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Ultrasonic vibration-assisted plastic processing technology effectively reduces the forming force during metal processing and enhances the overall performance and processing quality of materials by exploiting the surface and volume effects of ultrasonic vibration. It is an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient technology. This article reviews the use of ultrasonic vibration in alloy deformation, examining the macroscopic performance, process characteristics, and recent research developments of typical plastic forming processes within vibration fields. Building on this foundation, the mechanisms of vibration-assisted plastic forming are summarized, with a focus on the stress superposition effect, acoustic softening effect, and acoustic residual effect. Additionally, based on the vibration-induced friction reduction and friction models in vibration fields, this paper reviews research on the interface friction behavior in vibration-assisted plastic forming. The main issues in the theoretical and applied research of ultrasonic vibration plastic forming of metals are identified. Finally, the development prospects of vibration-assisted metal forming technology are promising, and the main challenges, as well as future research directions in ultrasonic vibration-assisted plastic forming of metals, are explored.

Abstract Background This research aimed to investigate differences in rumen fermentation characteristics between Karakul sheep and Hu sheep reared under identical conditions. The test subjects included newborn Hu and Karakul sheep, which were monitored across three stages: stage I (Weaning period: 15 ~ 30 days), stage II (Supplementary feeding period: 31 ~ 90 days), and stage III (Complete feeding period: 91 ~ 150 days). During the supplementary feeding period, cottonseed hulls were the main roughage source. To analyze the dynamics of rumen fermentation, 16S rRNA sequencing and metabolomics methods were employed, alongside measurements of rumen fermentation parameters and cellulase activity. This comprehensive approach aimed to investigate the potential impact of breed on rumen fermentation indicators, microbial community structure, and metabolites in Hu and Karakul sheep. Results The 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed no significant differences in the relative abundance or dominant bacterial communities in the rumen across all stages. In stage II, rumen bacteria in both Hu and Karakul sheep were relatively stable. However, the Simpson index of Hu sheep in stage II was substantially greater than that of Karakul sheep, demonstrating similarities in the rumen microbial structure between stages II and III. Dynamic variations in fermentation parameters and cellulase activity in the rumen revealed that the indicators in both sheep breeds stabilized at 150 days. Metabolomic results revealed that the metabolic pathways in stage I were mainly concentrated in purine metabolism and lipid metabolism, while stage II was dominated by amino acid metabolism. Stage III involved mainly in pyrimidine and purine metabolism. An exploration of the relationships among rumen microbial biomarkers, key differentially abundant metabolites and rumen characteristics indicated that Karakul sheep exhibited superior lipid metabolism compared to Hu sheep. Conclusion These findings reveal that there were no interbreed differences in the rumen characteristics of Hu and Karakul sheep when fed the same cottonseed hull diet, despite differences in their metabolic pathways. The findings also indicate that the first 20 days represent the initial stage of rumen bacteria in Hu sheep, followed by a transition phase between 20 and 90 days, and a relatively stable stage from 90 to 150 days. These results provide a scientific basis for further understanding the rumen function of sheep and for optimizing their feeding strategies. Video Abstract

Single-molecule junctions, integrating individual molecules as active components between electrodes, serve as fundamental building blocks for advanced electronic and sensing technologies. The application of ionic liquids in single-molecule junctions represents a cutting-edge and rapidly evolving field of research at the intersection of nanoscience, materials chemistry, and electronics. This review explores recent advances where ionic liquids function as electrolytes, dielectric layers, and structural elements within single-molecule junctions, reshaping charge transport, redox reactions, and molecular behaviors in these nanoscale systems. We comprehensively dissect fundamental concepts, techniques, and modulation mechanisms, elucidating the roles of ionic liquids as gates, electrochemical controllers, and interface components in single-molecule junctions. Encompassing applications from functional device construction to unraveling intricate chemical reactions, this review maps the diverse applications of ionic liquids in single-molecule junctions. Moreover, we propose critical future research topics in this field, including catalysis involving ionic liquids at the single-molecule level, functionalizing single-molecule devices using ionic liquids, and probing the structure and interactions of ionic liquids. These endeavors aim to drive technological breakthroughs in nanotechnology, energy, and quantum research.

Abstract Detecting chemical reaction dynamics at solid-liquid interfaces is important for understanding heterogeneous reactions. However, there is a lack of exploration of interface reaction dynamics from the single-molecule perspective, which can reveal the intrinsic reaction mechanism underlying ensemble experiments. Here, single-event protonation reaction dynamics at a solid-liquid interface are studied in-situ using single-molecule junctions. Molecules with amino terminal groups are used to construct single-molecule junctions. An interfacial cationic state present after protonation is discovered. Real-time electrical measurements are used to monitor the reversible reaction between protonated and deprotonated states, thereby revealing the interfacial reaction mechanism through dynamic analysis. The protonation reaction rate constant has a linear positive correlation with proton concentration, whereas the deprotonation reaction rate constant has a linear negative correlation. In addition, external mechanical forces can effectively regulate the protonation reaction process. This work provides a single-molecule perspective for exploring interface science, which will contribute to the development of heterogeneous catalysis and electrochemistry.

Abstract DNA polymerases (Pols) play important roles in the transmission of genetic information. Although the function and (de)regulation of Pols are linked to many human diseases, the key mechanism of 3′‐OH deprotonation and the PPi formation are not totally clear. In this work, a method is presented to detect the full catalytic cycle of human Pol (hPol β) in graphene‐molecule‐graphene single‐molecule junctions. Real‐time in situ monitoring successfully revealed the spatial and temporal properties of the open and closed conformation states of hPol β, distinguishing the reaction states in the Pols catalytic cycle and unveiling 3′‐OH deprotonation and pyrophosphate (PPi) formation mechanism of hPol β. Proton inventory experiment demonstrated that the rate‐limiting step of PPi formation is deprotonation, which occurs before a reverse conformational change. Additionally, by detecting the acidity (pKa), it is found that MgA‐bound OH− acted as a general base and activated the nucleophile of 3′‐OH, and that acidic residue D190 or D192 coordinated with MgB as a proton donor to PPi. This work provides useful insights into a fundamental chemical reaction that impacts genome synthesis efficiency and Pol fidelity, which the discovery of Pol‐targeting drugs and design of artificial Pols for DNA synthetic applications are expected to accelerated.

Abstract Gaining deep understanding and effective regulation of the charge transport mechanism within molecular junctions is essential for the development of electronic devices. In this work, a series of hexabenzocoronene‐based single‐molecule junctions are successfully constructed, and their temperature‐dependent charge transport properties are studied. It is found that rotational vibrations of both benzene and hexabenzocoronene rings are sequentially excited as the temperature increases, and the electron‐vibration coupling enhances charge tunneling. In addition, the transition temperature between distinct vibration‐assisted tunneling modes and the activation energies show strong correlations with the molecular vibration frequency and molecular length. This study unveils the distinct dual‐vibration‐assisted molecular tunneling mechanism, significantly enhancing the ability to precisely control molecular charge transport and develop functional molecular devices.

Abstract Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has a high mortality rate, and the mechanisms underlying tumor development and progression remain unclear. However, inactivated tumor suppressor genes might play key roles. DNA methylation is a critical regulatory mechanism for inactivating tumor suppressor genes in HCC. Therefore, this study investigated methylation-related tumor suppressors in HCC to identify potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Methods We assessed genome-wide DNA methylation in HCC using whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) and RNA sequencing, respectively, and identified the differential expression of methylation-related genes, and finally screened phosphodiesterase 7B (PDE7B) for the study. The correlation between PDE7B expression and clinical features was then assessed. We then analyzed the changes of PDE7B expression in HCC cells before and after DNA methyltransferase inhibitor treatment by MassArray nucleic acid mass spectrometry. Furthermore, HCC cell lines overexpressing PDE7B were constructed to investigate its effect on HCC cell function. Finally, GO and KEGG were applied for the enrichment analysis of PDE7B-related pathways, and their effects on the expression of pathway proteins and EMT-related factors in HCC cells were preliminarily explored. Results HCC exhibited a genome-wide hypomethylation pattern. We screened 713 hypomethylated and 362 hypermethylated mCG regions in HCC and adjacent normal tissues. GO analysis showed that the main molecular functions of hypermethylation and hypomethylation were “DNA-binding transcriptional activator activity” and “structural component of ribosomes”, respectively, whereas KEGG analysis showed that they were enriched in “bile secretion” and “Ras-associated protein-1 (Rap1) signaling pathway”, respectively. PDE7B expression was significantly down-regulated in HCC tissues, and this low expression was negatively correlated with recurrence and prognosis of HCC. In addition, DNA methylation regulates PDE7B expression in HCC. On the contrary, overexpression of PDE7B inhibited tumor proliferation and metastasis in vitro. In addition, PDE7B-related genes were mainly enriched in the PI3K/ATK signaling pathway, and PDE7B overexpression inhibited the progression of PI3K/ATK signaling pathway-related proteins and EMT. Conclusion PDE7B expression in HCC may be regulated by promoter methylation. PDE7B can regulate the EMT process in HCC cells through the PI3K/AKT pathway, which in turn affects HCC metastasis and invasion.

Methane (CH4) from ruminant production systems produces greenhouse gases that contribute to global warming. Our goal was to determine whether monoammonium glycyrrhizinate could inhibit CH4 emissions over the long term without affecting animal performance and immune indices in Karakul sheep. This study aimed to assess the effects of medium−term (60 days) addition of monoammonium glycyrrhizinate on growth performance, apparent digestibility, CH4 emissions, methanogens, fibre-degrading bacteria and blood characteristics in Karakul sheep. Twelve male Karakul sheep (40.1 ± 3.59 kg) with fistula were randomly divided into two groups (n = 6): the Control group received a basal diet + the same volume of distilled water (30 ml) and the Treatment group received a basal diet + 8.75 g/kg monoammonium glycyrrhizinate injected via fistula. The adaptation stage was 15 days, and the measurement stage was 60 days. The sampling during the measurement stage was divided into two stages, stage I (1 ∼ 30 d) and stage II (31 ∼ 60 d). The results showed that monoammonium glycyrrhizinate significantly reduced the relative abundance of Bacteroides caccae, daily CH4 emission and protozoa population, significantly increased the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae bacterium AD3010, Lachnospiraceae bacterium FE2018, Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK3A20, Lachnospiraceae bacterium NK4A179 and Lachnospiraceae bacterium V9D3004 in stage I (P

Abstract Easy injection, long‐lasting barrier, and drug loading are the critical properties of submucosal injection materials for endoscopic surgery. However, conventional injectable polymers face challenges in simultaneously attaining these properties due to the inherent conflict between injectability and in situ stability. Here, a multi‐arm star polymer hydrogel (denoted as βCP hydrogel) with long‐lasting submucosal barrier (exceeding 120 min), rapid hemostasis, and sustained antibacterial properties is successfully developed by grafting poly(oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (PEGMA) side‐chains from β‐CD via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). During the onset of shearing, βCP hydrogel experiences the unwinding of polymer side‐chains between neighboring star polymers, which facilitates the process of endoscopic injectability. After submucosal injection, βCP hydrogel undergoes the winding of polymer side‐chains, thereby establishing a long‐lasting barrier cushion. Meanwhile, owing to its distinctive structures with a hydrophobic inner cavity and an outer layer of hydrophilic polymer side‐chains, βCP hydrogel enables simultaneous loading and on‐demand release of diverse categories of drugs. This unique performance can adapt to the diverse demands during different stages of wound healing in a porcine endoscopic surgery model. These results indicate an appealing prospect for new application of star polymers as a good submucosal injection material in endoscopic treatments.

Abstract In recent decades, there has been a significant increase in the application of single‐molecule electrical analysis platforms in studying proteins and peptides. These advanced analysis methods have the potential for deep investigation of enzymatic working mechanisms and accurate monitoring of dynamic changes in protein configurations, which are often challenging to achieve in ensemble measurements. In this work, the prominent research progress in peptide and protein‐related studies are surveyed using electronic devices with single‐molecule/single‐event sensitivity, including single‐molecule junctions, single‐molecule field‐effect transistors, and nanopores. In particular, the successful commercial application of nanopores in DNA sequencing has made it one of the most promising techniques in protein sequencing at the single‐molecule level. From single peptides to protein complexes, the correlation between their electrical characteristics, structures, and biological functions is gradually being established. This enables to distinguish different molecular configurations of these biomacromolecules through real‐time electrical monitoring of their life activities, significantly improving the understanding of the mechanisms underlying various life processes.

Abstract The transformation from one compound to another involves the breaking and formation of chemical bonds at the single-bond level, especially during catalytic reactions that are of great significance in broad fields such as energy conversion, environmental science, life science and chemical synthesis. The study of the reaction process at the single-bond limit is the key to understanding the catalytic reaction mechanism and further rationally designing catalysts. Here, we develop a method to monitor the catalytic process from the perspective of the single-bond energy using high-resolution scanning tunneling microscopy single-molecule junctions. Experimental and theoretical studies consistently reveal that the attack of a halogen atom on an Au atom can reduce the breaking energy of Au−S bonds, thereby accelerating the bond cleavage reaction and shortening the plateau length during the single-molecule junction breaking. Furthermore, the distinction in catalytic activity between different halogen atoms can be compared as well. This study establishes the intrinsic relationship among the reaction activation energy, the chemical bond breaking energy and the single-molecule junction breaking process, strengthening our mastery of catalytic reactions towards precise chemistry.

Highlights Single-molecule electrical detection, especially the single-molecule junction setup, enables the precise detection and spatial operability of anchored molecules. The transition among asymmetric characteristics (i.e., molecular chirality, photonic polarization and electronic spin) is proposed as a universal methodology to realize the detection, control and synthesis of chirality. Exploring the origin of symmetry breaking contributes to the development of a general reliable strategy for asymmetric synthesis.

Abstract Inflammation plays a crucial role in the progression of Subacute Ruminal Acidosis (SARA). The experiment was designed to investigate anti-inflammatory effects of glycyrrhizin on goats ruminal epithelial cells (GREC) which were induced SARA by Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. The GREC were induced SARA by adding LPS at the concentration of 5 μm and glycyrrhizin was added at different concentration of 0, 60, 90, 120, 150 μm. The structural integrity of LPS-induced GREC with the treatment of glycyrrhizin were observed by electron microscope; The levels of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 were measured by ELISA; The number of Zo-1 and Occludin were measured, the expression of tight junction protein Occludin were measured by Western blot, and the mRNA expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 were measured in vitro. The results showed that higher concentration treatment of glycyrrhizin led to better morphology in LPS-induced GREC. Glycyrrhizin inhibited the growth of inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 in a dose-dependent manner. The number of ZO-1 and Occludin increased with the increase of adding of glycyrrhizin. Western blot analysis showed that the expression of tight junction protein Occludin in LPS-induced GREC increased with the adding of glycyrrhizin in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and IL-12 decreased significantly with the increase treatment of glycyrrhizin. Glycyrrhizin significantly inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory mediators in GREC and the effects are better with the increase treatment of glycyrrhizin in vitro.

Abstract Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) play crucial roles in cellular processes and hold promise as drug targets. However, the dynamic nature of IDPs remains poorly understood. Here, we construct a single-molecule electrical nanocircuit based on silicon nanowire field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) and functionalize it with an individual disordered c-Myc bHLH-LZ domain to enable label-free, in situ, and long-term measurements at the single-molecule level. We use the device to study c-Myc interaction with Max and/or small molecule inhibitors. We observe the self-folding/unfolding process of c-Myc and reveal its interaction mechanism with Max and inhibitors through ultrasensitive real-time monitoring. We capture a relatively stable encounter intermediate ensemble of c-Myc during its transition from the unbound state to the fully folded state. The c-Myc/Max and c-Myc/inhibitor dissociation constants derived are consistent with other ensemble experiments. These proof-of-concept results provide an understanding of the IDP-binding/folding mechanism and represent a promising nanotechnology for IDP conformation/interaction studies and drug discovery.

Phyllostachys glauca McClure leaves (PML), as economical natural product material, contain abundant phenols, particularly flavonoids, with significant biological activities that contribute to their widespread applications in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. To study the significant phenols in PML, an ultrasound-assisted deep eutectic solvent extraction method with high efficiency and low toxicity was established for extracting the phenols from PML and the bamboo leaves of 17 other bamboo species. Using the Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (UPLC) method, the content of phenols in the leaves of the 18 bamboo species was determined. PML were found to contain neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoorientin, and orientin at contents of 0.793 ± 00.17 mg/g, 0.491 ± 0.0081 mg/g, 0.485 ± 0.0043 mg/g, 0.465 ± 0.0021 mg/g, and 0.044 ± 0.0005 mg/g, respectively, with a total content of 2.278 mg/g. These contents were significantly higher than those found in the leaves of 17 other bamboo species. Additionally, the significant phenols, neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid were found simultaneously in the leaves of 15 bamboo species, especially in PML. Therefore, PML can be viewed as the natural product material with considerable application values, owing to its abundant phenols, and can exhibit its importance in utilizing neochlorogenic acid, chlorogenic acid, and cryptochlorogenic acid as resources.

Observing the natural process of RNA degradation in real-time is a significant challenge. Here, the authors develop and use single-exonuclease nanocircuits to reveal the single-base degradation behaviour of PNPase, and demonstrate proof-of-principle RNA sequencing using this approach.

A series of materials containing Mo-S clusters confined in zeolitic cages of ZSM-5 are reported and shown to be efficient for CO2 or CO hydrogenation with >98% selectivity to methanol, stable over 1000 h, or C2 and C3 hydrocarbons, stable over 100 h.

BackgroundThe clinical progression of individuals afflicted with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection exhibits significant heterogeneity, particularly affecting the elderly population to a greater extent. Consequently, the association between nutrition and microbiota has garnered considerable interest. Hence, the objective of this study was to gather clinical data pertaining to the influence of diverse nutritional support interventions on the prognosis of geriatric patients with COVID-19, while additionally examining the fecal microbiota of these individuals to assess the repercussions of microecological alterations on their prognostic outcomes.ResultsA total of 71 elderly patients diagnosed with severe COVID-19 were included in this study. These patients were subsequently divided into two groups, namely the enteral nutrition (EN) group and the parenteral nutrition (PN) group, based on the type of nutritional support therapy they received after admission. The occurrence of complications was observed in 10.4% of patients in the EN group, whereas it was significantly higher at 69.6% in the PN group (P

High-energy facets exposed nanotubular alumina as well as conventional alumina supported Pd catalysts were synthesized and applied to the selective hydrogenation of phenylacetylene. Novel alumina supported catalyst presented higher selectivity at complete conversion of phenylacetylene. This could be related to the well dispersion of Pd and strong metal-support interaction, which are the consequences of the unique structural properties of the crystal plane regulated alumina. It helps create more active sites for hydrogenation meanwhile facilitates the desorption of alkene and thus suppresses the excess hydrogenation towards ethylbenzene.

Abstract Photosynthesis is a very important process for the current biosphere which can maintain such a subtle and stable circulatory ecosystem on earth through the transformation of energy and substance. Even though been widely studied in various aspects, the physiological activities, such as intrinsic structural vibration and self‐regulation process to stress of photosynthetic proteins, are still not in‐depth resolved in real‐time. Herein, utilizing silicon nanowire biosensors with ultrasensitive temporal and spatial resolution, real‐time responses of a single photosystem I‐light harvesting complex I (PSI‐LHCI) supercomplex of Pisum sativum to various conditions, including gradient variations in temperature, illumination, and electric field, are recorded. Under different temperatures, there is a bi‐state switch process associated with the intrinsic thermal vibration behavior. When the variations of illumination and the bias voltage are applied, two additional shoulder states, probably derived from the self‐conformational adjustment, are observed. Based on real‐time monitoring of the dynamic processes of the PSI‐LHCI supercomplex under various conditions, it is successively testified to promising nanotechnology for protein profiling and biological functional integration in photosynthesis studies.

Guiding chemical reactions in a predictable and controllable manner is an ultimate goal of chemistry. Here, the authors show tuning of the single-molecule Mizoroki-Heck catalytic cycle through electrical gating and direct in-situ detection.

Abstract Background Previous study has shown that chemokine-like factor (CKLF)-like MARVEL transmembrane domain-containing family member 4 (CMTM4) can bind and maintain programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression to promote tumor progression by alleviating the suppression of tumor-specific T cell activity, suggesting its potential role in tumor immunotherapy. However, the role of CMTM4 in tumor immunity has not been well clarified, especially in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods The protein expression of CMTM4/PD-L1/CD4/CD8 was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) detection in 90 cases of HCC tissues. The mRNA expression profiles and related prognosis data were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas-Liver Hepatocellular Carcinoma (TCGA-LIHC). Two immune therapy cohorts were from Imvigor210 and GSE176307. Results Though the single protein expression of CMTM4, PD-L1, CD4 or CD8 in HCC tissues by IHC detection didn’t show a significant relationship with the prognosis of HCC patients, we found that high co-expression of CMTM4/PD-L1/CD4 showed a good prognosis of HCC patients. Further Timer 2.0 analysis identified that HCC patients with high expression of CMTM4/PD-L1 and high infiltration of CD4+ T cells had a better overall survival than those with low infiltration of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, a series of bioinformatics analyses revealed that CMTM4-related genes posed important effects on prognosis and immunity in HCC patients, and CMTM4 had a positive correlation with infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HCC. At last, we used two immunotherapy cohorts to verify that the combination of CMTM4 with PD-L1 could improve the prognosis of tumor patients underwent immunotherapy. Conclusions CMTM4 and PD-L1 co-expression with T cell infiltration shows prognostic significance in HCC, suggesting combined effect from multiple proteins should be considered in HCC treatment.

Abstract Background For colorectal cancer, preoperative (neoadjuvant) chemotherapy is more effective than postoperative chemotherapy because it not only eradicates micrometastases more effectively but also reduces the risk of incomplete intraoperative resection and tumor cell shedding. For the treatment of acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction, colorectal stents as well as stoma are being used to relieve the obstructive colorectal cancer, and as a bridge to surgery, allowing easy mobilization and resection of the colon. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with self-expandable metal stents (SEMS) or neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with decompressing stoma (DS) can be used as a bridge to elective surgery (BTS) as an alternative to emergency surgery in patients with acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction, but its benefit is uncertain. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and feasibility of neoadjuvant chemotherapy as a bridge to surgery in the treatment of acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction. Methods Data from patients who were admitted with acute left-sided malignant colorectal obstruction between January 2012 and December 2020 were retrospectively reviewed, and patients with gastrointestinal perforation or peritonitis were excluded. We performed one-to-two propensity score matching to compare the stoma requirement, postoperative complications, and other short-term oncological outcomes between the neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and surgery group. Results There were no differences in intraoperative blood loss, operative time, one-year postoperative mortality, and postoperative tumor markers between the two groups. The 1-year recurrence-free survival (RFS) rates of neoadjuvant chemotherapy group and surgery group were 96.8 and 91.3% (p = 0.562). The neoadjuvant chemotherapy group was able to reduce stoma rate 1 year after surgery (p = 0.047). Besides, the neoadjuvant group significantly reduced postoperative bowel function time (p

Abstract Endometritis is the failure of embryo implantation and an important cause of infertility in dairy cows. IFN-τ is a type I interferon unique to ruminants. In regulating the process of inflammatory response, IFN-τ can be expressed through MicroRNAs (miRNAs) to regulate the process of inflammation. However, IFN-τ regulates lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory injury of bEECs through the highly conserved miR-26a in mammals, and the mechanism remains unclear. Bovine endometrial epithelial cells (bEECs)were isolated and cultured to establish an inflammatory injury model. RT–qPCR and ELISA were used to detect the secretion of inflammatory factors. Dual-luciferase assays and target gene silencing assays determine the regulatory role of miRNAs. The target protein was detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. This study showed that the expression of miR-26a was significantly down-regulated in mouse endometrium inflammatory injury tissue and LPS stimulated bEECs; and IFN-τ reversed the expression of miR-26a. The study also showed that the overexpression of miR-26a significantly inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, studies have shown that miR-26a inhibits its translation by targeting PTEN 3′-UTR, which in turn activates the Phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) pathway, so that nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling is inhibited. In summary, the results of this study further confirm that IFN-τ as an anti-inflammatory agent can up-regulate the expression of miR-26a and target the PTEN gene to inhibit the inflammatory damage of bEECs.

Abstract Single‐biomolecule electronic sensing techniques are of great importance in many fields, from medical diagnosis to disease surveillance. As the physiological changes of single biomolecules can be converted into measurable electrical signals, single‐molecule electronic biosensors can realize real‐time, highly sensitive, and high‐bandwidth detection of individual intra‐ or inter‐molecular interactions. These powerful single‐molecule sensing devices have demonstrated key advantages in precisely providing rare and detailed intermediate information along reaction pathways and revealing unique properties hidden in ensemble measurements. This review summarizes significant advances in single‐molecule electronic biosensors, emphasizing biomolecule recognition, interaction, and reaction dynamics at the single‐molecule level. Sensor configurations, sensing mechanisms, and representative applications are also discussed. Furthermore, a perspective on the use of photoelectric integrated systems for synchronous sensing of the electrical and optical signals of single biomolecules is provided.

IntroductionThe essence of enterotypes is to stratify the entire human gut microbiota, and dysregulation of gut microbiota is closely related to the development of colorectal adenoma. Enterotypes may therefore be a useful target for the prevention of colorectal adenoma. However, the relationship between gut microbiota and colorectal adenoma has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to analyze the differences in gut microbiome composition between adenoma and control populations.MethodsWe recruited 31 patients with colorectal adenoma and 71 non-adenoma controls. Patient demographics, risk factors, fecal samples from each subject were collected and metagenomic sequencing was performed. LEfSe analysis was used to reveal differences in intestinal microbiome composition. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association between enterotypes and colorectal adenoma.ResultsThe results showed that Prevotella enterotype (enterotype 4) is only present in adenoma group. Logistic regression analysis showed that Prevotella enterotype was an independent risk factor for colorectal adenoma.DiscussionThe Prevotella enterotype may increase the occurrence of colorectal adenoma through inflammatory association and interference with glucose and lipid metabolism in human body. In conclusion, the differences we observed between different enterotypes add a new potential factor to the development of colorectal adenoma.

Conventional silicon-based transistors, which sit at the heart of every computer, are fast approaching the limit of miniaturisation. Here, Meng et al demonstrate a field-effect transistor composed of a single rutheniumdiarylethene molecule with large on/off ratio.

Abstract Graphene is a 2D material with fruitful electrical properties, which can be efficiently prepared, tailored, and modified for a variety of applications, particularly in the field of optoelectronic devices thanks to its planar hexagonal lattice structure. To date, graphene has been prepared using a variety of bottom–up growth and top–down exfoliation techniques. To prepare high‐quality graphene with high yield, a variety of physical exfoliation methods, such as mechanical exfoliation, anode bonding exfoliation, and metal‐assisted exfoliation, have been developed. To adjust the properties of graphene, different tailoring processes have been emerged to precisely pattern graphene, such as gas etching and electron beam lithography. Due to the differences in reactivity and thermal stability of different regions, anisotropic tailoring of graphene can be achieved by using gases as the etchant. To meet practical requirements, further chemical functionalization at the edge and basal plane of graphene has been extensively utilized to modify its properties. The integration and application of graphene devices is facilitated by the combination of graphene preparation, tailoring, and modification. This review focuses on several important strategies for graphene preparation, tailoring, and modification that have recently been developed, providing a foundation for its potential applications.

Ultrasonic vibration assisted (UVA) plastic forming technology has proven to be a highly effective processing method, particularly for materials that are challenging to deform. In this research, UVA tensile tests were carried out on Mg98.5Zn0.5Y1 alloy at different vibration frequencies and amplitudes. The experimental results indicate that, compared with conventional tensile tests, the yield strength and tensile strength of Mg98.5Zn0.5Y1 alloy exhibit a decrease. Furthermore, the application of ultrasonic vibration demonstrates an ability to enhance the material’s elongation and plasticity. In order to further predict the stress-strain relationship in the metal tensile process, a hybrid constitutive model coupling the frequency and amplitude of ultrasonic vibration was developed based on the modified Johnson Cook model. The calculated results of the constitutive equation are in good agreement with the experimental results, indicating that the established constitutive equation can accurately predict the trend of alloy stress change at different amplitudes and frequencies. It establishes a theoretical foundation for scrutinizing the deformation mechanisms of the alloy under ultrasonic vibration. Furthermore, Abaqus finite element analysis software was employed to simulate and analyze the UVA tensile process, elucidating the impact of ultrasonic vibration on stress distribution, strain patterns, and material flow in the tensile behavior of Mg98.5Zn0.5Y1 alloys.

Background: This paper aimed to appraise the diagnostic precision of assorted methodologies to identify left atrial/left atrial appendage (LA/LAA) thrombus through a network meta-assessment. Methods: Methodologically, we conducted a comprehensive literature search across multiple databases. Utilizing the risk of bias tool from the Cochrane Collaboration, methodological quality of included studies was critically assessed and potential publication bias was examined via funnel plots. The subsequent data analysis was executed using Stata software, with the most efficacious diagnostic modalities being determined based on cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values. Results: We scrutinized a sum of 18 papers, comprising 4102 subjects and utilizing 10 different diagnostic techniques. The hierarchical results derived from the network meta-analysis indicated that in regards to sensitivity, the dual-source cardiac computed tomography (DSCT) was superior (with a SUCRA value of 71.7%), it was succeeded by 3-minute delayed cardiac computed tomography (CCT) (scoring 66.8%), which surpassed the transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (holding a SUCRA value of 57.5%). In terms of specificity, DSCT was the best (SUCRA value of 84.3%), followed by three dimensional (3D) cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (3D-CMRI) (SUCRA value of 78.0%), which was better than TEE (SUCRA value of 66.6%). In terms of positive likelihood ratio (PLR), 6-minute delayed CCT (SUCRA value of 85.6%) was superior to 3-minute delayed CCT (SUCRA value of 80.1%), both of which were superior to TEE (SUCRA value of 69.1%). DSCT (SUCRA value of 89.3%) had the best negative likelihood ratio (NLR), while DSCT (SUCRA value of 79.9%) had the highest accuracy. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that DSCT outperformed TEE in sensitivity, specificity, NLR, and accuracy in identifying thrombus of LA/LAA among patients suffering from atrial fibrillation. Our conclusion is that DSCT is the best in diagnosing LA/LAA. In addition, 3D-CMRI and 3-minute delayed CCT are expected to replace TEE.

Background Anastomotic leakage remains one of the most common serious complications after rectal cancer surgery. How to predict its occurrence and prevent it remains largely elusive. Objective This study aimed to identify the risk factors of anastomotic leakage and construct a nomogram for predicting postoperative anastomotic leakage in patients with rectal cancer. Methods The data of 406 patients with rectal cancer after gastrointestinal surgery in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from January 2011 to May 2020 were collected (243 in the training set and 163 in the testing set). Logistic regression was applied to determine the risk factors of postoperative anastomotic leakage of rectal cancer, and a nomogram prediction model was thus established. Predictive performance of the nomogram was evaluated by C-index and area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results Logistic regression analysis showed that preoperative bowel obstruction (odds ratio [OR] = 12.846, 95% confidence interval CI [1.441–114.54], p = 0.022) and early first defecation after surgery (OR = 0.501, 95% CI [0.31–0.812], p = 0.005) were independent risk factors, which could be used to develop a nomogram to predict the occurrence of anastomotic leakage accurately. The evaluation of the prediction model shows that the C-index value of the model was 0.955, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the training set was 0.820, and the testing set was 0.747, whereas the optimal cut-off point based on the nomogram score was 174.6. Conclusion This nomogram had a good prediction ability for postoperative anastomotic leakage in patients with rectal cancer. It can provide a reference for perioperative treatment and the selection of surgical methods to promote individualized and accurate treatment.

PurposeThe aim of this study was to identify the effect of different injection times on pain during colonoscopy procedure.MethodsIn this retrospective study, the data of patients who underwent colonoscopy from June 2020 to September 2020 were assessed to investigate the effect of different injection time of sedative drugs (midazolam and dezocine). The primary endpoint was evaluating the pain intensity of the patients using visual analogue scale (VAS) immediately after colonoscopy .ResultsA total of 152 patients were eligible for this study. Of them, 76 received midazolam and dezocine injection 1 min prior to the colonoscopy procedure (the 1 Min group) and the other 76 patients received the injection 3 min prior to the procedure (the 3 Min group). The vital signs of all patients were stable except for one patient who was diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease in the 3 Min group. A transient drop in blood pressure for this patient was observed during colonoscopy but returned to normal after general treatment. The two groups had similar rates of cecal intubation (84.21% vs. 90.97%, P = 0.22), addition of sedative drugs during procedure (2.63% vs. 5.26%, P = 0.68), and adequate bowel preparation (Boston Bowel Preparation Scale ≥6, 61.84% vs. 61.84%, P = 1.0). However, patients in the 3 Min group had significantly lower VAS than those in the 1 Min group [0 (0, 1) vs. 1 (0, 2), P = 0.041].ConclusionThe timing of drug injection during conscious sedation may affect pain control during colonoscopy, with 3 min prior to the procedure showing lower VAS.

Background: Myc-associated zinc finger protein (MAZ) plays a role in cancer progression and metastasis. However, the role and underlying molecular mechanism of MAZ in thyroid cancer have not yet been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the clinical significance of MAZ in thyroid cancer tissues, and clarify its mechanism in the occurrence and development of thyroid cancer. Methods: The expression level of MAZ protein in thyroid cancer tissues was detected by bioinformatics analysis and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The relationship between the expression level of MAZ and clinicopathological characteristics of thyroid cancer patients was analyzed by multivariate logistic regression analysis. Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level of MAZ in thyroid cancer cell lines. After MAZ knockdown cell lines were constructed, wound healing and Transwell assays were used to detect the migratory and invasive abilities of cancer cells. Results: The results of IHC showed that the expression level of MAZ protein in thyroid cancer tissues was higher than that in normal adjacent thyroid tissues (p < 0.05), which was consistent with the high expression level of MAZ in thyroid cancer tissues found in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that the expression level of MAZ was correlated with tumor diameter and tumor capsule of thyroid cancer patients. Moreover, patients with the high MAZ expression level had shorter overall and disease-free survival compared with thyroid cancer patients with the low MAZ expression level (p < 0.05). Further cell function assays indicated that downregulation of MAZ expression level could inhibit the migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cell lines. Moreover, the expression level of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related factor fibronectin 1 (FN1) was obtained from the RNA-seq of MAZ knockdown in thyroid cancer cells. RT-qPCR confirmed that the expression level of FN1 was elevated in MAZ knockdown cell lines (p < 0.05). Bioinformatics analysis indicated that the expression level of FN1 was upregulated in thyroid cancer tissues and had a negative relationship with the expression level of MAZ, as evidenced by correlation analysis. Conclusions: A high expression level of MAZ in thyroid cancer tissues was associated with a poor prognosis of patients. MAZ could affect the progression of thyroid cancer by inducing the EMT process.

The essential role of drunkenness on the healthy development of Chinese Baijiu was studied in this research. This study revealed the effects of Baijiu on the behaviors of mice and evaluated the degree of drunkenness of soy sauce-, strong-, light-, and light and soy sauce-flavored Baijiu. The parameters obtained from the open field test were transformed into the behavioral drunkenness index by mathematical statistical analysis and the drunkenness-associated key compounds of Baijiu were analyzed. The results showed that strong- and light-flavored Baijiu presented higher levels of drunkenness and sobriety than soy sauce-flavored Baijiu. Interestingly, light and soy sauce-flavored Baijiu showed low drunkenness but a high sobriety degree. Specifically, the degree of drunkenness was positively correlated with fusel alcohol and aldehydes but negatively correlated with esters and acids. This study will enrich references for Baijiu behavior studies and lay a foundation for the research and development of healthy Baijiu.

Abstract In this work, a real‐time precise electrical method to directly monitor the stochastic binding dynamics of a single supramolecule based on the host‐guest interaction between a cyclodextrin and an azo compound is reported. Different intermolecular binding states during the binding process are distinguished by conductance signals detected from graphene‐molecule‐graphene single‐molecule junctions. In combination with theoretical calculations, the reciprocating and unidirectional motions in the trans form as well as the restrained reciprocating motion in the cis form due to the steric hindrance is observed, which could be reversibly switched by visible and UV irradiation. The integration of individual supramolecules into nanocircuits not only offers a facile and effective strategy to probe the dynamic process of supramolecular systems, but also paves the way to construct functional molecular devices toward real applications such as switches, sensors, and logic devices.

High dielectric constants in organic semiconductors have been identified as a central challenge for the improvement in not only piezoelectric, pyroelectric, and ferroelectric effects but also photoelectric conversion efficiency in OPVs, carrier mobility in OFETs, and charge density in charge-trapping memories. Herein, we report an ultralong persistence length (lp≈41 nm) effect of spiro-fused organic nanopolymers on dielectric properties, together with excitonic and charge carrier behaviors. The state-of-the-art nanopolymers, namely, nanopolyspirogrids (NPSGs), are synthesized via the simple cross-scale Friedel-Crafts polygridization of A2B2-type nanomonomers. The high dielectric constant (k=8.43) of NPSG is firstly achieved by locking spiro-polygridization effect that results in the enhancement of dipole polarization. When doping into a polystyrene-based dielectric layer, such a high-k feature of NPSG increases the field-effect carrier mobility from 0.20 to 0.90 cm2 V-1 s-1 in pentacene OFET devices. Meanwhile, amorphous NPSG film exhibits an ultralow energy disorder (

We aim to investigate the expression and clinical significance of the tubulin gamma complex-associated protein 4 (TUBGCP4) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The mRNA expression of TUBGCP4 in HCC tissues was analyzed using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Paired HCC and adjacent nontumor tissues were obtained from HCC patients to measure the protein expression of TUBGCP4 by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and to analyze the relationship between TUBGCP4 protein expression and the clinicopathological characteristics and the prognosis of HCC patients. We found that TUBGCP4 mRNA expression was upregulated in HCC tissues from TCGA database. IHC analysis showed that TUBGCP4 was positively expressed in 61.25% (49/80) of HCC tissues and 77.5% (62/80) of adjacent nontumor tissues. The Chi-square analysis indicated that the positive rate of TUBGCP4 expression between HCC tissues and the adjacent nontumor tissues was statistically different (P

Abstract DNA–protein interaction plays an essential role in the storage, expression, and regulation of genetic information. A 1D/3D facilitated diffusion mechanism has been proposed to explain the extraordinarily rapid rate of DNA‐binding protein (DBP) searching for cognate sequence along DNA and further studied by single‐molecule experiments. However, direct observation of the detailed chronological protein searching image is still a formidable challenge. Here, for the first time, a single‐molecule electrical monitoring technique is utilized to realize label‐free detection of the DBP–DNA interaction process based on high‐gain silicon nanowire field‐effect transistors (SiNW FETs). The whole binding process of WRKY domain and DNA has been visualized with high sensitivity and single‐base resolution. Impressively, the swinging of hydrogen bonds between amino acid residues and bases in DNA induce the dynamic collective motion of DBP–DNA. This in situ, label‐free electrical detection platform provides a practical experimental methodology for dynamic studies of various biomolecules.

Abstract Single‐molecule electrical and spin switches have been one of the main research focuses in molecular electronics and spintronics because they may form the most important elements for the future information technology, thus attracting great attention in the scientific community and witnessing significant progresses benefiting from the combination of physics, chemistry, materials, and engineering. The key issue of constructing single‐molecule switches is the development of stimulus‐responsive systems that provide bistable or multiple states. In this review, we summarize the recent advances of this field in terms of the external stimulus that induces the switching. A variety of external stimuli, such as light, electric field, magnetic field, mechanical force, and chemical stimulus, have been successfully employed to activate the reversible switching in single‐molecule junctions by manipulating molecular structures, conformations, electronic states, and spin states. As a burgeoning field, we finally put forward the challenges in molecular electronics and spintronics that need to be solved, which will initiate intense research.

Little attention has been paid to the fundamental mechanism of molecular self-assembly into crystallised films or wires on surfaces. Here the authors use real time in-situ scanning probe microscopy to monitor the growth trajectories of organic semiconducting films as they crystallize from an amorphous solid state under ambient conditions.

A dicompartmental Schiff base ligand was synthesized and used for the assembly of a lanthanide grid-like complex. Dinuclear Dy2 and tetranuclear Dy4 complexes were isolated from the reaction of the ligand with different dysprosium salt. Single crystal X-ray diffractions show that the two DyIII ions in Dy2 are adopted in the N3O coordination pockets of the ligand and further coordinated by water molecules, whereas, for Dy4, the four DyIII ions are clamped by four ligands through their terminal N3O coordination pockets, forming a grid-type assembly. Magnetic studies reveal that complex Dy2 shows field-induced single-molecule magnetic behavior under 1000 Oe dc field, complex Dy4 shows fast relaxation under zero field and field-induced single-molecule magnet (SMM) behavior under 500 Oe. The difference in the magnetic relaxation is related to the various deprotonation of the ligand and distinct topology of the assemblies.

The study investigated the effects of feeding mixtures of alfalfa (AF) and sweet sorghum (SS) at different ratios of silages in terms of the physiological status of blood and rumen, and rumen microbiota in lambs. A total of 30 four-month-old male Karakul lambs with 25.5 ± 1.4 kg mean initial body weight were randomly allocated to five groups, with six lambs in each group. Five experimental diets containing 40% of one of the five AF–SS mixed silages (containing 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% AF on a fresh weight basis, respectively) and 60% of other ingredients were formulated. Overall, the results showed that the mixed silage with more AF tended to increase serum antioxidant capacity, dry matter (DM) intake, and rumen fermentation metabolites. The AF–SS mixed silages containing AF at 60% and 80% caused a significant linear increase (p < 0.05) in the activity of total antioxidant capacity. The superoxide dismutase in the Karakul lamb responded with significant linear and quadratic increases (p < 0.01) as the ratio of AF was increased in the AF–SS mixed silages. Feeding diets with AF in silage mixtures at the ratio of 60% significantly increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of ruminal total volatile fatty acids (tVFA), acetate, and ammonia-N. However, no statistical significance (p > 0.05) was found in the alpha diversity of rumen microbes among the tested groups (p > 0.05). Principal coordinates analysis could clearly discriminate the differences between the five groups (p = 0.001). The relative abundance of Firmicutes in the rumen were significantly higher with AF at 40% in the AF–SS silage-based diet than those with AF at 0%, and 20% ratios. The abundance of Ruminococcus_albus had a significant linear increase (p < 0.05), as the ratio of AF in the AF–SS mixed silages was increased. In conclusion, the best beneficial effect on the physiological status of the blood and rumen, DM intake, and rumen microbiota in lambs came from those that consumed the diet containing the AF–SS mixed silage with 60% AF.

It remains a challenge to fully control molecular electronics. Here, Meng et al. show a reversible two-mode single-molecule switch, where the conductance through the molecular backbone is controlled by an in situ chemical gating via bias-dependent trans–cis isomerisation on an azobenzene sidegroup.

Summary: We report here a supercatalyst for oxygen reduction of Pt/CNx/Ni in a unique ternary heterostructure, in which the Pt and the underlying Ni nanoparticles are separated by two to three layers of nitrogen-doped carbon (CNx), which mediates the transfer of electrons from the inner Ni to the outer Pt and protects the Ni against corrosion at the same time. The well-engineered low-Pt catalyst shows ∼780% enhanced specific mass activity or 490% enhanced specific surface activity compared with a commercial Pt/C catalyst toward oxygen reduction. More importantly, the exceptionally strong tune on the Pt by the unique structure makes the catalyst superbly stable, and its mass activity of 0.72 A/mgPt at 0.90 V (well above the US Department of Energy's 2020 target of 0.44 A/mgPt at 0.90 V) after 50,000 cyclic voltammetry cycles under acidic conditions is still better than that of the fresh commercial catalyst. : Catalysis; Electrochemical Energy Conversion; Energy Materials Subject Areas: Catalysis, Electrochemical Energy Conversion, Energy Materials

The investigation into the dynamical transitions of charged quasiparticles on interfaces remains technically challenging. Here, the authors use ultrafast, mid-infrared micro-spectroscopy to unveil the formation of tightly bound interlayer excitons between conducting graphene and semiconducting MoSe2.

Hydrogen-bonds are widely found in many systems, such as DNAs and supramolecular assemblies, but it remains challenging to detect their dynamics at a molecular level. Here, Zhou et al. study the stochastic arrangement of hydrogen bonds using single-molecule junctions connected to graphene electrodes.

The exposed facets of oxide nanocrystals are key to their properties. Here, the authors use 17O solid-state NMR spectroscopy to discriminate between oxygen species on different facets of anatase titania nanocrystals, providing compelling evidence for the value of NMR spectroscopy in characterizing faceted oxides.