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Blunt vertebral artery injury occurs frequently in forensic practice. However, injuries of the vertebral artery are easily ignored or overlooked because of its relatively deep location. Through literatures review, this paper finds that the manners of blunt vertebral artery injury are varied and one or more injury mechanisms may be involved simultaneously. Patients often undergo immediate or delayed cerebral apoplexy as well as compression and injury of surrounding structures, due to direct injury or secondary aneurysm or dissection, resulting in disability or death. Diseases such as, vertebral atherosclerosis and dysplasia can increase the disability and death risk and the difficulty of forensic identification. In forensic identification, the details of the case should be considered. For cases of suspected vertebral artery injury, in addition to routine examination of intracranial segment, attention should be paid to the examination of extracranial segment. If conditions permit, angiography can be used prior to or during the autopsy to improve the identification efficiency and accuracy of opinions.

A route to enantiopure ( O-methyl) 6 -2,6-helic[6]arenes (+)- P-2 and (-)- M-2 has been provided. By the reaction of enantiopure triptycene precursors (+)-1 and (-)-1 in refluxed o-DCB for 12 h in the presence of catalytic amount of FeCl 3 , and then followed by treatment of the obtained oligomers under the same conditions, (+)- P-2 and (-)- M-2 could be obtained in 51% and 53% total yield, respectively. It was also found that racemic and enantiopure ( O-methyl) 6 -2,6-helic[6]arenes could be easily brominated by Br 2 to give the corresponding hexabromo-substituted helic[6]arene derivatives rac-4, (+)- P-4, and (-)- M-4 in high yields. The crystal structure of (+)- P-4 further confirmed the absolute configuration of the helic[6]arenes and their derivatives. Moreover, a series of hexaaryl-substituted helic[6]arene derivatives 5a-f with deepened cavities could be conveniently synthesized in 55-71% yield by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions of 4 and arylboronic acids. rac-5a could encapsulate chloroform and exhibit self-sorting stacking in solid state. Enantiopure (+)- P-5a-f and (-)- M-5a-f showed mirror images in their CD spectra.

Complexation of racemic 2,6-helic[6]arene 1 and its hexamethyl-substituted derivative 2 with quaternary ammonium salts, N-heterocyclic salts, and tetracyanoquinodimethane have been described in detail. It was found that host 2 could form stable complexes with acetyl choline, thiaacetyl choline, N,N,N-trimethylbenzenammonium salt, pyridinium, and 4,4'-bipyridinium salts in solution and/or in the solid state. The unsubstituted macrocycle 1 showed more significant complexation with the widely tested quaternary ammonium salts and N-heterocyclic salts, and exhibited stronger complexation towards the guests than its derivative 2. Moreover, it was found that macrocycle 1 and its derivative 2 could also complex with neutral electron-deficient tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ), and the association constants were determined to be 2840±94 and 1358±46 m -1 , respectively. These results could make this new macrocycle and its derivatives find wide applications in the design and construction of functional supramolecular assemblies., (© 2017 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.)