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In this article, aiming at the problems of low mechanical properties and the unstable structure of the binder in inorganic artificial stone, performance improvements were studied. The effects of 12 materials of blast-furnace slag (BFS), fly ash (FA), and kaolin on the properties and microstructure of inorganic binders were systematically studied and analyzed. As a result, the compressive strength of BFS-2, FA-1, and FA-2 binder was increased by 10.0, 6.0, and 1.5%, and the flexural strength was increased by 44.8, 79.2, and 1.3%, respectively. It was worth noting that BFS and FA could effectively promote hydration reactions due to active materials and boost the growth of C–S–H and CH, leading to the inorganic binder forming a stable structure. Thus, this work systematically designs and prepares inorganic binders with high compressive strength and excellent flexural strength. This reveals how inorganic materials affect the properties of inorganic binders on the microstructure and offer a new idea for the development of this field.

Infections of Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 in goldfish and farmed crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio) are still an urgent problem worldwide. Detection and prevention are necessary for the control of haematopoietic necrosis disease caused by CyHV-2. Although many sensitive molecular diagnostic methods have been developed, effective immunodiagnosis and neutralization approaches based on monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against CyHV-2 are still important to CyHV-2 study. In this experiment, purified CyHV-2 was used as antigens to produce monoclonal antibodies (Mabs). Six Mabs bound to different proteins were selected by Dot-blot screening and Western-blot analysis, and no one had cross-reactivity with closely related koi herpesvirus. Among them, Mabs 2E1-B10, 1F5-A3 and 4C4-A7 belonged to IgG

Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a viral pathogen worldwide and causing high mortality on goldfish and silver crucian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). In order to establish a stable and sensitive immunological diagnostic approach, the recombinant ORF121 protein encoded by the CyHV-2 ORF121 gene, was selected as a capture antigen to identify cells and tissues infected with CyHV-2 by immunological methods in this study. Firstly, the open reading frame of CyHV-2 ORF121 was cloned into the PGEX-4T-3 vector and expressed in Escherichia coli. Purified recombinant ORF121 protein was then used as an antigen to prepare monoclonal antibodies, and an efficient hybridoma cell line was selected by dot-blot assay. The resulting mAb-3D9 was applied to detect CyHV-2 in infected caudal fin of Carassius auratus gibelio (GiCF) cells and fish tissues by western blotting, immunofluorescence assays and immunohistological asays. The monoclonal antibody could specifically identify CyHV-2 in infected GiCF cells and the gills, the kidney and the spleen tissues, and it could attenuate CPE by CyHV-2 in vitro, suggesting it can be applied for CyHV-2 detection in the crucian carp and ORF121 may be a candidate vaccine against CyHV-2.

Hypothesis Bionics and dynamic interface wetting intensely appeal to many research communities due to their unique practical implications. The rose petals had a highly robust dynamic water-retaining capacity under heavy precipitation. We predicted that the roses became more “hydrophilic” at higher Weber numbers. Experiments Fresh rose petals were directly impacted by droplets, and facile artificial petal-like substrates and superhydrophobic substrates were used in the comparative analysis. The wetting dynamics of the droplet (e.g., topography, bounce dynamics, contact time, three-phase contact lines, and oscillations) were investigated when interacting with four selected target substrates. Findings The present work first time investigated the dynamic wetting rule of the sticky superhydrophobic substrates (SSHS). Simulated and experimental investigations confirmed that the unique coupling synergy between the pinning effect and the inhomogeneous micropapillaes resulted in lopsided contact line velocities, which remarkably suppressed the lateral oscillation and rebounding. This may be a new strategy when designing dynamic water-repellent surfaces and open a promising avenue for emerging areas such as super-efficiency energy conversion and harvesting.

The aim of this study was to reveal potential relationship between the main flow field around a shortfin mako shark and the surface morphology of shark skin. Firstly, a numerical simulation using the large eddy simulation (LES) method was conducted to obtain the main flow field around a smooth shark model. Then, the surface morphology characteristics of a shark (

Microwave curing technology has been widely used in resin and its composite materials. In order to study its effect for curing unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) composites containing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) filler, this paper first investigated the influence of microwave power and microwave irradiation time on the curing characteristics of UPR. Then, CaCO3 particles were added to the UPR to investigate the microwave curing effect of the UPR composites containing the CaCO3. The results showed that microwave irradiation could heat the UPR sample evenly, and rapidly cause the chain growth reaction, thus greatly shortening the curing time. The curing degree and products of the samples after microwave curing were consistent with that of the thermal curing. The addition of CaCO3 particles could increase the heating rate of the UPR composites, which would accelerate the curing rate of the UPR. However, higher microwave power could lead to pore defects inside the UPR composites with higher CaCO3 content, resulting in a lower strength. Thus, the compactness of the samples should be improved by reducing the microwave power and prolonging the microwave treatment time.

Two major sources of radiation hazards at commercial aviation altitudes have been known for decades and those are galactic cosmic rays (GCRs) as well as solar energetic particles (SEPs). GCRs are p...

Extensive studies of antiwetting have been restricted to stationary substrates, while dewetting mechanisms on moving interfaces are still poorly understood. Due to the hydrophobic and anisotropic surface characteristics of kingfishers, they are able to easily change flight direction even under high-intensity precipitation. The present study aims to mechanistically analyze how the synergy of interfacial movement, anisotropy, and superhydrophobicity affects rapid dehydration. We have designed a droplet-conveyor system to simulate the bouncing of droplets on moving anisotropic superhydrophobic targets and performed simulations via the lattice Boltzmann algorithm. The moving interface can induce a directional tumbling behavior of the droplet and effectively avoid continuous wetting in the same region. We found that droplet tumbling is essentially caused by transformed depinning velocity vectors at the interface downstream. Also, the hang time of a tumbling droplet is positively related to the angle between the motion vector and the texture. The oriented anisotropic motion facilitates the tumbling of droplets and decreases their hang time by up to 23% as compared to that on a stationary inclined superhydrophobic surface. Similar interfacial process dehydration also occurs on a nonwet kingfisher flying in the rain, and we believe that these findings provide valuable new insights for high-efficiency water repellency of surfaces.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of eigenfrequency and the actual frequency of the elastic surface for the droplet rebound. The elastic surface used in this study is the stationary flexible feather vanes. A fluid-structure interaction (FSI) numerical model is proposed to predict the phenomenon, and later is validated by the experimental that the droplets impact the stationary flexible feather vanes. The effect of mass and stiffness of the surface is analysed. First, the suitable combination of mass and stiffness of the surface will enhance the drop rebound. Second, a small mass system with higher eigenfrequency will decrease the minimum contact time. In the last, the actual frequencies of the elastic surface, approximate at 75 Hz, can accelerate the drop rebound for all cases.

Under nominal solar wind conditions, a low density wake region forms downstream of the nightside lunar surface. However, the lunar plasma environment undergoes a transformation as the Moon passes through the Earth’s magnetotail, with the warm plasma typically not having a strong flow, and thus the wake structure disappears. However, while in the tail, there can be a sudden intense change due to solar-driven events such as coronal mass ejections. With a new planned human presence on the Moon, it is important to understand the near-surface plasma environment’s response to these extreme conditions. We investigate the response of the lunar wake to a passing coronal mass ejection on 2012 March 8 while crossing the Earth’s magnetotail using both a large-scale MHD model of the Earth’s global magnetosphere and smaller-scale 3-D hybrid-PIC simulations.The CME plasma shock was detected by the Wind spacecraft around 10:30 UT and in the Earth’s magnetotail around 11:20 UT by the ARTEMIS spacecraft in lunar orbit. Wind observations are used as time-dependent up-stream conditions for a 24-hour global magnetosphere MHD simulation run through NASA’s Community Coordinated Modeling Center using the OpenGGCM model. Extracted plasma parameters from the ARTEMIS spacecraft following the plasma shock are used as upstream static boundary conditions for hybrid-PIC simulations using the AMITIS code.Results for the hybrid-PIC lunar wake simulations performed during a momentary jump in magnetotail plasma velocity and density show a short misaligned plasma void relative to nominal SW conditions. MHD results indicate that changes near the Moon appear as a result of a warped magnetopause boundary moving inward after 11:00 UT, causing the Moon to enter the magnetosheath. These results also show a number of plasmoids developing and propagating down the tail, including one seen at 11:20 UT that corresponds temporarily with plasmoid-like features in the ARTEMIS magnetic field profiles.

A passing coronal mass ejection (CME) will manifest a different response at an airless body compared to a magnetized planet. Specifically, because the regolith-rich surfaces of airless bodies are directly exposed to the variations in the plasma flow, the surfaces are found to undergo anomalous surface charging during the passing of CME fast plasma events. In this study, we model the surface charging expected at Phobos for nominal solar wind conditions and also those associated with disturbed solar wind conditions during the passage of a CME similar to that observed by MAVEN at Mars in early March 2015. We use an ambipolar diffusion model to examine the development of the trailing wake/void in the plasma flow behind Phobos and the formation of mini-wakes within obstruction regions like Stickney Crater. We also consider the roving of an astronaut in Stickney Crater for Phobos positioned near 10 h Local Time relative to Mars. We examine the plasma dissipation of the collected astronaut charge from contact electrification with the regolith.

The Community Coordinated Modeling Center has been leading community‐wide space science and space weather model validation projects for many years. These efforts have been broadened and extended via the newly launched International Forum for Space Weather Modeling Capabilities Assessment (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/). Its objective is to track space weather models' progress and performance over time, a capability that is critically needed in space weather operations and different user communities in general. The Space Radiation and Plasma Effects Working Team of the aforementioned International Forum works on one of the many focused evaluation topics and deals with five different subtopics (https://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov/assessment/topics/radiation-all.php) and varieties of particle populations: Surface Charging from tens of eV to 50‐keV electrons and internal charging due to energetic electrons from hundreds keV to several MeVs. Single‐event effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays (several MeV to TeV), total dose due to accumulation of doses from electrons (>100 keV) and protons (>1 MeV) in a broad energy range, and radiation effects from solar energetic particles and galactic cosmic rays at aviation altitudes. A unique aspect of the Space Radiation and Plasma Effects focus area is that it bridges the space environments, engineering, and user communities. The intent of the paper is to provide an overview of the current status and to suggest a guide for how to best validate space environment models for operational/engineering use, which includes selection of essential space environment and effect quantities and appropriate metrics., Key Points Providing an overview of the current status and proposing a guide for how to best validate space environment models for operational useTwo types of physical quantities for both science and engineering purposes have been identifiedProper metrics are needed for evaluating space environment models for different application purposes

Hypothesis Flying in the rain presents a greater challenge for smaller animals such as kingfishers, compared with aircraft in the same situation. Regardless, kingfishers have developed advanced water repellency as reflected in the hydrophobicity and elasticity of their feathers. Therefore, it is possible to confirm that the elastic superhydrophobic surface can enhance the water repellency of the surface by experimental and theoretical analysis. Experiments A simplified device simulating droplet impact on a kingfisher feather was configured for comparison. Moreover, the dynamic behavior of droplets (with varying Weber numbers—2 ≤ We ≤ 42) impinging on the elastic and rigid substrate was analyzed, such as spreading, retraction, lift-off, the secondary droplet, and contact time with a high-speed camera. Findings The elastic substrate significantly affected the retraction and lift-off of the droplet—that is, an earlier and more efficient morphological rearrangement of the droplet—reducing the contact time by up to 8.3% (17

Radiotherapy is a useful treatment for malignant tumors, including lung carcinoma; however, non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) is frequently insensitive to radiation. It has been reported that heat shock protein 27 (HSPB1) is a radioresistance-associated protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. In the present study, the role of HSPB1 in NSCLC cells induced by irradiation was investigated. The viability of cells was determined by a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The apoptotic activity, cell cycle distribution and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) of cells were evaluated via flow cytometry. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses were employed to measure the expression of various genes and proteins. It was observed that knockdown of HSPB1 with small interfering RNA (si-HSPB1) markedly decreased the viability of A549 NSCLC cells and induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase following exposure to 6 Gy irradiation. Furthermore, it was revealed that si-HSPB1 significantly downregulated cyclin B1 and cyclin G1 expression. Additionally, si-HSPB1 promoted apoptosis and depolarized the MMP of cells exposed to 6 Gy irradiation. The expression levels of B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), mitochondrial cytochrome c (cyto c) and pro-caspase-8 were downregulated, whereas those of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax), cytosolic cyto c and cleaved-caspase-8 were upregulated. Collectively, silencing of HSPB1 increased the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cells by reducing cell viability, depolarizing the MMP, arresting the cell cycle in the G2/M phase and promoting cell apoptosis. Therefore, HSPB1 may be a novel target for increasing radiosensitivity in the treatment of NSCLC.

Tetrastichus howardi (Olliff) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a pupal parasitoid of a great number of Lepidoptera pests, has a great potential for biological control. To investigate the olfactory system of this parasitoid, we examined the morphology and ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of both male and female T. howardi using scanning and transmission electron microscopic techniques. Antennae of male and female T. howardi were geniculate in shape, which consisted of scape, pedicel and flagellum with 5 and 4 flagellomeres, respectively. The sexual differences were recorded in the types, structure, distribution and abundance of antennal sensilla of T. howardi. Fourteen morphologically distinct types of antennal sensilla were found on the female antennae, while seventeen on the male antennae. They were: multiporous plate sensilla (MPS1-4), chaetica sensilla (CH1-3), multiporous trichodea sensilla (MTS), aporous trichodea sensilla (ATS1-5), multiporous grooved peg sensilla (MGPS), coeloconic sensilla (COS), campaniform sensilla (CAS), terminal finger-like hairy sensilla (TFI), cuticular pore (CP), and ventral sensory plaque (VSP). MPS4, ATS (3-5), and VSP only occurred on the male antennae, while MPS2 and MPS3 only on the female antennae. The MPSs, MTS, MGPS, TFI, and CP may function as olfactory sensilla involving in detecting odor stimuli whereas the ATSs, CHs, and CAS may serve as mechanoreceptors. COS were presumed to play a role as chemo-, thermo- or hygro-receptor. The results could facilitate future studies on the biology of olfaction in T. howardi.

Key points discussed in this chapter are (1) the importance of aurora research to scientific advances and space weather applications, (2) space weather products at CCMC that are relevant to aurora monitoring and forecasting, and (3) the need for more effort from the whole community to achieve a better and long‐lead‐time forecast of auroral activity. Aurora, as manifestations of solar wind−magnetosphere−ionosphere coupling that occurs in a region of space that is relatively easy to access for sounding rockets, satellites, and other types of observational platforms, serves as a natural laboratory for studying the underlying physics of the complex system. From a space weather application perspective, auroras can cause surface charging of technological assets passing through the region, result in scintillation effects affecting communication and navigation, and cause radar cluttering that hinders military and civilian applications. Indirectly, an aurora and its currents can induce geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) on the ground, which poses major concerns for the wellbeing and operation of power grids, particularly during periods of intense geomagnetic activity. In addition, accurate auroral forecasting is desired for auroral tourism. In this chapter, we first review some of the existing auroral models and discuss past validation efforts. Such efforts are crucial in transitioning a model(s) from research to operations and for further model improvement and development that also benefits scientific endeavors. Then we will focus on products and tools that are used for auroral monitoring and forecasting at the Space Weather Research Center (SWRC). As part of the CCMC (Community Coordinated Modeling Center), SWRC has been providing space weather services since 2010.

The Space Weather Research Center ( http://swrc. gsfc.nasa.gov ) at NASA Goddard, part of the Community Coordinated Modeling Center ( http://ccmc.gsfc.nasa.gov ), is committed to providing research-based forecasts and notifications to address NASA’s space weather needs, in addition to its critical role in space weather education. It provides a host of services including spacecraft anomaly resolution, historical impact analysis, real-time monitoring and forecasting, tailored space weather alerts and products, and weekly summaries and reports. In this paper, we focus on how (near) real-time data (both in space and on ground), in combination with modeling capabilities and an innovative dissemination system called the integrated Space Weather Analysis system ( http://iswa.gsfc.nasa.gov ), enable monitoring, analyzing, and predicting the spacecraft charging environment for spacecraft users. Relevant tools and resources are discussed.

During early November 2013, the magnetosphere experienced concurrent driving by a coronal mass ejection (CME) during an ongoing high-speed stream (HSS) event. The relativistic electron response to these two kinds of drivers, i.e., HSS and CME, is typically different, with the former often leading to a slower buildup of electrons at larger radial distances, while the latter energizing electrons rapidly with flux enhancements occurring closer to the Earth. We present a detailed analysis of the relativistic electron response including radial profiles of phase space density as observed by both Magnetic Electron and Ion Sensor (MagEIS) and Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope instruments on the Van Allen Probes mission. Data from the MagEIS instrument establish the behavior of lower energy (

From 2 to 5 UT on 14 November 2012, the Van Allen Probes observed repeated particle flux dropouts during the main phase of a geomagnetic storm as the satellites traversed the post-midnight to dawnside inner magnetosphere. Each flux dropout corresponded to an abrupt change in the magnetic topology, i.e., from a more dipolar configuration to a configuration with magnetic field lines stretched in the dawn-dusk direction. Geosynchronous GOES spacecraft located in the dusk and near-midnight sectors and the LANL constellation with wide local time coverage also observed repeated flux dropouts and stretched field lines with similar occurrence patterns to those of the Van Allen Probe events. THEMIS recorded multiple transient abrupt expansions of the evening-side magnetopause ∼20–30 min prior to the sequential Van Allen Probes observations. Ground-based magnetograms and all sky images demonstrate repeatable features in conjunction with the dropouts. We combine the various in situ and ground-based measurements to define and understand the global spatiotemporal features associated with the dropouts observed by the Van Allen Probes. We discuss various proposed hypotheses for the mechanism that plausibly caused this storm-time dropout event as well as formulate a new hypothesis that explains the combined in situ and ground-based observations: the earthward motion of magnetic flux ropes containing lobe plasmas that form along an extended magnetotail reconnection line in the near-Earth plasma sheet.

The Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety climatological model and the Automated Radiation Measurements for Aerospace Safety (ARMAS) statistical database are presented as polynomial fit equations. Using equations based on altitude, L shell, and geomagnetic conditions an effective dose rate for any location from a galactic cosmic ray (GCR) environment can be calculated. A subset of the ARMAS database is represented by a second polynomial fit equation for the GCR plus probable relativistic energetic particle (REP; Van Allen belt REP) effective dose rates within a narrow band of L shells with altitudinal and geomagnetic dependency. Solar energetic particle events are not considered in this study since our databases do not contain these events. This work supports a suggestion that there may be a REP contribution having an effect at aviation altitudes. The ARMAS database is rich in Western Hemisphere observations for L shells between 1.5 and 5; there have been many cases of enhanced radiation events possibly related to effects from radiation belt particles. Our work identifies that the combined effects of an enhanced radiation environment in this L shell range are typically 15% higher than the GCR background. We also identify applications for the equations representing the Nowcast of Atmospheric Ionizing Radiation for Aviation Safety and ARMAS databases. They include (i) effective dose rate climatology in comparison with measured weather variability and (ii) climatological and statistical weather nowcasting and forecasting. These databases may especially help predict the radiation environment for regional air traffic management, for airport overflight operations, and for air carrier route operations of individual aircraft., Key Points Analytical functions have been constructed that represent the NAIRAS model and ARMAS measurement databases of the radiation environmentThese functions enable global climatological and statistical weather forecasting of aviation radiation hazardsThese functions represent the GCR radiation component and the GCR plus probable REP radiation components