area. This is mainly because the variation of total suspended solids concentration is mainly affected by precipitation, surface runoff, water flow velocity, etc. Net cage aquaculture can reduce its impact on the total suspended solids concentration in local "delineation" areas. This study has certain reference significance for understanding the changes in total suspended solids concentration in the Manwan reservoir area and net cage aquaculture area. In the future, a multi-source remote sensing data remote sensing estimation model for water quality parameters will be developed for understanding the changing patterns in water environment in the Manwan net cage aquaculture area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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47. 大气气溶胶粒径分布的多波长激光雷达反演

Author

Li Xiaotao, 李晓涛, primary, Liu Dong, 刘东, additional, Xiao Da, 肖达, additional, Zhang Kai, 张凯, additional, Hu Xianzhe, 胡先哲, additional, Li Weize, 李蔚泽, additional, Bi Lei, 毕磊, additional, Sun Wenbo, 孙文波, additional, Wu Lan, 吴兰, additional, Liu Chong, 刘崇, additional, and Deng Jiesong, 邓洁松, additional

Published
2024
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49. Molecular mechanisms for selective action of afidopyropen to Myzus persicae and Coccinella septempunctata.

Author

Liu, Xiaolan, Wang, Qianwen, Liu, Xinxin, Xiao, Da, Liu, Tong‐Xian, and Liang, Pei

Subjects
SEVEN-spotted ladybug, GREEN peach aphid, APHIDS, INSECT pests, LADYBUGS, MOLECULAR docking, TRP channels
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Afidopyropen is a novel insecticide with high selectivity between sucking insects such as the peach aphids Myzus persicae and natural enemies like the seven‐spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata. However, the mechanisms of selective action for afidopyropen remain unknown. RESULTS: The LC50 values of afidopyropen to the 1st–4th instar larvae and adult C. septempunctata were 372‐ to more than 7267‐fold higher than that to adult M. persicae. Though the activity of cytochrome P450s in M. persicae was 6.1‐ to 7.5‐fold higher than that in C. septempunctata, the latter has much higher activities of carboxylesterase (CarEs) and glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs), and the crude enzyme of C. septempunctata and M. persicae showed similar metabolism efficiency to afidopyropen. Molecular docking results demonstrated that afdopyropen showed higher binding affinity to the vanilloid‐type transient receptor potential (TRPV) channel of M. persicae (−9.1 kcal/mol) than to that of C. septempunctata (−8.2 kcal/mol). And the EC50 value of afdopyropen to the TRPV channel of C. septempunctata (41 360 nM) was 19 885‐fold higher than that in M. persicae (2.08 nM). CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrated that the significantly different sensitivity of M. persicae and C. septempunctata TRPV channel to afidopyropen play a key role in the high selectivity of afidopyropen. These findings provide new insights into the selective mechanisms of afidopyropen against insect pests and natural enemies as well as the theory support for coordinated application of chemical control and biological control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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