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Objective By assessing the genetic diversity and associated selective traits of Kirghiz sheep (KIR), we aim to uncover the mechanisms that contribute to sheep’s adaptability to the Pamir Plateau environment. Methods This study utilized Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip data from KIR residing in the Pamir Plateau, Qira Black sheep (QBS) inhabiting the Taklamakan Desert, and commonly introduced breeds including Dorper sheep (DOR), Suffolk sheep (SUF), and Hu sheep (HU). The data was analyzed using principal component analysis, phylogenetic analysis, population admixture analysis, kinship matrix analysis, linkage disequilibrium analysis, and selective signature analysis. We employed four methods for selective signature analysis: fixation index (Fst), cross-population extended homozygosity (XP-EHH), integrated haplotype score (iHS), and nucleotide diversity (Pi). These methods aim to uncover the genetic mechanisms underlying the germplasm resources of Kirghiz sheep, enhance their production traits, and explore their adaptation to challenging environmental conditions. Results The test results unveiled potential selective signals associated with adaptive traits and growth characteristics in sheep under harsh environmental conditions, and annotated the corresponding genes accordingly. These genes encompass various functionalities such as adaptations associated with plateau, cold, and arid environment (ETAA1, UBE3D, TLE4, NXPH1, MAT2B, PPARGC1A, VEGFA, TBX15 and PLXNA4), wool traits (LMO3, TRPS1, EPHA5), body size traits (PLXNA2, EFNA5), reproductive traits (PPP3CA, PDHA2, NTRK2), and immunity (GATA3). Conclusion Our study identified candidate genes associated with the production traits and adaptation to the harsh environment of the Pamir Plateau in Kirghiz sheep. These findings provide valuable resources for local sheep breeding programs. The objective of this study is to offer valuable insights for the sustainable development of the Kirghiz sheep industry.

The use of decorative wood veneers in contemporary design is increasingly emphasized as society becomes more aware of quality of life and environmental protection. This article explores in detail four key aspects of decorative wood veneers as a contemporary design medium: visual perceptual elements, multisensory interaction, sustainability and environmental impact, and technology and innovation. Through its unique aesthetic attributes and multisensory experience, decorative wood veneers enhance the aesthetics and user experience of interior design, respond to the global trend of sustainability, and promote innovation and environmental responsibility in the design industry through the use of environmentally friendly materials and advanced technologies. This article aims to provide insights for designers, researchers and related industries to stimulate further exploration of the application of decorative wood veneers in design innovation.

Abstract Periodontal disease is a significant burden for oral health, causing progressive and irreversible damage to the support structure of the tooth. This complex structure, the periodontium, is composed of interconnected soft and mineralised tissues, posing a challenge for regenerative approaches. Materials combining silicon and lithium are widely studied in periodontal regeneration, as they stimulate bone repair via silicic acid release while providing regenerative stimuli through lithium activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Yet, existing materials for combined lithium and silicon release have limited control over ion release amounts and kinetics. Porous silicon can provide controlled silicic acid release, inducing osteogenesis to support bone regeneration. Prelithiation, a strategy developed for battery technology, can introduce large, controllable amounts of lithium within porous silicon, but yields a highly reactive material, unsuitable for biomedicine. This work debuts a strategy to lithiate porous silicon nanowires (LipSiNs) which generates a biocompatible and bioresorbable material. LipSiNs incorporate lithium to between 1% and 40% of silicon content, releasing lithium and silicic acid in a tailorable fashion from days to weeks. LipSiNs combine osteogenic, cementogenic and Wnt/β-catenin stimuli to regenerate bone, cementum and periodontal ligament fibres in a murine periodontal defect.

Abstract Background Cross-linking mass spectrometry (XL-MS) is a powerful technique for detecting protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and modeling protein structures in a high-throughput manner. In XL-MS experiments, proteins are cross-linked by a chemical reagent (namely cross-linker), fragmented, and then fed into a tandem mass spectrum (MS/MS). Cross-linkers are either cleavable or non-cleavable, and each type requires distinct data analysis tools. However, both types of cross-linkers suffer from imbalanced fragmentation efficiency, resulting in a large number of unidentifiable spectra that hinder the discovery of PPIs and protein conformations. To address this challenge, researchers have sought to improve the sensitivity of XL-MS through invention of novel cross-linking reagents, optimization of sample preparation protocols, and development of data analysis algorithms. One promising approach to developing new data analysis methods is to apply a protein feedback mechanism in the analysis. It has significantly improved the sensitivity of analysis methods in the cleavable cross-linking data. The application of the protein feedback mechanism to the analysis of non-cleavable cross-linking data is expected to have an even greater impact because the majority of XL-MS experiments currently employs non-cleavable cross-linkers. Results In this study, we applied the protein feedback mechanism to the analysis of both non-cleavable and cleavable cross-linking data and observed a substantial improvement in cross-link spectrum matches (CSMs) compared to conventional methods. Furthermore, we developed a new software program, ECL 3.0, that integrates two algorithms and includes a user-friendly graphical interface to facilitate wider applications of this new program. Conclusions ECL 3.0 source code is available at https://github.com/yuweichuan/ECL-PF.git . A quick tutorial is available at https://youtu.be/PpZgbi8V2xI .

To address the current problems of large positioning error, low picking efficiency, and high cost of tea shoot picking, a continuous and precise harvesting scheme for tea shoots based on a two-dimensional (2D) perspective is designed in this study. A high-speed harvesting method for tea shoots in a standardized tea plantation assembly line type was proposed. First, a 2D view recognition model of tea shoot tips in a multi-disturbance environment was constructed, and accurate picking point coordinates were determined by combining a skeleton algorithm and curve growth. To avoid the losses of recognition accuracy caused by the mistaken clamping of blades and vibrations during harvester operations, accurate control of the harvester was realized by combining path planning and the S-curve speed control function. The recognition accuracy for the verification set of the recognition model was 99.9%, and the mean average precision (0.5:0.95) value was 0.97. The test results show that the error between the actual picking point position and the position determined by the model was within ± 3 mm, and the picking success rate was 83.6%. Therefore, we can realize fast and accurate picking of tea shoots and lay the foundation for continuous tea picking in the future by simplifying the identification and picking process.

To avoid excessive use of herbicides in the weeding operations of Peucedani Radix, a common Chinese herb, a precision seedling avoidance and weeding agricultural robot was designed for the targeted spraying of herbicides. The robot uses YOLOV5 combined with ExG feature segmentation to detect Peucedani Radix and weeds and obtain their corresponding morphological centers. Optimal seedling avoidance and precise herbicide spraying trajectories are generated using a PSO-Bezier algorithm based on the morphological characteristics of Peucedani Radix. Seedling avoidance trajectories and spraying operations are executed using a parallel manipulator with spraying devices. The validation experiments showed that the precision and recall of Peucedani Radix detection were 98.7% and 88.2%, respectively, and the weed segmentation rate could reach 95% when the minimum connected domain was 50. In the actual Peucedani Radix field spraying operation, the success rate of field precision seedling avoidance herbicide spraying was 80.5%, the collision rate between the end actuator of the parallel manipulator and Peucedani Radix was 4%, and the average running time of the parallel manipulator for precision herbicide spraying on a single weed was 2 s. This study can enrich the theoretical basis of targeted weed control and provide reference for similar studies.

Abstract In this paper, we investigate the existence and multiplicity of nontrivial solutions for poly-Laplacian system on a finite graph G = ( V , E ) $G=(V, E)$ , which is a generalization of the Yamabe equation on a finite graph. When the nonlinear term F satisfies the super- ( p , q ) $(p, q)$ -linear growth condition, by using the mountain pass theorem we obtain that the system has at least one nontrivial solution, and by using the symmetric mountain pass theorem, we obtain that the system has at least dim W nontrivial solutions, where W is the working space of the poly-Laplacian system. We also obtain the corresponding result for the poly-Laplacian equation. In some sense, our results improve some results in (Grigor’yan et al. in J. Differ. Equ. 261(9):4924–4943, 2016).

The sorting of machine-picked fresh tea leaves after mechanized harvesting remains a challenge because of the complex morphological characteristics and physicochemical properties of fresh tea leaves. First, the recognition results of four types of models, namely, YOLOv5, YOLOv3, Fast RCNN, and SSD, were compared. It was found that YOLOv5, with guaranteed recognition accuracy, had a recognition speed of 4.7 ms/frame (about four times that of the second ranked YOLOv3). Therefore, this study presents a novel fresh tea leaf sorting system that provides rapid and high-precision multi-channel sorting for four grades of tea leaves using a tea leaf recognition model based on the You Only Look Once (YOLOv5) deep learning model. Subsequently, a raw dataset, consisting of 6400 target images of different grades and different moisture contents, was used to evaluate three different optimization methods. Among these, the Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) optimization method was found to provide the best model training results with an average recognition accuracy of 98.2%. In addition, the recognition efficacy of the recognition model was found to be positively correlated with the gradient coverage of tea’s moisture content in the training set. Theoretical analysis was then conducted, along with the experimental investigation of the air-blowing force on the fresh tea leaves in the sorting process, with 30° determined to be the optimal air-blowing angle. Finally, the overall results showed that the construction of the full moisture content training set enabled a model recognition accuracy of up to 88.8%, a recall of 88.4%, a recognition speed of 4.7 ms/frame, and an overall sorting accuracy of 85.4%. This result is promising for multi-channel sorting of fresh tea leaf grades in complex situations, and as such provides a strong basis for the application of tea leaf sorting equipment.

The drive noise of synchronous belt can be divided into meshing impact noise， transverse vibration noise， air flow noise and friction noise. In order to study the frequency distribution characteristics of automobile synchronous belt noise signal， firstly， the frequency domain distribution of various noises of synchronous belt drive is analyzed theoretically. Then， the variable speed and variable tension test is carried out for ZA type automobile synchronous belt. Finally， based on the analysis method of wavelet decomposition， the frequency distribution characteristics of the drive noise signal are obtained. The results show that with the increase of rotating speed， the meshing impact noise increases， and the proportion of meshing impact noise energy in the noise source of synchronous belt drive increases. The meshing impact noise is mainly concentrated in the low frequency band， and the transverse vibration noise is mainly concentrated in the high frequency band. It provides basis for vibration and noise reduction of automobile engine.