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Given the intricate and competitive global academic landscape and Chinese female PhDs' critical situation of being marginalized and otherized, this study aims to examine the academic career decision-making experiences of three unmarried and childless Chinese female PhD graduates. Collaborative autoethnography is employed to delve into the three authors' experiences and reflections regarding the influential factors impacting their job-seeking and decision-making process as recent graduates, who earned their PhD degrees in 2022 from three popular destinations for international students in East Asia, namely Hong Kong, South Korea and Japan. Research findings indicate that various contextual and individual factors have shaped the authors' decision-making and diverse career options were adopted to strike a 'happy medium' between long-term career aspirations and increased competition for academic positions. This study provides implications for policymakers and university administrators to attract highly skilled female international professionals and overseas-educated Chinese female PhDs considering a professional career in academia.

Much of the scholarship on employment and career pathways of PhD graduates has examined the issues, including pre-doctoral experiences, quality of doctoral education, networking and career choices across different sectors; however, contextual environmental factors have been generally overlooked. This study aims to explore the academic career choices and pathways of PhD graduates currently employed in universities in the Greater Bay Area (GBA) in China. The primary data sources include semi-structured interviews with a group of 28 PhD graduates from 14 universities in Guangdong province and Hong Kong, government talent policy documents, and university documents regarding recruitment and tenure. The findings of this study revealed five strategic logics that the PhD graduates deployed in the dynamic decision-making process for academic career choices and pathways in the GBA: (1) logic of academic alignment (matching degrees between academic competitiveness and academic job market, alignment in research/teaching agenda, alignment with future professional aspiration); (2) logic of financial concerns; (3) logic of academic network; (4) logic of risk mitigation; (5) logic of institutional culture. Implications for universities and policymakers on academic career support and talent management in the GBA are also provided.

Abstract The use of proton therapy (PT) in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (ES-NSCLC) remains controversial, with insufficient evidence to determine its superiority over photon therapy (XRT). We conducted a systematic review of PT trials in ES-NSCLC, analyzing dosimetry, efficacy, and safety across to inform clinical decision-making. Our study showed that PT reduced lung and heart dosimetric parameters compared to XRT, with significant differences in lung V5, lung V10 and mean heart dose (MHD). In terms of efficacy, there were no significant differences in 1-year OS, 3-year OS and 3-year PFS between PT and XRT. For toxicity, no significant difference was observed in treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) and radiation pneumonitis (RP). Single-arm analysis of PT found that V5, V10, V20 of lung and heart V5 were 13.4%, 11.3%, 7.9% and 0.7%, respectively. The mean lung dose and MHD were 4.15 Gy and 0.17 Gy, respectively. The single-arm pooled 1-, 2-, 3- and 5-year OS rates for PT were 95.3%, 82.5%, 81.3% and 69.3%, respectively. PFS rate and local control rate at 3 years were 68.1% and 91.2%, respectively. The rates of TRAEs of grade ≥ 3 and grade ≥ 2 were 2.8% and 19.8%, respectively. The grade ≥ 2 RP occurred at a rate of 8.7%. In conclusion, PT had acceptable efficacy and safety, and was better at protecting organs at risk than XRT in ES-NSCLC. However, the survival and safety benefit of PT was not significant compared to XRT.

Aqueous zinc (Zn) batteries with Zn metal anodes are promising clean energy storage devices with intrinsic safety and low cost. However, Zn dendrite growth severely restricts the use of Zn anodes. To effectively suppress Zn dendrite growth, we propose a bilayer separator consisting of commercial butter paper and glass fiber membrane. The dense cellulose-based butter paper (BP) with low zincophilicity and high mechanical properties prevents the pore-filling behavior of deposited Zn and related separator piercing, effectively suppressing the Zn dendrite growth. As a result, the bilayer separators endow the Zn||Zn symmetrical batteries with a superlong cycling life of Zn anodes (over 5000 h) at 0.5 mA cm−2 and the full batteries enhanced capacity retention, demonstrating the advancement of the bilayer separator to afford excellent cyclability of aqueous metal batteries.

Abstract Background The association between dietary iron intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains inconsistent. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of T2DM. Methods This study comprised a total of 61,115 participants without a prior T2DM from the UK Biobank database. We used the group-based trajectory model (GBTM) to identify different dietary iron intake trajectories. Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate the relationship between trajectories of dietary iron intake and risk of T2DM. Results During a mean follow-up of 4.8 years, a total of 677 T2DM events were observed. Four trajectory groups of dietary iron intake were characterized by the GBTM: trajectory group 1 (with a mean dietary iron intake of 10.9 mg/day), 2 (12.3 mg/day), 3 (14.1 mg/day) and 4 (17.6 mg/day). Trajectory group 3 was significantly associated with a 38% decreased risk of T2DM when compared with trajectory group 1 (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.62, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.49–0.79), while group 4 was significantly related with a 30% risk reduction (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.54–0.91). Significant effect modifications by obesity (p = 0.04) and history of cardiovascular disease (p

BackgroundChronic kidney disease (CKD) poses a significant global public health challenge. While lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) has been established as a significant factor in cardiovascular disease, its connection to CKD risk remains a topic of debate. Existing evidence indicates diverse risks of kidney disease among individuals with various renal function indicators, even when within the normal range. ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the joint associations between different renal function indicators and Lp(a) regarding the risks of incident CKD in the general population. MethodsThe analysis involved a cohort of 329,415 participants without prior CKD who were enrolled in the UK Biobank between 2006 and 2010. The participants, with an average age of 56 (SD 8.1) years, included 154,298/329,415 (46.84%) males. At baseline, Lp(a) levels were measured using an immunoturbidimetric assay and classified into 2 groups: low (

Objective: To improve the polysaccharide content and biological activities of the fermented Chinese yam polysaccharides (FCYP) by fermentation with Saccharomyces boulardii. Methods: The contents of polysaccharides, total protein and polyphenols of FCYP and unfermented Chinese yam polysaccharides (UCYP) were determined by phenol-sulfuric acid method, coomassie bright blue method and folin-ciocalteu method, respectively. The monosaccharide composition and physicochemical properties of FCYP and UCYP were determined by ultraviolet spectrum analysis, high performance liquid chromatography and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Then the antioxidant activity and immunomodulatory activity were compared and analyzed. Results: Compared with UCYP (383.03±12.57 mg/g), the polysaccharide content in FCYP was significantly increased (480.71±5.93 mg/g, P

Abstract The modification of physical activity (PA) on the metabolic status in relation to atrial fibrillation (AF) in obesity remains unknown. We aimed to investigate the independent and joint associations of metabolic status and PA with the risk of AF in obese population. Based on the data from UK Biobank study, we used Cox proportional hazards models for analyses. Metabolic status was categorized into metabolically healthy obesity (MHO) and metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). PA was categorized into four groups according to the level of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA): none, low, medium, and high. A total of 119,424 obese participants were included for analyses. MHO was significantly associated with a 35% reduced AF risk compared with MUO (HR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.57–0.73). No significant modification of PA on AF risk among individuals with MHO was found. Among the MUO participants, individuals with medium and high PA had significantly lower AF risk compared with no MVPA (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.74–0.95, and HR = 0.87, 95% CI: 0.78–0.96 for medium and high PA, respectively). As the severity of MUO increased, the modification of PA on AF risk was elevated accordingly. To conclude, MHO was significantly associated with a reduced risk of AF when compared with MUO in obese participants. PA could significantly modify the relationship between metabolic status and risk of AF among MUO participants, with particular benefits of PA associated with the reduced AF risk as the MUO severity elevated.

Several per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) have been linked to metabolic disorders in organisms. However, few studies have considered their combined effects, which would be more representative of PFAS occurring in the environment. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to a mixture of 18 PFAS at three environmentally relevant concentrations for 5 days to assess their bioconcentration and metabolic consequences. The burdens of ∑PFAS in zebrafish larvae were 0.12, 1.58, and 9.63 mg/kg in the 0.5, 5, and 50 μg/L treatment groups, respectively. Exposure to the PFAS mixture accelerated hatching and larval heart rates, increased energy expenditure, and reduced ATP levels and glucose contents due to decreased feed intake and glucose uptake. Metabolomic analysis revealed that exposure to the PFAS mixture enhanced glycolysis but inhibited phospholipid synthesis, and significantly increased the expression of lipid metabolism related genes (srebf1, acox, and pparα), which indicated enhanced β-oxidation. The significant changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, mitochondrial content, and the transcription of genes involved in the mitochondrial respiratory chain (mfn2, ndufs1, atp5fa1, and mt-nd1) and mitochondrial DNA replication and transcription (18rs-rrn, and polg1) suggested that exposure to the PFAS mixture could cause mitochondrial dysfunction and further disrupt glucose and lipid metabolic pathways, ultimately causing metabolic disorders in zebrafish larvae. These findings demonstrate the importance of assessing the metabolic effects of PFAS mixtures on early development in wildlife and humans.

Introduction: Chronic stress exposure is the main environmental factor leading to cognitive impairment, but the detailed molecular mechanism is still unclear. Adenosine Deaminase acting on double-stranded RNA1(ADAR1) is involved in the occurrence of chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment. In addition, dopamine and Adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate-regulated phospho-protein (DARPP-32) gene variation affects cognitive function. Therefore, we hypothesized that ADAR1 plays a key role in chronic stress-induced cognitive impairment by acting on DARPP-32.Methods: In this study, postnatal 21-day-old male BALB/c mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stressors. After that, the mice were treated with ADAR1 inducer/inhibitor. The cognitive ability and cerebral DARPP-32 protein expression of BALB/c mice were evaluated. In order to explore the link between ADAR1 and DARPP-32, the effects of ADAR1 high/low expression on DARPP-32 protein expression in vitro were detected.Results: ADAR1 inducer alleviates cognitive impairment and recovers decreased DARPP-32 protein expression of the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in BALB/c mice with chronic unpredictable stress exposure. In vivo and in vitro studies confirm the results predicted by bio-informatics; that is, ADAR1 affects DARPP-32 expression via miR-874-3p.Discussion: The results in this study demonstrate that ADAR1 affects the expression of DARPP-32 via miR-874-3p, which is involved in the molecular mechanism of pathogenesis in chronic unpredictable stress-induced cognitive impairment. The new findings of this study provide a new therapeutic strategy for the prevention and treatment of stress cognitive impairment from epigenetics.

Trapiche-like quartz, which is scarcely reported, has a unique texture with a core, six arms, and quartz growth sectors. This study is based on six trapiche-like quartz from the Dongwuqi area, Inner Mongolia, China. Many experiments have been carried out to investigate the basic gemological characteristics, crystal structures, and chemical compositions. Magnification observation has demonstrated that the texture is due to the distribution of white-colored chalcedony in growth sectors. Spherical and black inclusions have been identified as iron oxides by Raman spectra and EPMA. EPMA and LA-ICP-MS data have shown that the samples were grown in an acidic environment with an average medium-high temperature of 325 °C. Combined with the crystal growth theories and infrared experiments, we propose that the trapiche-like texture is the result of dislocation glide, which is caused by the existence of water and changes in temperature.

Herein, RuMn/Al2O3-SiO2 multifunctional catalyst was prepared and efficiently converted lignin-derived phenols into cyclohexanol by aqueous partial hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). The optimal RuMn/Al2O3-SiO2 (Ru/Mn = 2) catalyst achieved 96.8% of cyclohexanol yield with 100% guaiacol conversion under mild reaction conditions (180 °C and 2.0 MPa H2) for 4 h, with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 861.1 h−1, which is better than most results reported. The high performance of RuMn/Al2O3-SiO2 was attributed to the synergic effect of highly dispersed Ru nanoparticles with small size (1.25 nm), the microsphere structure, the appropriate acid sites from Al2O3-SiO2 and acid-base sites from MnOx.

Abstract Background As a hot method in machine learning field, the forests approach is an attractive alternative approach to Cox model. Random survival forests (RSF) methodology is the most popular survival forests method, whereas its drawbacks exist such as a selection bias towards covariates with many possible split points. Conditional inference forests (CIF) methodology is known to reduce the selection bias via a two-step split procedure implementing hypothesis tests as it separates the variable selection and splitting, but its computation costs too much time. Random forests with maximally selected rank statistics (MSR-RF) methodology proposed recently seems to be a great improvement on RSF and CIF. Methods In this paper we used simulation study and real data application to compare prediction performances and variable selection performances among three survival forests methods, including RSF, CIF and MSR-RF. To evaluate the performance of variable selection, we combined all simulations to calculate the frequency of ranking top of the variable importance measures of the correct variables, where higher frequency means better selection ability. We used Integrated Brier Score (IBS) and c-index to measure the prediction accuracy of all three methods. The smaller IBS value, the greater the prediction. Results Simulations show that three forests methods differ slightly in prediction performance. MSR-RF and RSF might perform better than CIF when there are only continuous or binary variables in the datasets. For variable selection performance, When there are multiple categorical variables in the datasets, the selection frequency of RSF seems to be lowest in most cases. MSR-RF and CIF have higher selection rates, and CIF perform well especially with the interaction term. The fact that correlation degree of the variables has little effect on the selection frequency indicates that three forest methods can handle data with correlation. When there are only continuous variables in the datasets, MSR-RF perform better. When there are only binary variables in the datasets, RSF and MSR-RF have more advantages than CIF. When the variable dimension increases, MSR-RF and RSF seem to be more robustthan CIF Conclusions All three methods show advantages in prediction performances and variable selection performances under different situations. The recent proposed methodology MSR-RF possess practical value and is well worth popularizing. It is important to identify the appropriate method in real use according to the research aim and the nature of covariates.

ObjectiveWe aimed to develop and validate a risk prediction model for liver cancer based on routinely available risk factors using the data from UK Biobank prospective cohort study.MethodsThis analysis included 359,489 participants (2,894,807 person-years) without a previous diagnosis of cancer. We used the Fine-Gray regression model to predict the incident risk of liver cancer, accounting for the competing risk of all-cause death. Model discrimination and calibration were validated internally. Decision curve analysis was conducted to quantify the clinical utility of the model. Nomogram was built based on regression coefficients.ResultsGood discrimination performance of the model was observed in both development and validation datasets, with an area under the curve (95% confidence interval) for 5-year risk of 0.782 (0.748–0.816) and 0.771 (0.702–0.840) respectively. The calibration showed fine agreement between observed and predicted risks. The model yielded higher positive net benefits in the decision curve analysis than considering either all participants as being at high or low risk, which indicated good clinical utility.ConclusionA new risk prediction model for liver cancer composed of routinely available risk factors was developed. The model had good discrimination, calibration and clinical utility, which may help with the screening and management of liver cancer for general population in the public health field.

Allylic alcohols typically produced through selective hydrogenation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes are important intermediates in fine chemical industry, but it is still a challenge to achieve its high selectivity transformation. Herein, we report a series of TiO2-supported CoRe bimetallic catalysts for the selective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CAL) to cinnamyl alcohol (COL) using formic acid (FA) as a hydrogen donor. The resultant catalyst with the optimized Co/Re ratio of 1:1 can achieve an exceptional COL selectivity of 89% with a CAL conversion of 99% under mild conditions of 140 °C for 4 h, and the catalyst can be reused four times without loss of activity. Meanwhile, the Co1Re1/TiO2/FA system was efficient for the selective hydrogenation of various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes to the corresponding α,β-unsaturated alcohols. The presence of ReOx on the Co1Re1/TiO2 catalyst surface was advantageous to the adsorption of C=O, and the ultrafine Co nanoparticles provided abundant hydrogenation active sites for the selective hydrogenation. Moreover, FA as a hydrogen donor improved the selectivity to α,β-unsaturated alcohols.

Abstract Integrated energy systems and multi‐energy micro‐grids are complex multi‐agent collaborative optimization projects. According to the operating structure and characteristics of the multi‐energy system, considering the externality, economy and other factors, a scientific and effective comprehensive evaluation are important decision supports to ensure its implementation and promote its development. Therefore, this paper proposes a comprehensive benefit evaluation model of a multi‐energy micro‐grid based on the matter‐element extension model. With the research trends and practical requirements of multi‐energy micro‐grid benefit evaluation, an evaluation index system covering energy efficiency indicators, economic indicators, reliability indicators, and renewable energy consumption indicators has been constructed, and uncertainties have been resolved in cloud model and fuzzy set theory. Based on the advantages of the performance evaluation information, the system operation scenarios in the process of planning scheme formation are fully considered, and then a matter‐element‐extensible multi‐attribute decision‐making model is proposed to evaluate the comprehensive benefits of multi‐energy micro‐grids. Finally, the feasibility of the above method is verified by comparing the comprehensive benefit evaluation results of the multi‐energy micro‐grid under different planning scenarios. In addition, a certain decision‐making reference is provided for the formation of a multi‐energy micro‐grid configuration scheme.

Dynamic bus scheduling refers to adjusting the departure time according to the latest time-varying information or adjusting bus speed in the process of operation. These control strategies can prevent bus bunching and alleviate traffic pressure. The paper studies the multiline bus dynamic scheduling with consideration of departure time and speed meanwhile. The hyperheuristic algorithm is proposed, and low-level heuristics (LLH) operators are designed. The simulation experiment is performed for the passenger flow distribution of different strengths and types of different scenarios. By comparing the experimental results of genetic algorithm (GA) and hyperheuristic algorithm in solving different scenarios, the results show that in smooth, increasing, decreasing, and multiconvex passenger flow mode, the performance of the hyperheuristic algorithm is higher than that of GA. The promotion rate reaches 18∼28%, and especially the average value of the hyperheuristic algorithm designed under multiconvex passenger flow is up to 28.62%, significantly reducing passengers’ waiting time. By comparing the stability of the three passenger flow modes, the results illustrate that the stability of the hyperheuristic algorithm is lower than that of GA. For the smooth passenger flow mode, the stability of medium and lower density of GA is higher than that of the hyperheuristic algorithm. In comparison, the high-density stability of the hyperheuristic algorithm is better than that of GA.

The ghost effect in marine seismic data causes low-frequency suppression and frequency notch, resulting in incomplete frequency information for seismic records, which poses challenges for high-resolution imaging. The deghosting effect depends on the approximation of the ghost delay operator. Due to the strict requirements of dense sampling, the 2D deghosting method for a densely sampled inline dataset is still the mainstream method for marine data processing. As the trade-off, inversion-based methods are widely used in the industry to reduce the influence of the inaccurate ghost delay operator. In order to overcome the sampling limits and improve the 2D deghosting effect, we propose a pseudo-3D deghosting framework based on an l1 norm sparse inversion. In the framework, the inversion problem is divided into two subproblems, i.e., pseudo-3D operator building and optimization inversion. Considering the data coherence along the shot direction, we derive a pseudo-3D ghost delay operator to deghost simultaneously for multi-shot gathers. We then introduce a sparse inversion method in the pseudo-3D radon domain (multi-shot gathers) to further improve the inversion accuracy. The proposed framework is easy to implement, is not sensitive to noise, and shows superior performance in synthetic and field examples.

Dynamic bus scheduling is a rational solution to the urban traffic congestion problem. Most previous studies have considered a single bus line, and research on multiple bus lines remains limited. Departure schedules have been typically planned by making separate decisions regarding departure times. In this study, a joint optimization model of the bus departure time and speed scheduling is constructed for multiple routes, and a coevolutionary algorithm (CEA) is developed with the objective function of minimizing the total waiting time of passengers. Six bus lines are selected in Shenyang, with several transfer stations between them, as a typical case. Experiments are then conducted for high-, medium-, and low-intensity case of smooth, increasing and decreasing passenger flow. The results indicate that combining the scheduling departure time and speed produces better performances than when using only scheduling departure time. The total passengers waiting time of the genetic algorithm (GA) group was reduced by approximately 25%–30% when compared to the fixed speed group. The total passengers waiting time of the CEA group can be reduced by approximately 17%–24% when compared to that in the GA group, which also holds true for a multisegment convex passenger flow. The feasibility and efficiency of the constructed algorithm were demonstrated experimentally.

“Laoshan Jade” is located in the Yangkou area of the Sulu UHP metamorphic belt. This is the first time a systematic research study is performed on its conventional gemological characteristics, mineral compositions, geochemical characteristics, and petrogenesis using a polarized light microscope, an electron probe microanalyzer (EMPA), an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (XRF), and a Raman spectrometer. The gemological characteristics of “Laoshan Jade” are consistent with serpentine jade. It can be named serpentinite, mainly composed of serpentine (antigorite), chlorite (clinochlore), and magnetite. Some samples contain magnesite and chromite. Only small amounts of unaltered forsterite, chrysolite, and diopside can be found in poor-quality serpentine jade. The protolith of “Laoshan Jade” is metamorphic peridotite. Antigorite is altered from olivine. Clinochlorite is altered from the diopside. Disseminated magnetite is the metamorphic product. Unaltered olivine and diopside belong to protolith. Chromite with zonal texture also belongs to protolith. The average temperature and pressure of its core are calculated to be 1348 °C and 3.1 GPa, which indicates that the protolith comes from the mantle asthenosphere. The formation temperature of its edge is lower than 500 °C, with metamorphic origin. XRF experiments show that “Laoshan Jade” samples are relatively rich in Mg and more depleted in fusible elements (Al, Ca) than the original mantle peridotite, indicating that serpentinite protolith has undergone a certain degree of partial melting. Combined with EPMA results, the findings of this study reveal that protolith belongs to the depleted mantle peridotite in the subduction zone, partially melted in the mantle wedge, and reacted with subduction zone fluid. Pyroxene is altered into chlorite, olivine is altered into serpentine, and magnet is generated. The edge of chromite in the protolith is altered by the iron-rich fluid into magnetite. Finally, serpentinite is formed.

Trapiche-like quartz, which is found in Huanggangliang area, Chifeng City, Inner Mongolia, China, has a short columnar euhedral shape. Arms of trapiche-like phenomena are formed by six radial dark bands located along the a-axis of crystals, and their cores are formed by color zones. Various methods were used to investigate the conventional gemological characteristics, trapiche pattern features, chemical compositions, and spectral characteristics of the trapiche-like quartz. CL images and EPMA results reveal they were formed at high temperature conditions and originated from pegmatite. The hexagonal darker zones with high FeO and very little TiO2 contents indicate the trapiche-like patterns are due to spatial distribution of color-inducing elements. According to the position and interpenetration relationship between inclusions, fibrous and spherical inclusions are identified as protogenetic inclusions, which were respectively identified to be ferro-actinolite and iron oxide by EPMA and Raman spectra.

The structural stability of vanadinite, Pb5[VO4]3Cl, is reported by high-pressure experiments using synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. XRD experiments were performed up to 44.6 GPa and 700 K using an externally-heated diamond anvil cell (EHDAC), and Raman spectroscopy measurements were performed up to 26.8 GPa at room temperature. XRD experiments revealed a reversible phase transition of vanadinite at 23 GPa and 600 K, which is accompanied by a discontinuous volume reduction and color change of the mineral from transparent to reddish during compression. The high-pressure Raman spectra of vanadinite show apparent changes between 18.0 and 22.8 GPa and finally become amorphous at 26.8 GPa, suggesting structural transitions of this mineral upon compression. The structural changes can be distinguished by the emergence of a new vibrational mode that can be attributed to the distortion of [VO4] and the larger distortion of the V–O bonds, respectively. The [VO4] internal modes in vanadinite give isothermal mode Grüneisen parameters varying from 0.149 to 0.286, yielding an average VO4 internal mode Grüneisen parameters of 0.202.

In this paper, Raman spectroscopy experiments were used to distinguish the characteristics of inclusions (calcite, anatase, graphite etc.) between natural and heat-treated tanzanite. These characteristics were preliminarily divided according to their pleochroism. In natural unheated tanzanite (N5), calcite inclusion is often interspersed with dolomite and has Raman shifts around 156, 283, 710, and 1087 cm−1. In other high temperature treatment samples, the baseline of calcite increased and their Raman peaks gradually shifted towards lower frequencies. Anatase inclusions in natural tanzanite (N5) have four characteristic Raman peaks around 146, 394, 514, and 641 cm−1. Because of the longer Ti-O bond and the wider bond angle distribution caused by high temperature, fewer Raman peaks were observed and the peaks’ intensities were weakened in the heat-treated T7 sample. The black graphite inclusions are often scattered or have a dotted distribution. The most obvious difference between natural and heat-treated samples is that the latter lack the characteristic 1350 cm−1 Raman peak of graphite, thus representing the order and structural incompleteness of graphite. In addition, there are other inclusions in natural unheated tanzanite, such as lead-grey molybdenite with strong metallic luster, randomly scattered prehnite with white dots, orange-yellow rounded rutile, and metallic luster hematite.

The structural chemistry of carbonates under mantle conditions facilitates our understanding of carbon recycling pathways in the earth’s interior. It also has impacts on the dynamics of mantle–slab interactions. Aragonite is a common calcium carbonate mineral in pelagic marine sediments. The structural chemistry of single-crystal aragonite during successive compression and the behavior of a structural H+ have been investigated by micro-vibrational spectroscopy and synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques in diamond anvil cells. We describe a reduction of the b-axial compressibility beginning at ~15 GPa, and the related discontinuities in the first-order derivatives of the vibrational modes. The structural modifications of aragonite are manifested by mutations occurring in the pressure relations of the wavenumbers of the O-C-O bending modes, and of the bandwidth and band intensities of the measured internal and external modes. These anomalies are indicative of changes occurring in the force constant of the C-O bonds, and possibly a second-order phase transition. Besides, the [CaO9] polyhedra begin to deform, possibly with some Ca-O bonds becoming elongated and the others shortening. An increase in the co-ordination number for the Ca2+ sites could be expected under higher pressures. Additionally, the weakening of the OH modes may imply H+-loss from the aragonite lattice above 11.5 GPa.