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形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2021-12-24, PA2210037000

We present a straightforward formulation predicting the characteristic velocity and specific impulse for bipropellant thrusters as a direct function of injection conditions, propellant combination,...

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2021-07-18, 資料番号: PA2210010000

The quenching of a heated aluminum alloy plate with a spatial temperature gradient by water jet impingement was experimentally investigated to examine the effect of the liquid mass flow rate and liquid jet velocity by varying the nozzle diameter. The behavior of the liquid film formed by jet impingement was observed by high-speed imaging, and the temperature profile of the test plate was measured by infrared imaging. In addition, the surface heat flux and the amount of the heat removal, from the test plate to the liquid film, were calculated by inverse heat conduction analysis to investigate the heat transfer characteristics between the liquid film and test plate and to estimate the mass fraction of the injected liquid contributing to cooling. Results indicated that the wetting front propagation was affected by the mass flow rate, rather than by the liquid jet velocity. From the estimated results obtained by inverse heat conduction analysis, it was found that the values of the maximum heat flux, whose position lay near the wetting front, were almost the same under the same mass flow rate condition even though the liquid jet velocity was about 2.5 times different. In addition, from the estimation of the amount of heat removal, it was found that about 90% of the injected liquid was splashed away from the test plate without evaporation.

Pulse firing is one of the major operation modes of bipropellant thrusters for the attitude control of small-scale spacecrafts. In the pulse-firing mode, the operational range of the thruster depends on the deterioration of liquid film cooling performance. Because cooling performance is determined by the balance of heat removed by the liquid film and transferred to the manifold, the behavior and heat transfer characteristics of liquid films under the intermittent injection of liquid jets must be understood to enable a wider range of operational patterns. We conducted cooling tests on a superheated metal plate via the pulsed injection of a liquid jet for better understanding of the pulsed cooling process. Different injection patterns, including continuous injection, with the same injection quantity were examined on two types of metal plates (aluminum alloy and copper), because the thermal properties of metal plates affect both the heat transfer characteristics of the liquid film and temperature rise of the plate during the inter-pulse duration. The cooling process was evaluated based on the evolution of the liquid film on the metal plate and rear-side temperature of the metal plate. The evolution and temperature were simultaneously visualized using a high-speed camera and infrared camera, respectively. To link the liquid film state to the heat transfer process, the temperature and heat flux on the cooled surface were estimated by solving the inverse problem of three-dimensional transient heat conduction. The results indicate that the wetting front position corresponds to the position of the maximum temperature gradient. Additionally, the residual liquid film is consumed through the evaporation and the droplet dispersion related to the nucleate boiling. The effects of thermal inertia and diffusivity of the metal plate highlight the differences in the amount of heat removed by the liquid film. The heat removed by the liquid film during pulsed cooling exhibited a peak and was higher than that removed by continuous injection on the aluminum alloy plate. Less heat was removed under low-duty-cycle conditions, and the amount of heat removed by the liquid film was lower than that removed by continuous injection on the copper plate.

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-06-24, 資料番号: PA2110026000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-11-21, 資料番号: PA2110018000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-02-23, 資料番号: PA2010025000

Accepted: 2019-12-13, 資料番号: SA1190199000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2020-04-20, 資料番号: PA2110006000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2019-05-28, 資料番号: PA2010047000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2019-02-17, 資料番号: PA1910065000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2019-02-08, 資料番号: PA1910045000

Accepted: 2018-07-23, 資料番号: SA1180173000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2017-11-03, 資料番号: PA1810069000

51st AIAA/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference (July 27-29, 2015.), Orlando, Florida, USA, 形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2017-02-27, 資料番号: PA1710043000

形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, Accepted: 2017-07-06, 資料番号: PA1810059000

The reactions of NO2 with cis-/trans-CH3NHNH, CH3NNH2 and CH2NHNH2 have been studied theoretically by quantum chemical calculations and steady-state unimolecular master equation analysis based on RRKM theory. The barrier heights for the roaming transition states between nitro (RNO2) and nitrite (RONO) isomerization reactions and those for the concerted HONO and HNO2 elimination reactions from RNO2 and RONO, affect the pressure dependences of the product-specific rate coefficients. At ambient temperature and pressure, the dominant product of the reactions of NO2 with cis-/trans-CH3NHNH and CH2NHNH2 would be expected to be HONO with trans-CH3NNH and CH2NNH2, respectively, whereas it is CH3N(NH2)NO2 for CH3NNH2 + NO2. The product-specific rate coefficients for the titled and related reactions on the same potential energy surfaces were proposed for kinetics modeling., 形態: カラー図版あり, Physical characteristics: Original contains color illustrations, 資料番号: PA1610065000

Hydrazine (N2H4)/nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) co-flowing jets were simulated to explore the hypergolic ignition processes in N2H4/NTO bipropellant thrusters. The Navier−Stokes equations with a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism were solved by direct numerical simulation to reveal the influence of the distinct chemical reaction; i.e., hydrogen abstraction by nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In the ignition processes, the hydrogen abstraction sequence, especially the reaction of N2H3 and NO2, played a significant role in preheating the mixture gases and it was significant in the NTO-rich conditions rather than in the specifically stoichiometric conditions. Thus, in the N2H4/NTO co-flowing jets, the preheated regions correspond to the regions where the NTO-rich flows existed and contacted the N2H4 jet. The ignition eventually occurred in the region where NTO has sufficient concentration. Hence, it was found that the ignition timing and position strongly depend on whether the unsteady behavior of the NTO jet provides appropriate environments for the hydrogen abstraction reactions., 資料番号: PA1510040000

Hydrazine (N2H4)/nitrogen tetroxide (NTO) co-flowing plane jets were simulated to explore the hypergolic ignition processes and flame structures in N2H4/NTO bipropellant thrusters. The Navier–Stokes equations with a detailed chemical kinetics mechanism were solved in a manner of direct numerical simulation to reveal the influence of the distinct chemical reaction, i.e., hydrogen abstraction by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the thermal decomposition of N2H4. In the ignition processes, the hydrogen abstraction sequence played a significant role in preheating the mixture gases. Further, the ignition eventually occurred in the region where both N2H4 and NTO were sufficiently supplied for preheating. Hence, the ignition position and delay strongly depended on the fluid-mixing conditions. After the flames reached a steady state, the combustion flames uniquely comprised two types of flames, the outer diffusion flame and the inner decomposition flame. The outer diffusion flame came from the oxidization by NTO. The inner decomposition flame was caused and maintained by the heat transfer from the outer diffusion flame and a high rate of heat release from the thermal decomposition of N2H4. Because of the decomposition flame, the decomposition products such as NH3 and H2 were the major constituents of the downstream combustion gases., 資料番号: PA1510062000

The vaporization and burning of the N2H4 and NTO droplets were simulated with the interface-tracking method to accurately explore the auto-ignition processes and the flame structures. The N2H4 vapor plume developed behind the N2H4 droplet and reacted with the ambient NO2 gas through the hydrogen abstraction reactions. Thus, the N2H4 vapor and NO2 gas mixtures behind the droplet were preheated and reached the auto-ignition at a few ms. The auto-ignition occurred in the multiple points almost at the same time. After the ignition, the premixed flame developed around the droplet. Thus, the vaporization of the liquid N2H4 near the surface became significant. Then, the double flame structures which comprise the inner decomposition flame and oxidation flame appeared around the droplet. The NTO droplet was not auto-ignited in the computational time of the present study because little N2O4 vapor near a saturated temperature decomposed to NO2 gas which is necessary for the hydrogen abstraction reactions. When the ignition was forced, the double flames developed. The outer decomposition flame propagated to the boundaries of the computational domain, while the inner oxidation flame appeared near the droplet. Except for the propagation of the decomposition flame, the NTO droplet combustion was similar to that of the industrial fuels.