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Two-dimensional materials provide opportunities for developing semiconductor applications at atomistic thickness to break the limits of silicon technology. Black phosphorus (BP), as a layered semiconductor with controllable bandgap and high carrier mobility, is one of the most promising candidates for transistor devices at atomistic thickness1–4. However, the lack of large-scale growth greatly hinders its development in devices. Here, we report the growth of ultrathin BP on the centimetre scale through pulsed laser deposition. The unique plasma-activated region induced by laser ablation provides highly desirable conditions for BP cluster formation and transportation5,6, facilitating growth. Furthermore, we fabricated large-scale field-effect transistor arrays on BP films, yielding appealing hole mobility of up to 213 and 617 cm2 V−1 s−1 at 295 and 250 K, respectively. Our results pave the way for further developing BP-based wafer-scale devices with potential applications in the information industry. Centimetre-scale growth of few-layer black phosphorous with high crystalline quality and homogeneity is realized by pulsed laser deposition.

Two-dimensional (2D) materials exhibit tremendous potential for applications in next-generation photodetectors. Currently, approaches aiming at enhancing the device's performance are limited, mainly relying on complex hybrid systems such as heterostructures and sensitization. Here, we propose a new strategy by constructing patterned nanostructures compatible with the conventional silicon substrate. Using CVD-grown monolayer MoS

The addition of small seeding particles into a supersaturated solution is one among the most effective approaches to obtain high-quality semiconductor materials via increased crystallization rates. However, limited study is conducted on this approach for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. Here, a new strategy-"heterogenous seeding-induced crystallization (hetero-SiC)" to assist the growth of FAPbI

Summary With amazing progress in the state-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by laboratory-scale spin-coating methods, upscaling the PSCs via printing friendly techniques is becoming more and more important toward the future deployment of large-scale and stable perovskite modules. Here, we demonstrate the room-temperature meniscus coating of high-quality perovskite films incorporated with a multifunctional sulfobetaine-based zwitterionic surfactant. Systematic in situ studies uncover the perovskite crystallization pathway and emphasize the surfactant’s synergistic role in film construction, crystallization kinetics modulation, defect passivation, and moisture barrier protection. This strategy is applicable across perovskite compositions and device architectures with the enhanced power conversion efficiencies up to 22%. Upscaling the device area to 0.8 cm2 has negligible deterioration in the performance. This represents one of the highest records for the upscaling coated PSCs, not limited in room-temperature coated PSCs. In addition, this approach significantly improves the stability of perovskite films and devices under different aging conditions.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising technology for flexible photovoltaic applications because of the low cost and good flexibility of the halide perovskite materials. Nevertheless, the use of transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) and noble metals (e.g., Au and Ag) as PSC electrodes is very costly, and TCOs are too brittle for flexible applications. How to fabricate flexible PSCs (FPSCs) with cost-effective and soft electrode materials remains to be a big challenge. Herein, we report the first study of FPSCs using low-cost Cu electrodes. Both the transparent bottom electrode and the opaque top electrode are fabricated with Cu. FPSCs made with such Cu electrodes acquire a champion efficiency of 13.58% (Jsc of 17.79 mA cm-2, Voc of 1.031 V, and FF of 74.07%), which retains over 90% after 1000 cycles of bending at a small radius of curvature of 5 mm. The device shows negligible changes in Voc and FF after storage for 10 weeks without encapsulation.

Hybrid perovskite single-crystalline thin films are promising for making high-performance perovskite optoelectronic devices due to their superior physical properties. However, it is still challenging to incorporate them into multilayer devices because of their on-substrate growth. Here, a wet transfer method is used in transferring perovskite single-crystalline films perfectly onto various target substrates. More importantly, large millimeter-scaled single-crystalline films can be obtained via a diffusion-facilitated space-confined growth method as thin as a few hundred nanometers, which are capable of sustaining excellent crystalline quality and morphology after the transferring process. The availability of these crystalline films offers us a convenient route to further investigate their intrinsic properties of hybrid perovskites. We also demonstrate that the wet transfer method can be used for scalable fabrication of perovskite single-crystalline film-based photodetectors exhibiting a remarkable photoresponsivity. It is expected that this transferring strategy would promise broad applications of perovskite single-crystalline films for more complex perovskite devices.

After the breakthrough of the study on the two-dimensional (2D) layered phosphorus, group-V elemental ultrathin 2D layers have captured considerable attentions in recent years on account of their unique and promising electrical transport properties, including semiconductor features with direct and desirable energy band structures, outstanding carrier mobilities, controllable and tunable characteristics under applied strain, electric and magnetic fields, highly anisotropic phenomena along both in-plane and out-plane directions, topological transmission states, and negative Poisson’s ratio. Accordingly, a number of investigations on this family of 2D materials have been conducting rapidly, while initiating great potential and new opportunities on the nanoscale science and applications in optoelectronic, magneto-electronics, thermo-electronic, ferroelectric, topological spintronics, and so on. Herein, a specific review is provided with systematical summarizations and refinements on the recent advances of the electrical transport in group-V elemental ultrathin 2D layers from the blossoming field of research, while comprehensive discussion and some recommendations are put forward, with an expectation of broadening and deepening understanding of the family of 2D layers. Lastly, we provide critical motivation and challenge for future explorations in this promising territory.

A considerable number of recent research have focused on two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) since it was successfully prepared through mechanical exfoliation in 2014. After scaling down, BP with atomistic thickness shows fascinating semiconducting features with layer-dependent direct bandgap and high carrier mobility. The synthesis of high-quality few-layer BP thin films is critical to investigate their distinctive crystal structure, fundamental characteristics, as well as the potential applications in electronics, biomedicine, energy storage, photonics, and optoelectronics. Therefore, this review provides an overview of mono- and few-layer BP topic in the synthesis methods beyond exfoliation, including thinning treatments accompanied to exfoliation, conversion from red phosphorus to BP, and direct growth techniques. We summarize various attempts to control the BP sample's thickness and lateral dimensions during the synthesis. Furthermore, we discuss the current challenges and perspectives of large-scale growth of ultrathin BP which has been a bottleneck hindering wafer-scale device's development in this field. We hope to provide an insight into exploring some potential approaches practicable to synthesize high quality BP thin films utilized for developing high-performance nano-electronics and photonics, which may accelerate the progress of 2D BP toward real applications.

Valproic acid (VPA) represents one of the most efficient antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) with either general or focal seizures, but a certain percentage of patients are not recovered or even worse, the mechanism under this phenomenon remains unclear. Here, we retrospectively reviewed 16 patients who received awake craniotomy surgery. Intro-operative high density electrocorticogram (ECoG) was used to record the local field potential (LFP) response to VPA treatment. We found the less efficacy of VPA monotherapy was associated with ECoG spectrum power shift from higher to lower frequency after VPA injection, together with increased synchronization of the LFP. Furthermore, we established the computational model to testify the hypothesis that the ineffectivity of VPA may be caused by excitatory dynamic rebound during the inhibitory power increasing. In addition to test the hypothesis, we employed the mice with Kanic Acid (KA)-induced epileptic model to confirm that it would be inhibited by VPA on behavior and neural activity. Also, the neural activity shows significant rebound on spike firing. Then we discovered that the LFP would increase the power spectral density in multiple wave bands after the VPA delivers. These findings suggest that less efficacy of valproic acid monotherapy in focal seizures may be caused by neural excitatory rebound which mediated by elevated inhibitory power.

Objective. Brain–computer interfaces (BCIs) have the potential to bypass damaged neural pathways and restore functionality lost due to injury or disease. Approaches to decoding kinematic information are well documented; however, the decoding of kinetic information has received less attention. Additionally, the possibility of using stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) for kinetic decoding during hand grasping tasks is still largely unknown. Thus, the objective of this paper is to demonstrate kinetic parameter decoding using SEEG in patients performing a grasping task with two different force levels under two different ascending rates. Approach. Temporal-spectral representations were studied to investigate frequency modulation under different force tasks. Then, force amplitude was decoded from SEEG recordings using multiple decoders, including a linear model, a partial least squares model, an unscented Kalman filter, and three deep learning models (shallow convolutional neural network, deep convolutional neural network and the proposed CNN+RNN neural network). Main results. The current study showed that: (a) for some channel, both low-frequency modulation (event-related desynchronization (ERD)) and high-frequency modulation (event-related synchronization) were sustained during prolonged force holding periods; (b) continuously changing grasp force can be decoded from the SEEG signals; (c) the novel CNN+RNN deep learning model achieved the best decoding performance, with the predicted force magnitude closely aligned to the ground truth under different force amplitudes and changing rates. Significance. This work verified the possibility of decoding continuously changing grasp force using SEEG recordings. The result presented in this study demonstrated the potential of SEEG recordings for future BCI application.

Lanthanide ions have attracted great attention due to their distinct photonic properties. The optoelectronic properties and device performance are greatly affected by the interfacial coupling between the layered van der Waals heterostructure, fabricated with two or more transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) layers. In this work, lanthanide-doped WS2/MoS2 layered heterostructures have been constructed through two synthesis steps. The doped thin films are highly textured nanosheets on wafers. Importantly, the as-prepared heterostructure exhibits efficient near-infrared emission in the range of the telecommunication window, owing to energy transfer between lanthanide ions in the two TMD layers. The use of the layered heterostructure allows the decrease of deleterious cross-relaxation due to homogeneous doping or concentration quenching. The energy transfer process was further elaborated in this work. The results suggest that lanthanide ions can effectively extend the emission band of TMD thin films and their heterostructures. The doped TMD heterostructure is highly favourable for constructing atomically thin near-infrared photonic devices.

OBJECTIVEIntraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) is found in approximately 40% of intracerebral hemorrhages and is associated with increased mortality and poor functional outcome. Cognitive impairment is one of the complications and occurs due to various pathological changes. Amyloid beta (Aβ) accumulation and neuroinflammation, and the Alzheimer disease–like pathology, may contribute to cognitive impairment. Iron, the degradation product of hemoglobin, correlates with Aβ. In this study, the authors investigated the correlation between Aβ accumulation with enhanced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in a rat model of IVH.METHODSNine male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent an intraventricular injection of autologous blood. Another 9 rats served as controls. Cognitive function was assessed by the Morris water maze and T-maze rewarded alternation tests. Biomarkers of Aβ accumulation, neuroinflammation, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation were examined.RESULTSCognitive function was impaired in the autologous blood injection group compared with the control group. In the blood injection group, Aβ accumulation was observed, with a co-located correlation between iron storage protein ferritin and Aβ. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme–1 (BACE1) activity was elevated. Microgliosis and astrogliosis were observed in hippocampal CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus areas, with elevated proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor–α and interleukin-1. Protein levels of phosphorylated JNK were increased after blood injection.CONCLUSIONSAβ accumulation and enhanced neuroinflammation have a role in cognitive impairment after IVH. A potential therapeutic method requires further investigation.

Phase-amplitude coupling (PAC) between the phase of low-frequency oscillations and the power of high-frequency activity plays a functional role in neuronal computation and information transfer. Traditional Hilbert transform-based PAC methods assume that neuronal activity is narrowband, sinusoidal, and sustained. However, natural neuronal signals often violate these three assumptions, creating a potential confound for the interpretation of PAC results. In this study, we present a new method, called Tau-Modulation, that does not require these assumptions to be met. We use this method to identify task-relevant neuronal networks in human electrocorticographic signals. Our results show that Tau-Modulation can identify these networks and characterize the strength and frequency of wideband low-frequency coupling with broadband gamma activity. Thus, Tau-Modulation might provide for a robust approach to analyzing neuronal signals and pave the way for new insights on brain functions.

α-Formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI

Objective. Accurate identification of functional cortical regions is essential in neurological resection. The central sulcus (CS) is an important landmark that delineates functional cortical regions. Median nerve stimulation (MNS) is a standard procedure to identify the position of the CS intraoperatively. In this paper, we introduce an automated procedure that uses MNS to rapidly localize the CS and create functional somatotopic maps. Approach. We recorded electrocorticographic signals from 13 patients who underwent MNS in the course of an awake craniotomy. We analyzed these signals to develop an automated procedure that determines the location of the CS and that also produces functional somatotopic maps. Main results. The comparison between our automated method and visual inspection performed by the neurosurgeon shows that our procedure has a high sensitivity (89%) in identifying the CS. Further, we found substantial concordance between the functional somatotopic maps generated by our method and passive functional mapping (92% sensitivity). Significance. Our automated MNS-based method can rapidly localize the CS and create functional somatotopic maps without imposing additional burden on the clinical procedure. With additional development and validation, our method may lead to a diagnostic tool that guides neurosurgeons and reduces postoperative morbidity in patients undergoing resective brain surgery.

Objective. White matter tissue takes up approximately 50% of the human brain volume and it is widely known as a messenger conducting information between areas of the central nervous system. However, the characteristics of white matter neural activity and whether white matter neural recordings can contribute to movement decoding are often ignored and still remain largely unknown. In this work, we make quantitative analyses to investigate these two important questions using invasive neural recordings.Approach. We recorded stereo-electroencephalography (SEEG) data from 32 human subjects during a visually-cued motor task, where SEEG recordings can tap into gray and white matter electrical activity simultaneously. Using the proximal tissue density method, we identified the location (i.e. gray or white matter) of each SEEG contact. Focusing on alpha oscillatory and high gamma activities, we compared the activation patterns between gray matter and white matter. Then, we evaluated the performance of such white matter activation in movement decoding.Main results. The results show that white matter also presents activation under the task, in a similar way with the gray matter but at a significantly lower amplitude. Additionally, this work also demonstrates that combing white matter neural activities together with that of gray matter significantly promotes the movement decoding accuracy than using gray matter signals only.Significance. Taking advantage of SEEG recordings from a large number of subjects, we reveal the response characteristics of white matter neural signals under the task and demonstrate its enhancing function in movement decoding. This study highlights the importance of taking white matter activities into consideration in further scientific research and translational applications.

Excess PbI2 management is critical to the performance and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). However, typical post treatment method remains the nature of instability induced by the photolysis of PbI2. Herein, by forming robust self-assembled supramolecules ([BMIM]PbI2X5 and [BMIM]PbX3) with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium based ionic liquids ([BMIM]X), we report a novel “Ionic Liquid assisted Supramolecular Complex engineering” (ILaSC) approach to effectively modulate the unreacted PbI2. The formation process and mechanism of supramolecules are elucidated. With effective Pb interstitial defects passivation and tensile strain relaxation simultaneously, the ILaSC approach achieves significant enhancements in both PCE (from 21.9% to 23.5%) and device stability (retaining 95% of the initial PCE after 4080 h in ambient dry-air storage, and 80% after 1400 h continuous light illumination). The generality of the supramolecular complex engineering methodology in broader ionic salt systems is further demonstrated, representing a new direction towards highly stable and efficient PSCs.

Manipulating the perovskite solidification process, including nucleation and crystal growth, plays a critical role in controlling film morphology and thus affects the resultant device performance. In this work, a facile and effective ethyl alcohol (EtOH) cosolvent strategy is demonstrated with the incorporation of EtOH into perovskite ink for high-performance room-temperature blade-coated perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules. Systematic real-time perovskite crystallization studies uncover the delicate perovskite structural evolutions and phase-transition pathway. Time-resolved X-ray diffraction and density functional theory calculations both demonstrate that EtOH in the mixed-solvent system significantly promotes the formation of an FA-based precursor solvate (FA

Objective The precise localization of intracranial electrodes is a fundamental step relevant to the analysis of intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) recordings in various fields. With the increasing development of iEEG studies in human neuroscience, higher requirements have been posed on the localization process, resulting in urgent demand for more integrated, easy-operation and versatile tools for electrode localization and visualization. With the aim of addressing this need, we develop an easy-to-use and multifunction toolbox called iEEGview, which can be used for the localization and visualization of human intracranial electrodes. Approach iEEGview is written in Matlab scripts and implemented with a GUI. From the GUI, by taking only pre-implant MRI and post-implant CT images as input, users can directly run the full localization pipeline including brain segmentation, image co-registration, electrode reconstruction, anatomical information identification, activation map generation and electrode projection from native brain space into common brain space for group analysis. Additionally, iEEGview implements methods for brain shift correction, visual location inspection on MRI slices and computation of certainty index in anatomical label assignment. Main results All the introduced functions of iEEGview work reliably and successfully, and are tested by images from 28 human subjects implanted with depth and/or subdural electrodes. Significance iEEGview is the first public Matlab GUI-based software for intracranial electrode localization and visualization that holds integrated capabilities together within one pipeline. iEEGview promotes convenience and efficiency for the localization process, provides rich localization information for further analysis and offers solutions for addressing raised technical challenges. Therefore, it can serve as a useful tool in facilitating iEEG studies.

2D hybrid perovskites are very attractive for optoelectronic applications because of their numerous exceptional properties. The emerging 2D perovskite ferroelectrics, in which are the coupling of spontaneous polarization and piezoelectric effects, as well as photoexcitation and semiconductor behaviors, have great appeal in the field of piezo-phototronics that enable to effectively improve the performance of optoelectronic devices via modulating the electro-optical processes. However, current studies on 2D perovskite ferroelectrics focus on bulk ceramics that cannot endure irregular mechanical deformation and limit their application in flexible optoelectronics and piezo-phototronics. Herein, we synthesize ferroelectric EA4 Pb3 Br10 single-crystalline thin-films (SCFs) for integration into flexible photodetectors. The in-plane multiaxial ferroelectricity is evident within the EA4 Pb3 Br10 SCFs through systematic characterizations. Flexible photodetectors based on EA4 Pb3 Br10 SCFs are achieved with an impressive photodetection performance. More importantly, optoelectronic EA4 Pb3 Br10 SCFs incorporated with in-plane ferroelectric polarization and effective piezoelectric coefficient show great promise for the observation of piezo-phototronic effect, which is capable of greatly enhancing the photodetector performance. Under external strains, the responsivity of the flexible photodetectors can be modulated by piezo-phototronic effect with a remarkable enhancement up to 284%. Our findings shed light on the piezo-phototronic devices and offer a promising avenue to broaden functionalities of hybrid perovskite ferroelectrics.

α-Formamidinium lead triiodide (α-FAPbI3 ) represents the state-of-the-art for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) but experiences intrinsic thermally induced tensile strain due to a higher phase-converting temperature, which is a critical instability factor. An in situ crosslinking-enabled strain-regulating crystallization (CSRC) method with trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMTA) is introduced to precisely regulate the top section of perovskite film where the largest lattice distortion occurs. In CSRC, crosslinking provides in situ perovskite thermal-expansion confinement and strain regulation during the annealing crystallization process, which is proven to be much more effective than the conventional strain-compensation (post-treatment) method. Moreover, CSRC with TMTA successfully achieves multifunctionality simultaneously: the regulation of tensile strain, perovskite defects passivation with an enhanced open-circuit voltage (VOC = 50 mV), and enlarged perovskite grain size. The CSRC approach gives significantly enhanced power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 22.39% in α-FAPbI3 -based PSC versus 20.29% in the control case. More importantly, the control PSCs' instability factor-residual tensile strain-is regulated into compression strain in the CSRC perovskite film through TMTA crosslinking, resulting in not only the best PCE but also outstanding device stability in both long-term storage (over 4000 h with 95% of initial PCE) and light soaking (1248 h with 80% of initial PCE) conditions.

Brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) which associate with angiogenesis due to local hypertension, chronic cerebral ischaemia and tissue hypoxia usually lead to haemorrhage, however, the therapeutic medicine for the disease is still lacking. 2‐methoxyestradiol (2‐ME) has been shown effective in the anti‐angiogenic treatment. This study was conducted to examine whether and how 2‐ME could improve the vascular malformations. Intracranial venous hypertension (VH) model produced in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats and culture of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) at the anoxia condition were used to induce in vivo and in vitro angiogenesis, respectively. Lentiviral vectors of ID‐1 and p53 genes and of their siRNA were intracranially injected into rats and transfected into HUVECs to overexpress and down‐regulate these molecules. 2‐ME treatment not only reduced the in vivo progression of brain tissue angiogenesis in the intracranial VH rats and the in vitro increases in microvasculature formation, cellular migration and HIF‐1α expression induced by anoxia in HUVECs but also reversed the up‐regulation of ID‐1 and down‐regulation of p53 in both the in vivo and in vitro angiogenesis models. All of the anti‐angiogenesis effects of 2‐ME observed in VH rats and anoxic HUVECs were abrogated by ID‐1 overexpression and p53 knockdown. Our data collectively suggest that 2‐ME treatment inhibits hypoxia/anoxia‐induced angiogenesis dependently on ID‐1 down‐regulation and p53 up‐regulation, providing a potential alternative medical treatment for un‐ruptured AVM patients.

BACKGROUND The molecular mechanism of brain arteriovenous malformation (BAVM) is largely unknown. Intracranial venous hypertension (VH) may enhance focal angiogenesis and promote BAVM development and progression. A rat VH model effectively simulates the hemodynamic microenvironment of this disease. OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of doxycycline in VH-related angiogenesis, as well as the role of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) and other molecular factors. METHODS A rat VH model was generated by common carotid artery and distal external jugular vein anastomosis. Microvessel density (MVD) in the perisinus area and expression of MMP-3/2/9, VEGF, TIMP-1, TGF-β, and HIF-1α were examined, with and without daily doxycycline treatment for 4 wk. The effects of doxycycline were verified in Vitro using human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs). MMP-3 overexpression or knockdown in HBMECs was used to confirm the role of MMP-3 in cell functions. RESULTS MVD in the perisinus cortex was greatly increased after VH. Doxycycline decreased MVD, suppressed MMP-3 overexpression, and reduced VEGF, TGF-β, and TIMP-1 levels compared with the controls (P < .05). In Vitro, doxycycline decreased HBMEC migration, tube formation, and the mRNA, protein, and enzymatic activity levels of MMP-3. MMP-3 overexpression in HBMECs promoted migration, while knockdown of MMP-3 significantly attenuated proliferation, migration, and tube formation (P < .05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that MMP-3 plays an important role in VH-related angiogenesis and the promotion of vascular remodeling. Suppression of MMP-3 overexpression by doxycycline may provide a potential strategy for inhibiting BAVM development.

In this work, electrocorticographic temporal alteration mapping (ETAM) was proposed for motor cortex mapping by utilizing movement-related cortical potentials (MRCPs) within [0.05 3] Hz low frequency band. This MRCP waveform-based temporal domain approach was compared with the state-of-the-art electrocorticographic frequency alteration mapping (EFAM), which was based on high frequency spectrum dynamics. Five patients (2 epilepsy cases and 3 tumor cases) were enrolled in this study. Each patient had intraoperative direct electrocortical stimulation (DECS) procedure for motor cortex localization, and the patient was required to perform simple brisk wrist extension task during awake craniotomy surgery. Cross-validation results shown that the proposed ETAM method had a high performance in sensitivity (81.82%) and specificity (94.33%) for identifying sites which exhibited positive DECS motor responses. No significant difference in sensitivity was observed between ETAM and EFAM methods. However, the proposed ETAM was much higher in specificity as compared with EFAM (94.33% vs. 86.08%). Our results indicated that for the intraoperative functional brain mapping, ETAM was a promising novel approach for motor cortex localization and had a great potential to reduce the needs for cortical electrical stimulation.

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of surgery as a treatment for supratentorial cerebral cavernous malformation–associated epilepsy (SCCMAE) and determine the factors that influence outcomes. Methods During the 5-year period from 2005 to 2009, this study included 181 consecutive patients who were diagnosed with SCCMAE and surgically treated in a single institution. Each patient was followed up for at least 5 years postoperatively. A time-to-event analysis was performed using Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox regression models to evaluate the associated risk factors. Results The age at seizure onset was 30.6 ± 14.3 years, and the age at the time of surgery was 33.4 ± 14.6 years. The female/male ratio was 0.81:1. The mean diameter of the cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) was 2.0 cm. For CCMs involving eloquent brain areas, the CCM was removed with (in 14 cases) or without (in 28 lesions) the peripheral hemosiderin. None of the patients had long-term neurologic disabilities. An Engel class I outcome was achieved in 89.0%, 83.4%, 81.8%, and 80.1% of the patients after 6 months, 1 year, 2.5 years, and 5-years of follow-up, respectively. In patients who were class I after 1 year, the prevalence of seizure remission 5 years postoperatively was 96.0% (95% confidence interval, 94.4%–97.6%). Conclusions This study supports the efficacy of using surgery to treat SCCMAE. A shorter duration of preoperative epilepsy was associated with better seizure control after surgery, and patient status at the 1-year follow-up was a reliable indicator of long-term Engel class I epilepsy control.