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The usage of copper (Cu) ores containing low or no arsenic (As) has reduced, and Cu ores containing high levels of As have emerged as vital mineral resources for Cu extraction and processing. The quality of the Cu ores has decreased from 1.6% to approximately 1.0%. The proportion of As to Cu in 15% of Cu resources currently reaches 1:5. However, during the extraction and processing of Cu ores, As presents significant environmental harm. Hence, safely and effectively removing As is paramount in Cu smelting and processing, holding substantial importance in fostering environmentally sustainable practices within the Cu extraction and processing industry. This article consolidates the resource distribution of As-containing Cu (ACC) ores, comprehensively and systematically evaluates the present advancements in extracting techniques for these minerals, and identifies the challenges inherent in pyrometallurgical and wet processes for treating ACC deposits. Pyrometallurgy is a simple primary roasting technique and has widespread applicability in the treatment of various ACC minerals. Its disadvantages are the emission of exhaust gas and the high treatment costs associated with it. The wet arsenic removal method boasts advantages including minimal air pollution and a high resource recovery rate, significantly aiding in Cu concentrate recovery; its major drawback is the production of As-containing wastewater. The hydrometallurgical removal of As from ACC mines involves extracting As through leaching. Recently, biometallurgy has presented innovative solutions using specialized microorganisms to bioleach or bioabsorb As, but large-scale industrial applications still lack specific practical implementation. This review explores the underlying causes of the challenges encountered in processing ACC minerals. Additionally, it highlights pyrometallurgical roasting coupled with high-temperature filtration as a pivotal advancement in the extraction and processing of ACC ores.

Objective: Niccolite, a rare nickel arsenide mineral, has emerged as a promising source for nickel extraction. However, its processing is limited and often associated with toxicity concerns. This study aims to search for efficient separation of arsenic during the roasting process of niccolite.Methods: The arsenic-containing phase was optimized through changing the contents of oxygen, additive S, and additive FeS in the system to achieve efficient separation of arsenic during the roasting process of niccolite. Thermodynamic analysis was performed using the equilibrium composition module with HSC Chemistry.Results: The thermodynamic results showed that in direct roasting, the product contained ferric arsenate which immobilized arsenic in the solid phase, increasing the difficulty in separation. In the presence of sulfur, the arsenic may escape completely in the form of gas (As2O3, As4O4, As4O6). The use of FeS as the reductant significantly reduced the residual arsenic content.Conclusion: The FeS reduction in roasting process is an optimal strategy for arsenic removal from niccolite. This provides a novel technique for nickel extraction in industry.

Abstract Background At present, the conventional methods for determining photosynthetic products of microalgae are usually based on a large number of cell mass to reach the measurement baseline, and the result can only reveal the average state at the population level, which is not feasible for large-scale and rapid screening of specific phenotypes from a large number of potential microalgae mutants. In recent years, single-cell Raman spectra (SCRS) has been proved to be able to rapidly and simultaneously quantify the biochemical components of microalgae. However, this method has not been reported to analyze the biochemical components of Cyclotella cryptica (C. cryptica). Thus, SCRS was first attempt to determine these four biochemical components in this diatom. Results The method based on SCRS was established to simultaneously quantify the contents of polysaccharide, total lipids, protein and Chl-a in C. cryptica, with thirteen Raman bands were found to be the main marker bands for the diatom components. Moreover, Partial Least Square Regression (PLSR) models based on full spectrum can reliably predict these four cellular components, with Pearson correlation coefficient for these components reached 0.949, 0.904, 0.801 and 0.917, respectively. Finally, based on SCRS data of one isogenic sample, the pairwise correlation and dynamic transformation process of these components can be analyzed by Intra-ramanome Correlation Analysis (IRCA), and the results showed silicon starvation could promote the carbon in C. cryptica cells to flow from protein and pigment metabolism to polysaccharide and lipid metabolism. Conclusions First, method for the simultaneous quantification of the polysaccharide, total lipid, protein and pigment in single C. cryptica cell are established. Second, the instant interconversion of intracellular components was constructed through IRCA, which is based on data set of one isogenic population and more precision and timeliness. Finally, total results indicated that silicon deficiency could promote the carbon in C. cryptica cells to flow from protein and pigment metabolism to polysaccharide and lipid metabolism.

In urban areas where populations commonly reside, particle mass concentrations in street canyons can pose significant risks to human health. This study aimed to investigate the diffusion mechanism of particle mass concentrations in urban street canyons by developing and applying a prediction model based on the mathematical modeling of physical processes. The prediction model considered factors such as the influence of traffic wind, natural wind, traffic flow, and other relevant variables influencing particle mass concentrations in street canyons. Field measurements were conducted in Dalian, China, to verify the feasibility of the model. Particle mass concentrations, traffic flow, temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were measured on Shichang Street (a two-lane one-way road), Tangshan Street (a four-lane two-way road), and Shengli Road (a six-lane two-way road). The results indicated that the majority of traffic peaks occurred around 19:00 on all road types. The PM1.0 mass concentration was well diluted on the four-lane two-way road, with the least dilution observed on the two-lane one-way road. A strong correlation between the particle mass concentrations and traffic flow was discovered. Furthermore, a prediction model was established, accurately predicting the particle mass concentrations when the prediction step was from 5 to 15 s. The coefficient of determination (R2) between the predicted and measured values on the two-lane one-way road, four-lane two-way road, and six-lane two-way road was 0.9319, 0.6582, and 0.9238, respectively. Additionally, the prediction model allowed for a detailed analysis of traffic flow limitations, corresponding to the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) PM2.5 values. Overall, the findings of this study offer valuable insights for forecasting particle exposure levels in street canyons.

Abstract Antimicrobial susceptibility tests (ASTs) are pivotal in combating multidrug resistant pathogens, yet they can be time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and unstable. Using the AST of tigecycline for sepsis as the main model, here we establish an automated system of Clinical Antimicrobials Susceptibility Test Ramanometry (CAST‐R), based on D2O‐probed Raman microspectroscopy. Featuring a liquid robot for sample pretreatment and a machine learning‐based control scheme for data acquisition and quality control, the 3‐h, automated CAST‐R process accelerates AST by >10‐fold, processes 96 paralleled antibiotic‐exposure reactions, and produces high‐quality Raman spectra. The Expedited Minimal Inhibitory Concentration via Metabolic Activity is proposed as a quantitative and broadly applicable parameter for metabolism‐based AST, which shows 99% essential agreement and 93% categorical agreement with the broth microdilution method (BMD) when tested on 100 Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Further tests on 26 clinically positive blood samples for eight antimicrobials, including tigecycline, meropenem, ceftazidime, ampicillin/sulbactam, oxacillin, clindamycin, vancomycin, and levofloxacin reveal 93% categorical agreement with BMD‐based results. The automation, speed, reliability, and general applicability of CAST‐R suggest its potential utility for guiding the clinical administration of antimicrobials.

Abstract A full‐spectrum spontaneous single‐cell Raman spectrum (fs‐SCRS) captures the metabolic phenome for a given cellular state of the cell in a label‐free, landscape‐like manner. Herein a positive dielectrophoresis induced deterministic lateral displacement‐based Raman flow cytometry (pDEP‐DLD‐RFC) is established. This robust flow cytometry platform utilizes a periodical positive dielectrophoresis induced deterministic lateral displacement (pDEP‐DLD) force that is exerted to focus and trap fast‐moving single cells in a wide channel, which enables efficient fs‐SCRS acquisition and extended stable running time. It automatically produces deeply sampled, heterogeneity‐resolved, and highly reproducible ramanomes for isogenic cell populations of yeast, microalgae, bacteria, and human cancers, which support biosynthetic process dissection, antimicrobial susceptibility profiling, and cell‐type classification. Moreover, when coupled with intra‐ramanome correlation analysis, it reveals state‐ and cell‐type‐specific metabolic heterogeneity and metabolite‐conversion networks. The throughput of ≈30–2700 events min−1 for profiling both nonresonance and resonance marker bands in a fs‐SCRS, plus the >5 h stable running time, represent the highest performance among reported spontaneous Raman flow cytometry (RFC) systems. Therefore, pDEP‐DLD‐RFC is a valuable new tool for label‐free, noninvasive, and high‐throughput profiling of single‐cell metabolic phenomes.

The biological denitrification of low-C/N wastewater is a great challenge in treatment plants due to the lack of microorganisms with heterotrophic nitrification–aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) abilities. In this study, Bacillus sp. L2 was isolated from aeration tank water samples using a nitrification medium and screened for its ability to perform HN-AD in low-C/N wastewater. The strain showed a maximum NH4+-N removal rate of 98.37% under low-C/N conditions. In the presence of a mixed N source, strain L2 was capable of completely removing NH4+-N within 24 h. Furthermore, optimal nitrogen removal conditions for strain L2 were found to be C/N = 9, pH = 9, and sodium acetate as the C source. Under optimal conditions, the strain was able to maintain a high NH4+-N removal rate under 0–3% salinity and an NH4+-N concentration of 200 mg/L or less. The denitrification pathways of strain L2 were NH4+→NH2OH→NO2−(↔NO3−)→NO→N2O→N2 and NH4+→NH2OH→NO→N2O→N2. Furthermore, semi-continuous wastewater treatment was conducted using immobilized technology, which resulted in more than 82% NH4+-N removal after three cycles of reuse. This study demonstrates the great potential of Bacillus sp. L2 in wastewater treatment applications.

To synchronize flowering time with spring, many plants undergo vernalization, a floral-promotion process triggered by exposure to long-term winter cold. In Arabidopsis thaliana, this is achieved through cold-mediated epigenetic silencing of the floral repressor, FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). COOLAIR, a cold-induced antisense RNA transcribed from the FLC locus, has been proposed to facilitate FLC silencing. Here, we show that C-repeat (CRT)/dehydration-responsive elements (DREs) at the 3′-end of FLC and CRT/DRE-binding factors (CBFs) are required for cold-mediated expression of COOLAIR. CBFs bind to CRT/DREs at the 3′-end of FLC, both in vitro and in vivo, and CBF levels increase gradually during vernalization. Cold-induced COOLAIR expression is severely impaired in cbfs mutants in which all CBF genes are knocked-out. Conversely, CBF-overexpressing plants show increased COOLAIR levels even at warm temperatures. We show that COOLAIR is induced by CBFs during early stages of vernalization but COOLAIR levels decrease in later phases as FLC chromatin transitions to an inactive state to which CBFs can no longer bind. We also demonstrate that cbfs and FLCΔCOOLAIR mutants exhibit a normal vernalization response despite their inability to activate COOLAIR expression during cold, revealing that COOLAIR is not required for the vernalization process.

Microalgae are promising feedstock for oil production. The authors report that a transcription factor NobZIP77 can regulate oil synthesis by sensing the blue light, and explore these findings to greatly enhance oil productivity via genetic and process engineering in Nannochloropsis oceanica.

In this paper, we investigate the removability of φ-natural domains in Banach spaces. Let E be a real Banach space with dimension at least 2, G a domain in E, and let be a countable subset of G which satisfies a quasi hyperbolic separation condition. Then, G is φ-natural if and only if G is ψ-natural, quantitatively.

ABSTRACT To reveal the dynamic features of cellular systems, such as the correlation among phenotypes, a time or condition series set of samples is typically required. Here, we propose intra-ramanome correlation analysis (IRCA) to achieve this goal from just one snapshot of an isogenic population, via pairwise correlation among the cells of the thousands of Raman peaks in single-cell Raman spectra (SCRS), i.e., by taking advantage of the intrinsic metabolic heterogeneity among individual cells. For example, IRCA of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii under nitrogen depletion revealed metabolite conversions at each time point plus their temporal dynamics, such as protein-to-starch conversion followed by starch-to-triacylglycerol (TAG) conversion, and conversion of membrane lipids to TAG. Such among-cell correlations in SCRS vanished when the starch-biosynthesis pathway was knocked out yet were fully restored by genetic complementation. Extension of IRCA to 64 microalgal, fungal, and bacterial ramanomes suggests the IRCA-derived metabolite conversion network as an intrinsic metabolic signature of isogenic cellular population that is reliable, species-resolved, and state-sensitive. The high-throughput, low cost, excellent scalability, and general extendibility of IRCA suggest its broad applications. IMPORTANCE Each isogenic population of cells is characterized by many phenotypes, which change with time and condition. Correlations among such phenotypes are fundamental to system function, yet revelation of such links typically requires multiple samples. Here, we showed that, by exploiting the intrinsic metabolic heterogeneity among individual cells, such interphenotype correlations can be unveiled via just one snapshot of an isogenic cellular population. Specifically, a network of potential metabolite conversions can be reconstructed using intra-ramanome correlation analysis (IRCA), by pairwise correlation of the thousands of Raman peaks or combination of peaks among single-cell Raman spectra sampled from just one instance of the cellular population. The ability to rapidly and noninvasively reveal intermetabolite conversions from just one snapshot of one sample should usher in many new opportunities in functional profiling of cellular systems.

Pb pollution, which is provoked by lead-based anodes in large-scale industrial production, has seriously endangered human health and destroyed the ecological environment in the past decades. In this work, environmentally friendly porous FexSiy intermetallics are prepared by elemental powder reactive synthesis as anodes in zinc electrowinning for the first time. The as-prepared porous FexSiy anodes (Fe3Si, Fe5Si3, and FeSi) have been investigated in terms of electrochemical performance. Among the three anodes, porous Fe5Si3 anode shows relatively better comprehensive properties in 160 g·L−1 H2SO4. Porous Fe5Si3 anode exhibits electrocatalytic activity and long-term stability under the condition of zinc electrowinning, which guarantees a service life up to 400 h. The activity for OER shows that porous Fe5Si3 anode is delivering an overpotential of 1.072 V and tafel slope of 326.6 mV·dec at current density of 50 mA·cm−2. The electrocatalytic activity is positively correlated with the open porosity. The oxides formed in the anode surface are mainly composed of Fe2O3 and amorphous SiO2, which protect the anode against corrosion and help to the activity for OER. This result demonstrated that Fe5Si3 as alternative anode material has potential application value in industry.

The developmental transition to flowering in many plants is timed by changing seasons, which enables plants to flower at a season that is favorable for seed production. Many plants grown at high latitudes perceive the seasonal cues of changing day length and/or winter cold (prolonged cold exposure), to regulate the expression of flowering-regulatory genes through the photoperiod pathway and/or vernalization pathway, and thus align flowering with a particular season. Recent studies in the model flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana have revealed that diverse transcription factors engage various chromatin modifiers to regulate several key flowering-regulatory genes including FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC) and FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) in response to seasonal signals. Here, we summarize the current understanding of molecular and chromatin-regulatory or epigenetic mechanisms underlying the vernalization response and photoperiodic control of flowering in Arabidopsis. Moreover, the conservation and divergence of regulatory mechanisms for seasonal flowering in crops and other plants are briefly discussed.

Seed development is a complex process and consists of two phases: embryo morphogenesis and seed maturation. LEAFY COTYLEDON (LEC) transcription factors, first discovered in Arabidopsis thaliana several decades ago, are master regulators of seed development. Here, we first summarize molecular genetic mechanisms underlying the control of embryogenesis and seed maturation by LECs and then provide a brief review of recent findings in the role of LECs in embryonic resetting of the parental ‘memory of winter cold’ in Arabidopsis. In addition, we discuss various chromatin-based mechanisms underlying developmental silencing of LEC genes throughout the post-embryonic development to terminate the embryonic developmental program.

The developmental switch from a vegetative phase to reproduction (flowering) is essential for reproduction success in flowering plants, and the timing of the floral transition is regulated by various environmental factors, among which seasonal day-length changes play a critical role to induce flowering at a season favorable for seed production. The photoperiod pathways are well known to regulate flowering time in diverse plants. Here, we summarize recent progresses on molecular mechanisms underlying the photoperiod control of flowering in the long-day plant Arabidopsis as well as the short-day plant soybean; furthermore, the conservation and diversification of photoperiodic regulation of flowering in these two species are discussed.

Abstract Background Current approaches for quantification of major energy-storage forms in microalgae, including starch, protein and lipids, generally require cell cultivation to collect biomass followed by tedious and time-consuming analytical procedures. Thus, label-free, non-destructive and simultaneous quantification of such macromolecules at single-cell resolution is highly desirable in microalgal feedstock development and bioprocess control. Results Here, we established a method based on single-cell Raman spectra (SCRS) that simultaneously quantifies the contents of starch, protein, triacylglycerol (TAG) and lipid unsaturation degree in individual Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells. Measurement accuracy for the contents based on full SCRS spectrum each reached 96.86–99.24%, all significantly higher than single peak-based models. However, accuracy and reliability of measurement are dependent on the number of cells sampled, thus a formal mathematical framework was proposed and validated to rationally define “minimal sampling depth” for a given state of cellular population. Furthermore, a barcode consisting of 13 marker Raman peaks was proposed to characterize the temporal dynamics of these energy-storage products, which revealed that the average contents of starch and TAG increased, while their heterogeneity indices decreased, with those of protein being exactly the opposite. Finally, our method is widely applicable, as measurements among cells from liquid suspension culture, wet paste and frozen dried powder all exhibited excellent consistency. Conclusions When sampled at proper depth, SCRS can serve as a quantitative and generally applicable tool for characterization and screening of strains and bioprocesses based on the profile of energy-storage macromolecules and their among-cell heterogeneity.

Reactively synthesized porous Ti3SiC2 with different pore sizes was prepared using TiH2, Si and graphite powders as starting materials. The effect of pore size on the flexural stress−strain relationship, bending strength and flexural elastic modulus were investigated. The results show that the synthesized porous Ti3SiC2 intermetallic compounds have a characteristic of a high-purity MAX phase with typical laminate microstructure. When the average pore size decreases from 21.8 to 2.1 μm, the volume content of Ti3SiC2 phase ranges from 96.9% to 99.6%, and the porosity is in the range of 49.9% to 54.1%. The flexural stress−strain curves of porous Ti3SiC2 show a characteristic of two stages of elastic deformation and fracture. The flexural modulus is in the range of 13 to 70 GPa, which increases rapidly with further decrease of the pore size. A relation similar to the Hall−Petch equation between the mechanical property and the pore size was investigated for the porous material.

Industrial TiCl _4 liquid, which is a key intermediate in Ti metallurgy, is hard to be purified by traditional porous metals or ceramics due to its characteristics of easy hydrolysis, toxicity and corrosivity. In this work, porous TiAl intermetallic filter tubes were fabricated through a reactive synthesis process, and their filtration properties in industrial TiCl _4 liquid were investigated. The cyclic corrosion kinetics of porous TiAl in TiCl _4 follows a parabolic rate law, in which the corrosion rate constant is 4.8%, 0.06% and 0.04% of that of porous Ti, Ni and 316L stainless steel, respectively. After the cyclic corrosion of 408 h, the maximum aperture reduction rate of porous TiAl is 3.9%, which is far lower than that of porous Ti, Ni and 316L, indicating good pore structure stability. Porous TiAl filter tubes exhibit clean filtration performance in the solid-liquid separation of raw TiCl _4 suspension with stable filtrate solid content of 0.1 wt% and high filtration flux of 8.17 m ^3 · m ^−2 · h ^−1 at the maximum aperture of 17.0 μ m. The filtration equation and the filter medium resistance of porous TiAl are determined.

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid hormones, essentially important for plant development and growth. BR signaling functions to promote cell expansion and cell division, and plays a role in etiolation and reproduction. As the phytohormone originally identified in the pollen grains of Brassica napus, BR promotes the elongation of stigma. Recent studies have revealed that BR is also critical for floral transition, inflorescence stem architecture formation and other aspects of plant reproductive processes. In this review, we focus on the current understanding of BRs in plant reproduction, the spatial and temporal control of BR signaling, and the downstream molecular mechanisms in both the model plant Arabidopsis and crops. The crosstalk of BR with environmental factors and other hormones in reproduction will also be discussed.

In this paper, the influence of the extra solid phase reaction on the interface structure and mechanical properties of titanium carbonitride-based cermets were investigated. The extra solid phase reaction in the preparation process of cermets could induce the formation of a core/rim/binder interface with the coherent structure and reinforce the interface bonding strength in cermets. The existence of a coherent structure interface can inhibit crack spread and improve the toughness and abrasion resistance of titanium carbonitride-based cermets significantly. Cermets can exhibit the high hardness Rockwell Hardness A (HRA) 92.3, fracture toughness of 11.6 MPa·m1/2, and transverse rupture strength of 2810 MPa.