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BACKGROUND: The complete mitochondrial respiratory chain is a precondition for maintaining cellular energy supply, development, and metabolic balance. Due to the evolutionary differentiation of complexes and the semi-autonomy of mitochondria, respiratory chain subunits have become critical targets for crop improvement and fungal control. In fungi, mitochondrial complex I mediates growth and metabolism. However, the role of this complex in the pathogenesis of phytopathogenic fungi is largely unknown. RESULTS: In this study, we identified the NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase 24-kDa subunit (VdNuo1) of complex in vascular wilt pathogen, Verticillium dahliae, and examined its functional conservation in phytopathogenic fungi. Based on the treatments with respiratory chain inhibitors, the mitochondria-localized VdNuo1 was confirmed to regulate mitochondrial morphogenesis and homeostasis. VdNuo1 was induced during the different developmental stages in V. dahliae, including hyphal growth, conidiation, and melanized microsclerotia development. The VdNuo1 mutants displayed variable sensitivity to stress factors and decreased pathogenicity in multiple hosts, indicating that VdNuo1 is necessary in stress tolerance and full virulence. Comparative transcriptome analysis demonstrated that VdNuo1 mediates global transcriptional effects, including oxidation and reduction processes, fatty acid, sugar, and energy metabolism. These defects are partly attributed to impairments of mitochondrial morphological integrity, complex assembly, and related functions. Its homologue (CgNuo1) functions in the vegetative growth, melanin biosynthesis, and pathogenicity of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides; however, CgNuo1 does not restore the VdNuo1 mutant to normal phenotypes. CONCLUSIONS: Our results revealed that VdNuo1 plays important roles in growth, metabolism, microsclerotia development, stress tolerance, and virulence of V. dahliae, sharing novel insight into the function of complex I and a potential fungicide target for pathogenic fungi.

Phyllosticta citricarpa is an important citrus-pathogen and a quarantine organism in the European Union. Its recently described relative, P. paracitricarpa, is very closely related and not listed as a quarantine organism. P. paracitricarpa is very difficult to distinguish from P. citricarpa, since its morphological features overlap and the barcoding gene sequences that were originally used to delimit them as distinct species have a low number of species-specific polymorphisms that have subsequently been shown to overlap between the two clades. Therefore, we performed extensive genomic analyses to determine whether the genetic variation between P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa strains should be considered to represent infraspecific variation within P. citricarpa, or whether it is indicative of distinct species. Using a phylogenomic analysis with 3,000 single copy ortholog genes and whole-genome comparisons, we determined that the variation between P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa can be considered as infraspecies variation within P. citricarpa. We also determined the level of variation in mitochondrial assemblies of several Phyllosticta species and concluded there are only minimal differences between the assemblies of P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa. Thus, using several orthogonal approaches, we here demonstrate that variation within the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes of other Phyllosticta species is larger than variation between genomes obtained from P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa strains. Thus, P. citricarpa and P. paracitricarpa should be considered as conspecific.

Effector secretion is crucial for root endophytes to establish and protect their ecological niche. We used time-resolved transcriptomics to monitor effector gene expression dynamics in two closely related Sebacinales, Serendipita indica and Serendipita vermifera, during symbiosis with three plant species, competition with the phytopathogenic fungus Bipolaris sorokiniana, and cooperation with root-associated bacteria. We observed increased effector gene expression in response to biotic interactions, particularly with plants, indicating their importance in host colonization. Some effectors responded to both plants and microbes, suggesting dual roles in intermicrobial competition and plant-microbe interactions. A subset of putative antimicrobial effectors, including a GH18-CBM5 chitinase, was induced exclusively by microbes. Functional analyses of this chitinase revealed its antimicrobial and plant-protective properties. We conclude that dynamic effector gene expression underpins the ability of Sebacinales to thrive in diverse ecological niches with a single fungal chitinase contributing substantially to niche defense.

Zymoseptoria tritici is the most economically significant fungal pathogen of wheat in Europe. However, despite the importance of this pathogen, the molecular interactions between pathogen and host during infection are not well understood. Herein, we describe the use of two libraries of cloned Z. tritici effectors that were screened to identify effector candidates with putative pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI)-suppressing activity. The effectors from each library were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana, and expressing leaves were treated with bacterial or fungal PAMPs to assess the effectors ability to suppress reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. From these screens, numerous effectors were identified with PTI-suppressing activity. In addition, some effectors were able to suppress cell death responses induced by other Z. tritici secreted proteins. We used structural prediction tools to predict the putative structures of all of the Z. tritici effectors and used these predictions to examine whether there was enrichment of specific structural signatures among the PTI-suppressing effectors. From among the libraries, multiple members of the killer protein-like 4 (KP4) and killer protein-like 6 (KP6) effector families were identified as PTI suppressors. This observation is intriguing, as these protein families were previously associated with antimicrobial activity rather than virulence or host manipulation. This data provides mechanistic insight into immune suppression by Z. tritici during infection and suggests that, similar to biotrophic pathogens, this fungus relies on a battery of secreted effectors to suppress host immunity during early phases of colonization.

Botryosphaeriaceae species are the major causal agents of walnut dieback worldwide, along with Diaporthe species. Botryosphaeria dothidea and Neofusicoccum parvum are the only two Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with this recently emergent disease in France, and little is known about their diversity, structure, origin and dispersion in French walnut orchards. A total of 381 isolates of both species were genetically typed using a sequence-based microsatellite genotyping (SSR-seq) method. This analysis revealed a low genetic diversity and a high clonality of these populations, in agreement with their clonal mode of reproduction. The genetic similarity among populations, regardless of the tissue type and the presence of symptoms, supports the hypothesis that these pathogens can move between fruits and twigs and display latent pathogen lifestyles. Contrasting genetic patterns between N. parvum populations from Californian and Spanish walnut orchards and the French ones suggested no conclusive evidence for pathogen transmission from infected materials. The high genetic similarity with French vineyards populations suggested instead putative transmission between these hosts, which was also observed with B. dothidea populations. Overall, this study provides critical insight into the epidemiology of two important pathogens involved in the emerging dieback of French walnut orchards, including their distribution, potential to mate, putative origin and disease pathways.

BACKGROUND: Sclerotinia spp. are generalist fungal pathogens, infecting over 700 plant hosts worldwide, including major crops. While host resistance is the most sustainable and cost-effective method for disease management, complete resistance to Sclerotinia diseases is rare. We recently identified soft basal stem as a potential susceptibility factor to Sclerotinia minor infection in lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under greenhouse conditions. RESULTS: Analysis of stem and root cell wall composition in five L. sativa and one L. serriola accessions with varying growth habits and S. minor resistance levels revealed strong association between hemicellulose constituents, lignin polymers, disease phenotypes, and basal stem mechanical strength. Accessions resistant to basal stem degradation consistently exhibited higher levels of syringyl, guaiacyl, and xylose, but lower levels of fucose in stems. These findings suggest that stem cell wall polymers recalcitrant to breakdown by lignocellulolytic enzymes may contribute to stem strength-mediated resistance against S. minor. CONCLUSIONS: The lignin content, particularly guaiacyl and syringyl, along with xylose could potentially serve as biomarkers for identifying more resistant lettuce accessions and breeding lines. Basal stem degradation by S. minor was influenced by localized microenvironment conditions around the stem base of the plants.

BACKGROUND: Populations of the plant pathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae display a complex and rich genetic diversity, yet the existence of sexual reproduction in the fungus remains contested. As pivotal genes, MAT genes play a crucial role in regulating cell differentiation, morphological development, and mating of compatible cells. However, the functions of the two mating type genes in V. dahliae, VdMAT1-1-1, and VdMAT1-2-1, remain poorly understood. RESULTS: In this study, we confirmed that the MAT loci in V. dahliae are highly conserved, including both VdMAT1-1-1 and VdMAT1-2-1 which share high collinearity. The conserved core transcription factor encoded by the two MAT loci may facilitate the regulation of pheromone precursor and pheromone receptor genes by directly binding to their promoter regions. Additionally, peptide activity assays demonstrated that the signal peptide of the pheromone VdPpg1 possessed secretory activity, while VdPpg2, lacked a predicted signal peptide. Chemotactic growth assays revealed that V. dahliae senses and grows towards the pheromones FO-a and FO-α of Fusarium oxysporum, as well as towards VdPpg2 of V. dahliae, but not in response to VdPpg1. The findings herein also revealed that VdMAT1-1-1 and VdMAT1-2-1 regulate vegetative growth, carbon source utilization, and resistance to stressors in V. dahliae, while negatively regulating virulence. CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the potential roles of VdMAT1-1-1 and VdMAT1-2-1 in sexual reproduction and confirm their involvement in various asexual processes of V. dahliae, offering novel insights into the functions of mating type genes in this species.

Fungi use the accessory gene content of their pangenomes to adapt to their environments. While gene presence-absence variation contributes to shaping accessory gene reservoirs, the genomic contexts that shape these events remain unclear. Since pangenome studies are typically species-wide and do not analyze different populations separately, it is yet to be uncovered whether presence-absence variation patterns and mechanisms are consistent across populations. Fungal plant pathogens are useful models for studying presence-absence variation because they rely on it to adapt to their hosts, and members of a species often infect distinct hosts. We analyzed gene presence-absence variation in the blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae (syn. Pyricularia oryzae), and found that presence-absence variation genes involved in host-pathogen and microbe-microbe interactions may drive the adaptation of the fungus to its environment. We then analyzed genomic and epigenomic features of presence-absence variation and observed that proximity to transposable elements, gene GC content, gene length, expression level in the host, and histone H3K27me3 marks were different between presence-absence variation genes and conserved genes. We used these features to construct a model that was able to predict whether a gene is likely to experience presence-absence variation with high precision (86.06%) and recall (92.88%) in M. oryzae. Finally, we found that presence-absence variation genes in the rice and wheat pathotypes of M. oryzae differed in their number and their genomic context. Our results suggest that genomic and epigenomic features of gene presence-absence variation can be used to better understand and predict fungal pangenome evolution. We also show that substantial intra-species variation can exist in these features.

Autophagy in eukaryotes functions to maintain homeostasis by degradation and recycling of long-lived and unwanted cellular materials. Autophagy plays important roles in pathogenicity of various fungal pathogens, suggesting that autophagy is a novel target for development of antifungal compounds. Here, we describe bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET)-based high-throughput screening (HTS) strategy to identify compounds that inhibit fungal ATG4 cysteine protease-mediated cleavage of ATG8 that is critical for autophagosome formation. We identified ebselen (EB) and its analogs ebselen oxide (EO) and 2-(4-methylphenyl)-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one (PT) as inhibitors of fungal pathogens Botrytis cinerea and Magnaporthe oryzae ATG4-mediated ATG8 processing. The EB and its analogs inhibit spore germination, hyphal development, and appressorium formation in Ascomycota pathogens, B. cinerea, M. oryzae, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Monilinia fructicola. Treatment with EB and its analogs significantly reduced fungal pathogenicity. Our findings provide molecular insights to develop the next generation of antifungal compounds by targeting autophagy in important fungal pathogens.

Two corticolous species of Coenogonium viz., C. pseudonepalense and C. submoniliforme are described as new to science. Coenogonium pseudonepalense is characterized by a crustose, greenish‐grey thallus, pale‐orange apothecial disc and 13.0–17.0 × 2.5–3.0 µm ascospores. Coenogonium submoniliforme is characterized by appressed‐filamentous thallus, small‐sized apothecia (up to 0.4 mm in diameter), pale orange apothecial disc and 14.0–18.0 × 2.8–3.8 µm ascospores. Coenogonium lueckingii and C. pineti are new records for Indian lichen biota. An updated world key to the known species of Coenogonium is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morchella is highly prized for its distinct and delicious taste, making it one of the most sought‐after and valuable macrofungi. Despite Pakistan exporting morels to various European countries, Morchella's diversity in this South Asian country has not been cataloged using multilocus DNA sequence data. Realizing the need for their scientific identity, various collections were commissioned, including those from the low and high altitudinal zones of the Charsadda, Swat, and Poonch districts of Pakistan during autumn of 2015 through 2019. Specimens were identified by sequencing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and portions of the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1), second largest subunit (RPB2), and translation elongation factor 1‐α (TEF1) loci. Multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis revealed the autumnal collections were Morchella galilaea Masaphy & Clowez. The species was previously documented in the United States, China, Israel, and Turkey. A detailed taxonomic description, light and scanning electron microscopy, and multigene molecular phylogenetic analyses of the species are reported here for the first time from Pakistan. The study underscores the necessity for further surveys of unexplored areas of Pakistan and systematics of Morchella to augment species diversity and their geographic distribution. Research Highlights: Specimens of Morchella were collected from low and high altitudinal zones in Pakistan during the autumn.Specimens were assessed using multigene (ITS, RPB1, RPB2, and TEF1) molecular phylogenetic analyses for the first time in Pakistan.The specimens were identified as Morchella galilaea based on multigene molecular phylogenetic analysis.Updated taxonomic descriptions of macro‐ and microanatomical characters were provided for clarity and precision.Hitherto‐unreported shapes of paraphyses and acroparaphyses are observed and thoroughly reported.Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of an ascospore is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous cropping obstacle has been becoming the bottleneck for the stable development of morel cultivation. The allelopathic effect of soil allelochemicals may play an instrumental role in the morel soil sickness. In this study, the allelochemicals were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with in vitro bioassay. A total of 61 chemical substances were identified through the GC-MS analysis of 12 replanting and control soil samples, comprising 10 phenolic acids, 36 acids, 3 aldehydes, etc. Among which, 15 compounds with values of variable importance for the projection (VIP) greater than 1 in the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were selected as the differential metabolites between soil samples of continuous cropping and control. The bioassay showed that 4-coumaric acid and vanillic acid exhibited inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of three cultivated Morchella mushrooms (M. sextelata, M. eximia and M. importuna) under soil native concentrations. Analysis of potential biosynthetic pathways of phenolic acids found that the 3 cultivable Morchella mushrooms are unable to synthesize phenolic acid allelochemicals. Therefore, although they were detected in trace amounts in static culture broth of M. sextelata, the two phenolic acids can only be defined as morel allelochemicals rather than autotoxins. Taken together, we found two morel allelochemicals that may derive from morel related microbes and plants, which will be helpful for further fundamental study and application in morel artificial cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study advances our understanding of Ophiocordyceps, an extensively studied entomopathogenic fungus within the Ophiocordycipitaceae, particularly in Thailand. We introduce seven novel species associated with Coleoptera - O. albostroma, O. brunnea, O. capilliformis, O. kohchangensis, O. phitsanulokensis, O. pseudovariabilis, and O. ratchaburiensis. Remarkably, O. brunnea, O. kohchangensis, and O. ratchaburiensis exhibit ascomata on the subterminal region of the stromata, with the asexual form appearing at the apex of the stipe, reminiscent of O. brunneipunctata. In contrast, O. phitsanulokensis produces its ascomata in the upper region of the stipe. Shared traits include immersed perithecia and part-spores production. Ophiocordyceps albostroma and O. pseudovariabilis produce pseudo-immersed perithecia, with the former producing ascospores breaking into four part-spores, and the latter displaying 32 part-spores. Ophiocordyceps capilliformis is also introduced due to morphological distinctions from closely related species. Phylogenetic analyses based on multigene loci (LSU, TEF1, RPB1, RPB2) robustly confirm the placement of these new species within Ophiocordyceps. Additionally, we report a new record of O. clavata in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corybas carsei is one of New Zealand's most endangered orchids, with a single remaining population in the Whangamarino Wetland (North Island). Although orchid mycorrhizae have proved a critical aspect of orchid conservation globally, until now mycorrhizal fungi of C. carsei have not been identified or utilised for conservation. This study investigated fungal associates of C. carsei using three culture-based approaches: fungi grown directly from fragments of root tissue, from pelotons isolated from root-collars, and directly from macerated protocorm tissue. Fungi were cultured and identified as a diverse array of fungi through Sanger sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region. This included the fungus Pleurotus purpureo-olivaceus (Basidiomycota; Agaricales), which belongs to a genus containing putative orchid mycorrhizal fungi, and the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Oidiodendron eucalypti (Ascomycota; Leotiomycetes incertae sedis). No Rhizoctonia-like fungi, typical of orchid mycorrhizae, were found through any approach and fungi cultured in the present study likely represent endophytes, rather than mycorrhizal fungi. The potential of C. carsei having unculturable mycorrhizal associations, and the challenge this presents to conservation efforts, is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aquatic hyphomycetes decompose submerged detritus in aquatic ecosystems making organic matter more nutritious and palatable for consumption by aquatic invertebrates. They can be classified into three ecological groups based on their morphology and form of sporulation: aero-aquatic fungi, facultative aquatic fungi and Ingoldian fungi. The current study provides an inventory of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with submerged debris (leaves and twigs) of streams and lakes in the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. In addition, new records for the area are described. Substrate collections were carried out in eight streams and two lakes. Two methodologies were used for the analysis of decomposing substrates: moist chamber and submerged incubation. Seventy-seven taxa were found, distributed in 49 genera of aquatic hyphomycetes associated with plant debris in water bodies of the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte. Sixteen taxa are new records for Rio Grande do Norte, two are new records for Brazil (Gyrothrix encephalarti and Triscelophorus konajensis) and one for the Americas (Flagellospora minuta). The study demonstrated a high species richness of aquatic hyphomycetes for the Atlantic Forest of Rio Grande do Norte and can serve as a model for studies on the conservation of Funga in these areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Freshwater fungi exhibit a remarkable diversity and are commonly found on submerged wood, freshwater insects, herbaceous materials, sediments, leaves, foam, and living plants. Sordariomycetes in the Ascomycota is the most frequently reported group in freshwater environments. Three samples of submerged decaying wood and twigs samples were collected and examined during in this study from freshwater habitats in Yunnan and Sichuan provinces in China. Detailed morphological studies, complemented by phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, SSU, RPB2 and TEF1-α sequence data, revealed them to be three hitherto known species, namely Acrogenospora thailandica, Cancellidium cinereum and Chloridium humicola. Of these, Acrogenospora thailandica is a new geographical record for China. Chloridium humicola is also reported for the first time in China which enhances the geographical and host distribution of this species, providing new insights into its ecological preferences. Cancellidium cinereum is reported as an additional provincial record from China, contributing to our knowledge of its regional distribution. All three species, reported in their asexual state, are illustrated with detailed morphological descriptions and phylogenetic analyses. In addition, we also provide a new host record of the saprobic species Isthmolongispora quadricellularia in hyphomycetous asexual state on decaying wood for the first time in a terrestrial habitat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phylloblastia iranica S. Kazemi, Lücking & Sipman sp. nov. is described and illustrated as a new foliicolous lichen. It is characterized by 1-septate, colourless, more or less fusiform, slightly curved ascospores, 9–19 × 4–6 μm. In addition, the foliicolous Strigula buxi Chodat is reported for the first time from Iran, increasing the number of foliicolous lichens known from that country to three, where previously only Gyalectidium caucasicum (Elenk. & Woron.) Vězda was recorded. All three species were found in boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) forest. A key to all known Phylloblastia species worldwide is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soybean red leaf blotch (RLB), caused by the fungus Coniothyrium glycines, represents a foliar disease of soybean that is thus far restricted to Africa. The fungus is listed as a Select Agent by the Federal Select Agent Program because it could pose a severe threat to plant health were it to establish in the United States. Previous work uncovered tremendous molecular diversity at the internal transcribed spacer region, suggesting that there may be multiple species causing RLB. To determine whether multiple species cause RLB, we reconstructed the phylogeny of C. glycines and taxonomic allies using sequence data from four genes. We included 33 C. glycines isolates collected from six African countries and determined that all isolates form a well-supported, monophyletic lineage. Within this lineage there are at least six well-supported clades that largely correspond to geography, with one clade exclusively composed of isolates from Ethiopia, another exclusively composed of isolates from Uganda, and four composed of isolates from southern Africa. However, we did not detect any concordance for these clades between the four genes, indicating that all isolates included in this analysis are representative of a single species. Isolates in the Ethiopia clade are morphologically distinct from isolates in the other clades, as they produce larger sclerotia and smaller pycnida and more sclerotia in planta. Additionally, ancestral range estimations suggest that the C. glycines lineage emerged in southern Africa. These results show that there is significantly more genetic and morphological diversity than was initially suspected with this high-consequence fungal plant pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of Helicascus satunensis sp. nov. was collected on mature dead fruits of the Nypa palm in Satun Province, southern Thailand. Its morphological characteristics are similar to those of the genus Helicascus. Recently, a genus Helicascus with three species from marine habitats worldwide was studied. The morphology of this fungus was investigated and combined with multigene sequence analyzes of small subunit (SSU), large subunit (LSU), internal transcribed spacer (ITS) ribosomal DNA, translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF-1α) and RNA polymerase II (RPB2) genes. Morphologically, H. satunensis sp. nov. is characterized by semi-immersed, lenticular ascomata, multilocules, a bitunicate ascus and smooth, obovoid, dark brown ascospores that are one-septate and unequally two-celled. In addition, 3D visualization using synchrotron X-ray tomography was performed to investigate the interaction between fruiting body and substrata. Molecular phylogeny with multigene revealed that H. satunensis sp. nov. belongs to the family Morosphaeriaceae, order Pleosporales, class Dothideomycetes. Furthermore, H. satunensis sp. nov. forms a well-supported clade with Helicascus species described from marine habitats. Based on the unique morphological and molecular evidence, we propose this fungus, H. satunensis sp. nov., as a new species for Helicascus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hyphomycetes are asexually reproducing parts in a fungal life cycle, and is an artificial classification. Hyphomycetes are fungi with diverse lifestyles, including saprobes, endophytes, plant and animal pathogens, hyperparasites, lichenized forms and extremophiles. Traditionally, morphological characters have been used to identify and classify hyphomycetes, which has led to many taxonomic controversies. Modern molecular methods based on DNA sequence data have developed a more reliable and natural classification of hyphomycetes. The present study revises the taxonomy of the brown-spored hyphomycetes based on both morphology and phylogeny. In total, 1,041 genera with brief notes are provided. Of these, 1,032 genera belong to Ascomycota (Dothideomycetes: 362; Eurotiomycetes: 34; Leotiomycetes: 22; Pezizomycetes: 7; Sordariomycetes: 210; Ascomycota genera incertae sedis: 397), and nine genera belong to Basidiomycota. In addition, 363 brown-spored hyphomycetous genera published since 2010 are listed. Multi-locus phylogeny, including 658 brown-spored hyphomycete genera within Ascomycota, are carried out using 28S nrDNA, 18S nrDNA and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), and the results show that 374 genera are phylogenetically placed in Dothideomycetes, 39 genera in Eurotiomycetes, 26 genera in Leotiomycetes, 6 genera in Pezizomycetes and 213 genera in Sordariomycetes. Based on the morphology and multi-gene phylogeny, 45 fresh collections are described in this study, including seven new genera, viz. Murihylinia, Pseudobrachysporiella, Saprosporodochifer, Solitariconidiophora, Tenebrosynnematica, Xenoberkleasmium, Xenostanjehughesia; 17 new species, viz. Acrodictys thailandica, Alfaria fusiformis, Conioscypha punctiformis, Gamsomyces breve, Murihylinia guizhouensis, Parafuscosporella atricolor, Pleocatenata thailandica, Polyplosphaeria appendiculata, Pseudobrachysporiella pyriforme, Saprosporodochifer fuscus, Solitariconidiophora guizhouensis, Sporidesmiella obovoidispora, Stachybotrys ellipsoidea, Tenebrosynnematica obclavata, Vanakripa obovoidea, Xenoberkleasmium chiangraiense, Yunnanomyces muriformis; one new combination, viz. Xenostanjehughesia polypora; nine new records, viz. Aquatisphaeria thailandica, Bahusandhika indica, Corynespora submersa, Fusariella sinensis, Helicodochium aquaticum, Pleopunctum ellipsoideum, Rhexoacrodictys erecta, Vikalpa dujuanhuensis, Virgaria nigra. Detailed descriptions and morphological illustrations are provided for these new taxa. Current taxonomic difficulties are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Continuous cropping obstacle has been becoming the bottleneck for the stable development of morel cultivation. The allelopathic effect of soil allelochemicals may play an instrumental role in the morel soil sickness. In this study, the allelochemicals were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) combined with in vitro bioassay. A total of 61 chemical substances were identified through the GC-MS analysis of 12 replanting and control soil samples, comprising 10 phenolic acids, 36 acids, 3 aldehydes, etc. Among which, 15 compounds with values of variable importance for the projection (VIP) greater than 1 in the orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were selected as the differential metabolites between soil samples of continuous cropping and control. The bioassay showed that 4-coumaric acid and vanillic acid exhibited inhibitory effect on mycelial growth of three cultivated Morchella mushrooms (M. sextelata, M. eximia and M. importuna) under soil native concentrations. Analysis of potential biosynthetic pathways of phenolic acids found that the 3 cultivable Morchella mushrooms are unable to synthesize phenolic acid allelochemicals. Therefore, although they were detected in trace amounts in static culture broth of M. sextelata, the two phenolic acids can only be defined as morel allelochemicals rather than autotoxins. Taken together, we found two morel allelochemicals that may derive from morel related microbes and plants, which will be helpful for further fundamental study and application in morel artificial cultivation.

From an exhaustive taxonomic survey of Xylariales carried out in the subtropical montane forest of the Argentine northwest (“Las Yungas”), a first comprehensive revision of Camillea for the country is presented. Based on a new combination of sexual and asexual morphology, C. hladkiae and C. romeroae are proposed as new species for the genus; C. hladkiae is principally distinguished by its conidiogenous structure from similar species such as C. guzmanii and C. magnifica . On the other hand, C. romeroae is mainly differentiated from other known species of Camillea by the ornamentation of the ascospores under SEM. Additionally, the conidiogenous structure of C. coroniformis , C. flosculosa , C. hainesii , C. hyalospora and C. signata are described and illustrated for the first time. Furthermore, four species reports are new for the Southern Cone of South America ( C. coroniformis , C. hainesii , C. hyalospora and C. signata ) and three are a novelty for Argentine Yunga ( C. flosculosa , C. obularia and C. punctulata ). Finally, full descriptions, illustrations of all species and a dichotomous key to the identification of Camillea species for the region are provided

Little is known regarding the diversity patterns of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae (Ascomycota) fungi taking part in the lignin decomposition of leaf litter from different tree species and under different climatic regions. The alpha and beta diversity of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae fungi was investigated on bleached leaf litter from nine subtropical and cool temperate tree species in Japan. A total of 248 fungal isolates, obtained from 480 leaves from the nine tree species, were classified into 43 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a 97% similarity threshold and were assigned to nine genera of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae. There was no overlap of fungal OTUs between subtropical and cool temperate trees. The mean number of fungal OTUs was generally higher in subtropical than cool temperate trees, whereas rarefaction curves depicting the numbers of OTU with respect to the number of leaves from which fungi were isolated were less steep in subtropical trees than in cool temperate trees, reflecting the dominance of major OTUs in the subtropical trees and indicating a higher species richness in cool temperate regions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed general overlaps of fungal OTU compositions among tree species in the respective climatic regions, and one-way permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the OTU composition was not significantly different between the tree species. These results suggest a wide host range and some geographic and climatic structures of distribution of these ligninolytic fungi.

BACKGROUND: Fungal plant pathogens have dynamic genomes that allow them to rapidly adapt to adverse conditions and overcome host resistance. One way by which this dynamic genome plasticity is expressed is through effector gene loss, which enables plant pathogens to overcome recognition by cognate resistance genes in the host. However, the exact nature of these loses remains elusive in many fungi. This includes the tomato pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, which is the first fungal plant pathogen from which avirulence (Avr) genes were ever cloned and in which loss of Avr genes is often reported as a means of overcoming recognition by cognate tomato Cf resistance genes. A recent near-complete reference genome assembly of C. fulvum isolate Race 5 revealed a compartmentalized genome architecture and the presence of an accessory chromosome, thereby creating a basis for studying genome plasticity in fungal plant pathogens and its impact on avirulence genes. RESULTS: Here, we obtained near-complete genome assemblies of four additional C. fulvum isolates. The genome assemblies had similar sizes (66.96 to 67.78 Mb), number of predicted genes (14,895 to 14,981), and estimated completeness (98.8 to 98.9%). Comparative analysis that included the genome of isolate Race 5 revealed high levels of synteny and colinearity, which extended to the density and distribution of repetitive elements and of repeat-induced point (RIP) mutations across homologous chromosomes. Nonetheless, structural variations, likely mediated by transposable elements and effecting the deletion of the avirulence genes Avr4E, Avr5, and Avr9, were also identified. The isolates further shared a core set of 13 chromosomes, but two accessory chromosomes were identified as well. Accessory chromosomes were significantly smaller in size, and one carried pseudogenized copies of two effector genes. Whole-genome alignments further revealed genomic islands of near-zero nucleotide diversity interspersed with islands of high nucleotide diversity that co-localized with repeat-rich regions. These regions were likely generated by RIP, which generally asymmetrically affected the genome of C. fulvum. CONCLUSIONS: Our results reveal new evolutionary aspects of the C. fulvum genome and provide new insights on the importance of genomic structural variations in overcoming host resistance in fungal plant pathogens.

Among molecular biologists, the group of fungi called Saccharomycotina is famous for its yeasts. These yeasts in turn are famous for what they have in common-genetic, biochemical, and cell-biological characteristics that serve as models for plants and animals. But behind the apparent homogeneity of Saccharomycotina species lie a wealth of differences. In this review, we discuss traits that vary across the Saccharomycotina subphylum. We describe cases of bright pigmentation; a zoo of cell shapes; metabolic specialties; and species with unique rules of gene regulation. We discuss the genetics of this diversity and why it matters, including insights into basic evolutionary principles with relevance across Eukarya.

Members of the family Trichomeriaceae, belonging to the Chaetothyriales order and the Ascomycota phylum, are known for their capability to inhabit hostile environments characterized by extreme temperatures, oligotrophic conditions, drought, or presence of toxic compounds. The genus Knufia encompasses many polyextremophilic species. In this report, the genomic and morphological features of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 presented, which was isolated from the Mars 2020 mission spacecraft assembly facility located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. The identification is based on sequence alignment for marker genes, multi-locus sequence analysis, and whole genome sequence phylogeny. The morphological features were studied using a diverse range of microscopic techniques (bright field, phase contrast, differential interference contrast and scanning electron microscopy). The phylogenetic marker genes of the strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 exhibited highest similarities with type strain of Knufia obscura (CBS 148926T) that was isolated from the gas tank of a car in Italy. To validate the species identity, whole genomes of both strains (FJI-L2-BK-P2 and CBS 148926T) were sequenced, annotated, and strain FJI-L2-BK-P2 was confirmed as K. obscura. The morphological analysis and description of the genomic characteristics of K. obscura FJI-L2-BK-P2 may contribute to refining the taxonomy of Knufia species. Key morphological features are reported in this K. obscura strain, resembling microsclerotia and chlamydospore-like propagules. These features known to be characteristic features in black fungi which could potentially facilitate their adaptation to harsh environments.

The import of plant-derived small sugars by sugar transporters (STs) has received increasing interest due to its important biological role and great industrial potential. STs are important targets of genetic engineering to improve fungal plant biomass conversion. Comparatively analysis of the genome-wide prevalence and transcriptomics of STs was performed in four filamentous fungi: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus nidulans, Penicillium subrubescens and Trichoderma reesei. Using phylogenetic analysis and literature mining, their predicted STs were divided into ten subfamilies with putative sugar specificities assigned. In addition, transcriptome analysis revealed complex expression profiles among different STs subfamilies and fungal species, indicating a sophisticated transcriptome regulation and functional diversity of fungal STs. Several STs showed strong co-expression with other genes involved in sugar utilization, encoding CAZymes and sugar catabolic enzymes. This study provides new insights into the diversity of STs at the genomic/transcriptomic level, facilitating their biochemical characterization and metabolic engineering.

ImportanceInherent complexities in the composition of microbiomes can often preclude investigations of microbe-associated diseases. Instead of single organisms being associated with disease, community characteristics may be more relevant. Longitudinal microbiome studies of the same individual bats as pathogens arrive and infect a population are the ideal experiment but remain logistically challenging; therefore, investigations like our approach that are able to correlate invasive pathogens to alterations within a microbiome may be the next best alternative. The results of this study potentially suggest that microbiome-host interactions may determine the likelihood of infection. However, the contrasting relationship between Pd and the bacterial microbiomes of Myotis lucifugus and Perimyotis subflavus indicate that we are just beginning to understand how the bat microbiome interacts with a fungal invader such as Pd.

Fungal effectors play critical roles in manipulating plant immune responses and promoting colonization. Sphaerulina musiva is a heterothallic ascomycete fungus that causes Septoria leaf spot and stem canker disease in poplar (Populus spp.) plantations. This disease can result in premature defoliation, branch and stem breakage, increased mortality, and plantation failure. However, little is known about the interaction between S. musiva and poplar. Previous work predicted 142 candidate secreted effector proteins in S. musiva (SmCSEPs), 19 of which were selected for further functional characterization in this study. SmCSEP3 induced plant cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, while 8 out of 19 tested SmCSEPs suppressed cell death. The signal peptides of these eight SmCSEPs exhibited secretory activity in a yeast signal sequence trap assay. Confocal microscopy revealed that four of these eight SmCSEPs target both the cytoplasm and the nucleus, whereas four predominantly localize to discrete punctate structures. Pathogen challenge assays in N. benthamiana demonstrated that the transient expression of six SmCSEPs promoted Fusarium proliferatum infection. The expression of these six SmCSEP genes were induced during infection. SmCSEP2, SmCSEP13, and SmCSEP25 suppressed chitin-triggered reactive oxygen species burst and callose deposition in N. benthamiana. The candidate secreted effector proteins of S. musiva target multiple compartments in the plant cell and modulate different pattern-triggered immunity pathways. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 "No Rights Reserved" license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2023.

Acarospora socialis, the bright cobblestone lichen, is commonly found in southwestern North America. This charismatic yellow lichen is a species of key ecological significance as it is often a pioneer species in new environments. Despite their ecological importance virtually no research has been conducted on the genomics of A. socialis. To address this, we used long-read sequencing to generate the first high-quality draft genome of A. socialis. Lichen thallus tissue was collected from Pinkham Canyon in Joshua Tree National Park, California and deposited in the UC Riverside herbarium under accession #295874. The de novo assembly of the mycobiont partner of the lichen was generated from Pacific Biosciences HiFi long reads and Dovetail Omni-C chromatin capture data. After removing algal and bacterial contigs, the fungal genome was approximately 31.2 Mb consisting of 38 scaffolds with contig and scaffold N50 of 2.4 Mb. The BUSCO completeness score of the assembled genome was 97.5% using the Ascomycota gene set. Information on the genome of A. socialis is important for California conservation purposes given that this lichen is threatened in some places locally by wildfires due to climate change. This reference genome will be used for understanding the genetic diversity, population genomics, and comparative genomics of A. socialis species. Genomic resources for this species will support population and landscape genomics investigations, exploring the use of A. socialis as a bioindicator species for climate change, and in studies of adaptation by comparing populations that occur across aridity gradients in California.

Palm fungi are a diverse and unique group mostly found on Arecaceae hosts. They have been studied for approximately 200 years resulting in a large number of known fungal species representing over 700 genera. The timeline of palm fungal studies could be roughly divided into three phases, based on the methods and frequency of reports. They are the “Historical palm fungi era”, “Classical palm fungi era” and “Molecular palm fungi era”. In the first two periods, the identification of palm fungi was based on morphology, which resulted in a considerable number of morphological species scattered across the data in books, monographs and papers. With the advancement of molecular techniques, studies on palm fungi accelerated. A large number of new species were introduced in the molecular era, especially from Asia, including China and Thailand. However, there is a necessity to link these three generations of studies into a single platform combining data related to host factors, geography and utilisation. Herein, we introduce the palm fungi website: https://palmfungi.org, an integrated data platform for interactive retrieval, based on palm and fungal species. This website is not only a portal for the latest, comprehensive species information on palm fungi, but also provides a new platform for fungal researchers to explore the host-specificity of palm fungi. Additionally, this study uses palmfungi.org and related data to briefly discuss the current status of research on the distribution of palm fungi populations, showing how palmfungi.org links fungi with their palm hosts. Furthermore, the website will act as a platform for collaboration amongst taxonomists, plant pathologists, botanists, ecologists and those who are interested in palms and their relationship with ecological sustainability.

A large number of species in the genus Colletotrichum have been reported as causal agents of anthracnose on crops and wild plants in Korea. Many Colletotrichum isolates from the country preserved in the Korean Agricultural Culture Collection (KACC) were previously identified based on host plants and morphological characteristics, and it may lead to species misidentification. Thus, accurate fungal species identification using multi-locus sequence analyses is essential for understanding disease epidemiology and disease management strategies. In this study, combined DNA sequence analyses of internal transcribed spacer, gapdh, chs-1, his3, act, tub2, and gs were applied to re-identify 27 Colletotrichum isolates in KACC. The phylogenetic analyses showed that the isolates resulted in 11 known species, they belong to the C. dematium species complex (C. hemerocallidis, C. jinshuiense, and C. spinaciae), the C. magnum complex (C. kaifengense and C. cf. ovatense), the C. orchidearum complex (C. cattleyicola, C. plurivorum, C. reniforme, and C. sojae) and the C. orbiculare complex (C. malvarum and C. orbiculare). Of them, C. cattleyicola, C. hemerocallidis, C. kaifengense, and C. reniforme were unrecorded species in Korea. In the view of host-fungus combinations, 10 combinations are newly reported in the world and 12 are new reports in Korea, although their pathogenicity on the host was not confirmed.

Tuber magnatum Picco, the Italian white truffle mushroom recorded for the first time in Türkiye, is a rare and economically valuable mushroom. Samples were collected from Sakarya province during field studies in 2024. The samples were identified as T. magnatum according to their macro- and microscopic features. To make molecular confirmation of the species, the samples' ITS1 and ITS4 gene regions were analysed and registered in Genbank with the number PP239641. The sample showed 100% compatibility with other T. magnatum accessions in Genbank. The distributions of Tuber species in Türkiye were given, and their taxonomic features were compared.

A list of 20 rare in Ukraine species of macrofungi (Ascomycota and Basidiomycota) recorded in 2012–2023 in the Kamenisty protected area (Hutsulshchyna National Nature Park, Ivano-Frankivsk Region) is provided. Of them, 12 records are new for the Ukrainian Carpathians. Information about habitats, substrate preferences, ecological features and general distribution of the fungi is provided. Eight species (Clitocybe angustissima, Cortinarius praestans, C. prasinus, Discina fastigiata, Hygrophorus poetarum, Lactarius acerrimus, Leucopaxillus gentianeus and Tricholoma pardinum), which are red-listed in a number of European countries, are recommended to be included in the Red List of fungi of Ivano-Frankivsk Region.

Tuber aestivum, commonly known as the summer truffle, is typically found in various parts of Europe where it grows naturally. However, its presence in Portugal was not confirmed until now. The first fruit bodies were collected in April 2024 at stone pine stands (Alenquer and Arruda dos Vinhos, Lisbon) and in June at holm oak stands (Salir, Faro). These specimens are characterized by hypogeous, subglobose, black ascomata with a peridium surface covered with pyramidal warts. Ascopores are subglobose-to-broadly ellipsoid, distinctively ornamented, usually 1–6 per asci. According to the results of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analysis, these specimens form a well-supported group within the Aestivum clade, with T. aestivum being the closest phylogenetic taxon. This remarkable discovery opens up new opportunities for truffle exploitation in Portugal thanks to the summer truffle’s gastronomical value and high market prices.

Sepultariella semi-immersa (Pyronemataceae, Ascomycota) was identified in a new locality for macrofungal diversity in Türkiye from Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University Terzioğlu Campus. S. semi-immersa, which constitutes a species comlex, is included in the Sepultariella clade. This study gives a detailed description of the species, geographical coordinates, photographs taken in its natural habitat, and its phylogenetic position in the genus Sepultariella based on molecular data. The Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequence determined the evolutionary and phylogenetic relationship within the genus but S. semi-immersa, which might constitute a species complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuber magnatum Picco, the Italian white truffle mushroom recorded for the first time in Türkiye, is a rare and economically valuable mushroom. Samples were collected from Sakarya province during field studies in 2024. The samples were identified as T. magnatum according to their macro- and microscopic features. To make molecular confirmation of the species, the samples' ITS1 and ITS4 gene regions were analysed and registered in Genbank with the number PP239641. The sample showed 100% compatibility with other T. magnatum accessions in Genbank. The distributions of Tuber species in Türkiye were given, and their taxonomic features were compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Little is known regarding the diversity patterns of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae (Ascomycota) fungi taking part in the lignin decomposition of leaf litter from different tree species and under different climatic regions. The alpha and beta diversity of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae fungi was investigated on bleached leaf litter from nine subtropical and cool temperate tree species in Japan. A total of 248 fungal isolates, obtained from 480 leaves from the nine tree species, were classified into 43 operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with a 97% similarity threshold and were assigned to nine genera of Xylariaceae and Hypoxylaceae. There was no overlap of fungal OTUs between subtropical and cool temperate trees. The mean number of fungal OTUs was generally higher in subtropical than cool temperate trees, whereas rarefaction curves depicting the numbers of OTU with respect to the number of leaves from which fungi were isolated were less steep in subtropical trees than in cool temperate trees, reflecting the dominance of major OTUs in the subtropical trees and indicating a higher species richness in cool temperate regions. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling showed general overlaps of fungal OTU compositions among tree species in the respective climatic regions, and one-way permutational multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the OTU composition was not significantly different between the tree species. These results suggest a wide host range and some geographic and climatic structures of distribution of these ligninolytic fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Palm fungi are a diverse and unique group mostly found on Arecaceae hosts. They have been studied for approximately 200 years resulting in a large number of known fungal species representing over 700 genera. The timeline of palm fungal studies could be roughly divided into three phases, based on the methods and frequency of reports. They are the "Historical palm fungi era", "Classical palm fungi era" and "Molecular palm fungi era". In the first two periods, the identification of palm fungi was based on morphology, which resulted in a considerable number of morphological species scattered across the data in books, monographs and papers. With the advancement of molecular techniques, studies on palm fungi accelerated. A large number of new species were introduced in the molecular era, especially from Asia, including China and Thailand. However, there is a necessity to link these three generations of studies into a single platform combining data related to host factors, geography and utilisation. Herein, we introduce the palm fungi website: https://palmfungi.org, an integrated data platform for interactive retrieval, based on palm and fungal species. This website is not only a portal for the latest, comprehensive species information on palm fungi, but also provides a new platform for fungal researchers to explore the host-specificity of palm fungi. Additionally, this study uses palmfungi.org and related data to briefly discuss the current status of research on the distribution of palm fungi populations, showing how palmfungi.org links fungi with their palm hosts. Furthermore, the website will act as a platform for collaboration amongst taxonomists, plant pathologists, botanists, ecologists and those who are interested in palms and their relationship with ecological sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bats (Chiroptera), the second largest group of mammals, are known for their unique immune system and their ability to act as vectors for various zoonoses. Bats also act as important carriers of fungi, which include plant, animal, and human pathogens. Their roosting areas, foraging behaviors, and even migration routes make bats ideal vectors for fungi. We isolated 75 culturable fungal species from bats in Yunnan Province, China, with 36 species representing known pathogens of plants, animals, and humans, while 39 species are non-pathogenic fungi. Among these species, 77% (58 species) belonged to Ascomycota, 9% (seven species) belonged to Basidiomycota, and 13% (10 species) belonged to Mucoromycota. Even though several taxonomic studies on fungi associated with bats have been published, studies exploring the role of bats as fungal vectors are lacking. This study discusses the fungi host-specific traits and pathogenicity and the impact and ecological significance of bats as fungal vectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A lichenicolous species, Calicium ramboldiicola , growing on Ramboldia elabens is described. In phylogenetic analyses with 22 Calicium taxa, based on 121 sequences from five DNA regions (mtSSU, Mcm7 , nuITS, nuLSU, β-tubulin), the new species formed a strongly supported clade with C. abietinum and C. verrucosum. Although the ascomata of the new species resemble miniatures of those of C. abietinum , no morphological synapomorphies for this clade were found. Calicium ramboldiicola is known from boreal and hemiboreal areas of northern Europe and north-eastern North America. It is the second known lichenicolous species of Calicium and the first found on a lichen in the Lecanorales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sixteen species and two varieties of lichenicolous fungi are reported from Rhizoplaca s. lat. Four species and one variety are described as new to science: Caeruleoconidia ahtii Zhurb. (on Rhizoplaca s. str.), with hyaline to pale greyish turquoise, comparatively large conidia; Cercidospora mongolica Zhurb. & Cl. Roux (on Rhizoplaca s. str.), with a reddish brown (above) to pale brownish grey to colourless (below) exciple, mostly 4-spored asci, and (0‒)1(‒2)-septate ascospores, mostly 23‒28.5 μm long; C. tyanshanica Zhurb. & Cl. Roux (on Protoparmeliopsis and Rhizoplaca s. str.), with a uniformly grey exciple, mostly 4-spored asci, and (0‒)1(‒2)-septate ascospores, mostly 25.5‒31.5 μm long; Stigmidium pseudosquamariae Zhurb. (on Protoparmeliopsis), inducing brown cerebriform galls, with consistently immersed ascomata and well-developed pseudoparaphyses of type b sensu Roux & Triebel (1994); and Arthonia clemens var. peltatae Zhurb. (on Protoparmeliopsis), with a brown epihymenium without grey shade. An unidentified species of Leptosphaeria growing on Protoparmeliopsis peltata , and Lichenostigma cf. chlaroterae growing on P. peltata and Rhizoplaca chrysoleuca are briefly characterized. Arthonia clemens is newly reported for Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) in Russia; Cercidospora melanophthalmae is new to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Mongolia; Didymocyrtis rhizoplacae is new to Russia; Lichenoconium lecanorae and Muellerella erratica are new to Kyrgyzstan; Stigmidium squamariae s. lat. is new to Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Turkmenistan. Didymocyrtis rhizoplacae is documented for the first time on Rhizoplaca subdiscrepans , and Pyrenidium actinellum s. lat. on Protoparmeliopsis. A key to 36 species of lichenicolous fungi and lichens known to occur on Rhizoplaca s. lat. is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apple tree canker is a serious disease caused by species of Cytospora. Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region is one of the most important apple-producing areas in China. However, losses due to apple Cytospora canker have seriously damaged the apple industry and affected the economic development of the apple growers in this region. In this study, we used morphological characteristics combined with multilocus phylogenetic analyses of the ITS , act , rpb2 , tef1 and tub2 loci to identify isolates from apple (Malus domestica) and wild apple (M. sieversii). As a result, C. hippophaopsis sp. nov. from M. sieversii and C. shawanensis sp. nov. from M. domestica were discovered and proposed herein. Pathogenicity tests were further conducted on 13 varieties of apple and wild apple, which confirmed C. hippophaopsis and C. shawanensis as canker pathogens. Meanwhile, C. hippophaopsis is generally more aggressive than C. shawanensis on the tested varieties of apple and wild apple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six collections of ascomycetes were obtained from samples collected from dead branches and leaves of Juglans regia in Guizhou and Yunnan provinces, China. By incorporating multigene phylogenetic analysis (ITS , LSU , rpb2 , SSU , tef1-α , tub2) supplemented by morphological data, we establish two novel species, namely Helminthosporium guizhouense and Nigrospora yunnanensis. In morphology, H. guizhouense can be distinguished from H. caespitosum by its narrower conidia (13–16 µm vs. 27.3–35.5 µm), and N. yunnanensis is characterized by black, globose conidia (16.2 × 14.4 µm). The phylogenetic results further substantiated them as novel taxa. The present study contributes to our comprehension of the range of fungi found in Juglans regia, thereby expanding our knowledge of the diversity of fungi within this host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During our investigation of microfungi on grasslands in Yunnan Province, China, three new fungal taxa associated with grasses were collected. Morphological observations and phylogenetic analyses of the combined SSU, LSU, ITS, tef1-α, and rpb2 loci based on maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference were used to reveal the taxonomic placement of these fungal taxa. This study introduces Parastagonospora yunnanensis, Para. zhaotongensis, Phaeoseptoriella poaceicola. Parastagonospora yunnanensis is characterized by ampulliform or globose to subglobose conidiogenous cells, with conidia that are cylindrical to subcylindrical, 0–1-septate, rounded at the apex and slightly truncate at the base. Parastagonospora zhaotongensis features similar globose to subglobose conidiogenous cells but with 0–3-septate, cylindrical to subcylindrical conidia. Phaeoseptoriella poaceicola is distinguished by its globose to subglobose conidiogenous cells and phragmosporous conidia that are initially hyaline, turn pale yellowish at maturity, and are 7-septate, cylindrical to subcylindrical, either straight or slightly curved. These discoveries underscore the significance of exploring and accurately identifying fungal taxa within Ascomycota, highlighting the species richness and potential for new species discoveries in grass-based habitats. The findings from this study expand our understanding of the taxonomy and phylogeny of grassland-associated Ascomycota, providing a foundation for further ecological and taxonomic studies of these fungi within their natural environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS) is a conservation area in East Java with an abundance of biodiversity, including macrofungi. This study aims to identify the macrofungal species existing in Poncokusumo district, TNBTS area, and their habitat characteristics for a further sustainable study of fungi. This study used a purposive sampling method by opportunistic exploration. Identification of macrofungi is conducted by morphological analysis and habitat characterization. The study identified 15 macrofungal species categorized as Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, that were distinct in their habitat characteristics. The 15 macrofungal species inhabited leaf litter, wood litter, soil, and bamboo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tuber aestivum, commonly known as the summer truffle, is typically found in various parts of Europe where it grows naturally. However, its presence in Portugal was not confirmed until now. The first fruit bodies were collected in April 2024 at stone pine stands (Alenquer and Arruda dos Vinhos, Lisbon) and in June at holm oak stands (Salir, Faro). These specimens are characterized by hypogeous, subglobose, black ascomata with a peridium surface covered with pyramidal warts. Ascopores are subglobose-to-broadly ellipsoid, distinctively ornamented, usually 1–6 per asci. According to the results of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA sequence analysis, these specimens form a well-supported group within the Aestivum clade, with T. aestivum being the closest phylogenetic taxon. This remarkable discovery opens up new opportunities for truffle exploitation in Portugal thanks to the summer truffle's gastronomical value and high market prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi occupy important environmental, cultural, and socioeconomic roles. However, biological research of this diverse kingdom has lagged behind that of other phylogenetic groups. This is partially the result of the notorious difficulty in culturing a diverse array of filamentous fungal species due to their (i) often unpredictable growth, (ii) unknown preferences for culturing conditions, and (iii) long incubation times compared with other microorganisms such as bacteria and yeasts. Given the complexity associated with concurrently culturing diverse fungal species, developing practical methods for preserving as many species as possible for future research is vital. The widely accepted best practice for preserving fungal tissue is the use of cryogenic biobanking at −165 C, allowing for the preservation and documentation of stable genetic lineages, thus enabling long-term diversity-centered research. Despite the extensive literature on fungal cryopreservation, substantial barriers remain for implementation of cryogenic biobanks in smaller mycological laboratories. In this work, we present practical considerations for the establishment of a fungal culture biobank, as well as provide evidence for the viability of 61 fungal genera in cryogenic storage. By providing a pragmatic methodology for cryogenically preserving and managing many filamentous fungi, we show that creating a biobank can be economical for independently owned and operated mycology laboratories, which can serve as a long-term resource for biodiversity, conservation, and strain maintenance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]