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Historically, maritime trade has been a major driver of economic growth and cross-cultural interchange, especially in antiquity. Because of its advantageous position and extensive maritime history, the Persian Gulf has been essential in bridging cultures and promoting the exchange of ideas and products. This article explores the historical evidence of maritime trade in the Persian Gulf, emphasising its revolutionary influence on the region’s history, especially during the pivotal Bronze Age. The article also emphasises how important it is to acknowledge the Persian Gulf’s historical significance as a crucial commerce route connecting Europe, Africa, and East and West Asia. The paper uses these realisations to support the growth of Chabahar Port as a pillar of economic independence and regional collaboration. Through the application of historical lessons and the embracement of sustainable maritime trade, the Persian Gulf and the Makoran Sea have the potential to resurface as centres of cultural and economic interaction, thereby promoting global wealth and connectedness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the types of renewable energy, solar energy has received more attention due to its ability to be directly converted into electricity and heat, ease of use, possibility of storage, and its endless nature. Therefore, in recent decades, a lot of research has been done on solar energy systems in Iran and the world. Makran region, located in the southeast of Iran, has one of the greatest potentials of using solar energy among other regions of Iran. In this research, a one-megawatt power plant in Chabahar city, located in Sistan and Baluchistan province, on the southeast coast of Iran, has been modeled using RETScreen software and issues such as return on investment, internal rate of return (IRR), net present value (NPV) and carbon dioxide emissions. levels have been investigated. Finally, according to the considered conditions of the investment return period, according to the guaranteed purchase contract with a tender price of 73 dollars, the amount of carbon dioxide production in the region will be reduced for about 3 years and about 1009 tons per year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds have antioxidant properties. In this study, antioxidant activity of red algae Champia compressa organic extracts from Chabahar Bay was investigated. Extraction of the samples was done with a concentration of 1:20 (solvent to algae) by soaking the algae powder for 24 hours at ambient temperature. The solvents included methanol, hexane, dichloromethane and, chloroform at concentrations of 0.01, 0.1, 0.5 and 1, mg/mL. Extracts were subjected to the renowned antioxidant activity assay procedures of DPPH free radical scavenging activity, reduction power and, iron chelating. The minimum IC50 value of DPPH free radical scavenging activity of C. compressa algae was in the methanolic extract with a value of 1.05 mg/mL. The maximum value was calculated in dichloromethane extract. Also, chloroform solvent with IC50 of 2.64 had the highest chelation. Methanolic extract with IC50 of 0.68 mg/mL had the highest reducing activity. With the increase in the concentration of the extract, the amount of its antioxidant activity increased. So, inhibition of DPPH free radical, chelating power and, reducing activity at a concentration of 1 mg/mL of most extracts showed a significant difference compared to other concentrations (P<0.05). In conclusion, the methanolic and chloroform extracts of C. compressa red algae exhibited notable antioxidant properties. Further research for a complete investigation of the antioxidant properties of the C. compressa extracts is need. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: After the end of the bipolar system, by changing the geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics of the Eurasian environment, a new space for conflict and competition between governments was created in order to use the existing opportunities. In this regard, the Islamic Republic of Iran, as one of the important players in the region and the international system, tried to play an important role in this new game by recognizing the independence of the Central Asian countries and establishing political and economic relations with these countries. But gradually and with the subsidence of the collapse fever, the position of Central Asia in Iran's foreign policy decreased and space was opened for Iran's rivals in the region. Currently, the volume of trade between Iran and Central Asian countries clearly shows that Iran is not even among the top 10 trading partners of Central Asian countries. On the other hand, in recent years, especially after the collapse of the Soviet Union, governments have addressed the issue of transportation and strategic corridors to the extent that they seek to strengthen regional and extra-regional cooperation and convergence within these corridors. Today, strategic corridors and ports, with the participation and assistance of the countries of the region can create a suitable ground for the formation and strengthening of convergence and cooperation in the region. In this regard, China and Pakistan are looking for their economic and strategic interests in the framework of the huge project China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and the development of the port of Gwadar. China's $ 46 billion investment in the corridor is designed to bypass the Straits of Malacca and the long Indian Ocean route. In addition to high economic costs, the passage of Chinese commercial ships through the Strait of Malacca poses security risks for China due to the strong presence of India and the United States in the region. On the other hand, Chabahar is the focal point of Iran for the development and expansion of the communication routes of the countries located in the northern part of the Indian Ocean and Central Asia. Due to its unique geographical location, Chabahar is one of the 10 most important ports in the world, which can be transformed into a mega port. In confirming the transit advantage of Chabahar port, it is important to mention that in the program of the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the shores of the Oman Sea, where Chabahar port is located, is known as the closest intercontinental energy transfer route. Reserch question: What factors will strengthen and deepen regional cooperation and improve Iran's relations with Central Asian countries? Research Hypothesis: Chabahar Port and the North-South Corridor play an important role in facilitating cooperation and improving Iran's economic relations with Central Asia. Methodology and theoretical framework: The authors use Cantori and Spiegel model and especially emphasize the extra-regional influencing factor. According to Cantori and Spiegel, the region is a concept based on a combination of geographical proximity and political context, increasing interactions, expanding the framework of common institutions and common cultural identities. For their study, they use a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach. Results and discussion: Currently, the Central Asian region has become the scene of competition between regional and extra-regional powers. The importance of this region is such that two of the six branches of the "One Belt, One Road" initiative pass through the countries of Central Asia, but at the same time, this region is landlocked and to access international open waters, it is necessary to cross other countries. The Islamic Republic of Iran and especially the Chabahar port has the capacity to connect Central Asian countries to international open waters. But on the other hand, Gwadar port as a rival port of Chabahar has attracted the attention of Central Asian countries as well as China. China and Pakistan plan to increase the capacity of Gwadar port to 400 million tons per year in 2045. China is also trying to make Gwadar port a hub port capable of simultaneously berthing 88 motherships by 2050, which will tip the balance in South Asia, West Asia, Central Asia, East, and South Asia in favor of competitors. Conclusion: Today, strategic corridors and ports can create the basis for the formation and strengthening of convergence and cooperation in the region if the countries of the region participate and help in different dimensions. Currently, China and Pakistan are looking for their economic and strategic interests in the framework of the huge project "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)" and the development of Gwadar port as a jewel of the strategic relations of the two countries. China's $46 billion investment in the CPEC Corridor is designed to bypass the Strait of Malacca and the long Indian Ocean route. By launching Chabahar-Sarkhs railway lines and trying to attract the participation of Central Asian countries in this field by inviting Indian investors, Chabahar port can create conditions for deepening and expanding cooperation between Iran and Central Asia and improving Iran's position in the region. If active socio-economic diplomacy is pursued, in addition to Chabahar port, the North-South Corridor will have a serious impact on Iran's economic and trade relations with Central Asian countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Chitons are marine molluscs, mostly grazers, resistant to tidal conditions and often living in crevices of rocks. The Oman Sea is located in the southeast of Iran and the northwest of the Indian Ocean and is heavily influenced by the monsoon winds of the Indian Ocean. Due to the occurrence of the monsoon process, the Makoran Sea has a rich variety of marine species, including molluscs. The aim of the present research was to investigate the density and distribution of Acanthopleura vaillantii in the beaches of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghawasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin in winter 2018 and summer 2019.Materials and Methods: In this study, the density and distribution of A. vaillantii was investigated in transects perpendicular to the sea and in the tidal zone, using a quadrat (1*1 m2). in the tidal zone of six stations on the coasts of Pozm, Konarak, Tis, Kolbe Ghavasi, Darya Bozorg and Ramin. A number of samples in each station were taken to the laboratory to measure biological parameters such as length, total wet weight, soft tissue moisture content, tissue moisture percentage and dry weight percentage. In each station, physical and chemical factors of water (temperature-salinity and acidity) were measured and recorded by WTW device. Results: Investigations showed that the highest average density in the winter of 2018 was in Ramin station and was equal to 11.27 ± 1.46 m2. In total, Ramin station had the highest average density in winter and summer with a value of 19.15 ± 2.67 m2. Also, the lowest average density was related to the diving hut station in summer and the first transect of the lower part of the tide, which was not recorded due to the presence of a sandy bed. In total, the average density for two seasons was 0.85 ± 0.26 m2 at the Kolbeh ghavasi station. Also, the statistical test showed a significant difference between the stations (P

This study compares the two emerging seaports: Gwadar port (Pakistan); and Chabahar port (Iran). The study evaluates the trade attractiveness among the neighboring countries, i.e., Afghanistan, China, and the Central Asian States, while keeping China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) development in perspective. The two ports may provide one of the closest sea links for the resource-rich Central Asian countries and Afghanistan. At the same time, Gwadar provides China with an alternative and short trade route via Pakistan. The study employs the Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) technique of Multi-Criteria Decision Making methods to evaluate and select the best seaport. The findings establish that Gwadar is a better option. The study also provides recommendations for the authorities of the two ports and the prospective other countries in the neighborhood to ensure maximum return on their investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Wind erosion is a phenomenon that involves various complex factors that are not yet fully comprehended. Its study requires knowledge of multiple disciplines, including atmospheric sciences, fluid dynamics, soil science, environmental and agricultural science, and land management. The desert areas of Iran are geographically classified into two general categories: internal and coastal deserts. However, Iran's coastal deserts, which are spread as an east-west strip from Gwatar Bay to Khuzestan, have been under-researched. Considering the importance of the wind regime in the coastal areas, this study set out to evaluate the trend of sand drift potential changes in southeastern Iran. Materials and Methods: Initially, the wind data collected from the Chabahar and Konark synoptic stations were processed and prepared for further analysis. According to Fryberger's studies, the wind erosion threshold equals 12 knots. Moreover, WR Plot and MATLAB software were used to perform relevant analyses. Also, standard wind speed classes were used to calculate sand drift potential using the Fryberger method. Finally, the trend of the changes was evaluated using the Mann-Kendall and Sen's slope statistical tests. Results: The average wind speeds in Chabahar and Konarak synoptic stations were found to be 6.05 and 5.01 knots, respectively. Furthermore, the evaluation results of calm wind percentage revealed that Konarak station enjoyed a higher frequency than Chabahar. Also, the annual calm wind percentage in the Chabahar and Konarak synoptic stations was reported as 19.83% and 47.95%, respectively. Based on the annual scale, the southeast (15.55%), the west (13.64%) in Chabahar, and the southwest (11.57%) and south (11.27%) had the highest direction abundance in Konarak. On the other hand, the investigation of the seasonal wind regime indicated that southwest and west winds were more frequent in winter and spring in Chabahar and Konark, respectively. However, the highest frequency of southeast and southern winds occurred during the summer and autumn in both regions, respectively. Moreover, the results of annual sand drift potential showed that the occurrence of sand drift potential was more likely in Konarak than in Chabahar. In addition, the sand drift potential is directed towards the northeast in both regions, indicating the greater significant influence of coastal winds that blow from the Oman Sea towards these two areas. Furthermore, the results of non-parametric statistical tests such as Mann– Kendall and Sens slope which were performed to assess the trend of changes in sand drift potential suggested that according to both statistical tests, in all the studied months, the trend of changes was negative in Chabahar and positive in Konarak. On the other hand, the analysis of trend findings revealed that the sand drift potential was significant in Chabahar and Konarak at 99% and 90%, respectively. Discussion and Conclusion: The investigation of the wind regime’s frequency in the study area indicated the dominance of southeast, south, southwest, and west winds on an annual scale. Also, seasonal changes were observed in the Chabahar and Konarak due to the nature of the coastal winds blowing there. It was also found that while southeast winds blew more frequently during the summer, southwest and west winds were more frequent throughout other seasons. In a study on the southeastern coast of Iran, the significance of wind erosion has been emphasized, considering the fact that wind erosion processes constitute one of the main factors involved in changing coastlines. Over time, the inconsistency of air and dryness has brought about significant consequences, causing the sand dunes to move. The findings of this study are consistent with other studies conducted on the wind regime of the Oman Sea’s coasts. As mentioned in other studies, this region is affected by two types of wind regimes: 1) western winds and 2) monsoon winds blowing from the south and southwest. In similar studies carried out in the Iranian coastal areas, including the coast of Jask, sea-to-shore winds (anabatic) have been found to have contributed more critically to forming sand dunes than land-to-sea (katabatic) winds. In the current study, the statistical analysis of the changing trend in Chabahar indicated a negative trend which was totally different from the positive trend found in Konarak. What was mentioned above may be regarded as the origin of the wind regime formation in Chabahar and Konarak. Several studies have found that changes in air pressure gradient cause changes in wind speed, being able to affect erosion processes in coastal areas. In a study conducted in the Northern Hemisphere, the general trend of wind speed was negative from 1980 to 2016, which is consistent with the results found in the current study for Chabahar. Another similar study reported that the western regions of Pakistan were affected by a positive trend in wind speed, arguing that the decrease in soil moisture in the western areas of Pakistan over time has altered the wind regime of those areas. Therefore, due to the proximity of Konarak to the western part of Pakistan, these areas may possess a similar positive trend, as mentioned in the results of the current study. As mentioned in similar studies, if relevant governmental officials do not set appropriate plans for combating wind erosion, the phenomenon may bring about harmful consequences for human societies, transportation, etc. Moreover, there is an urgent and necessary need to study wind erosion processes in different regions of the world, including coastal areas. One of the main limitations of this study was the lack of data on wind speed and wind direction at a short time scale (for instance, minutes). Therefore, it is recommended that a more detailed study be conducted in this regard. Wind measuring stations should also be established and operated along the coasts of southeastern Iran. Finally, it is suggested that satellite images taken during the long-term period be used to perform a more precise analysis of the anemometer data in the region and to investigate their influence on the formation of sand dunes, seeking to obtain more accurate information concerning the movement direction and speed of coastal sand dunes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extended AbstractAbstractCurrently, electronic commerce is used in many countries in order to reduce the additional costs of commercial operations. In Iran, the expansion of economic activities, communication with foreign countries and the growth of the use of electronic devices have pushed small and medium-sized companies to make more use of e-commerce in their company. The importance of using e-commerce is not only effective in many items of companies' growth, but also reduces the cost of information preparation and information processing and application. One of the important issues in scientific research that aims to expand wealth and progress for small and medium-sized companies is to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in these companies using data mining techniques. In this research, while examining the theoretical foundations of the research, the effective factors on e-commerce have been investigated using the library and field research method and with a case study on some companies located in Chabahar city. In this regard, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied. The findings indicate that the four organizational, environmental, technological and ethical factors have a direct effect on the acceptance of e-commerce.IntroductionToday, small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) that have fully implemented e-commerce in their business operations grow faster than any other company. Therefore, the adoption of e-commerce is one of the innovative tools that a business can use to remain competitive in the era of rapid technological developments. The process of e-commerce adoption requires the analysis of online customer decision-making processes from a comprehensive perspective (e-trust and satisfaction), which can have a correct understanding of the complex and dynamic phenomena of trust in online changes. Although consumers mostly treat Facebook and Instagram, and virtual pages in general, as entertainment or content environments, the main challenge for companies is to establish this environment as sales or business. Deploying online social networks for sales activities is commonly referred to as social business. Most researchers and practitioners believe that social business is in its early stages because many companies do not demonstrate success and profitable activities in online social networks. This is mainly due to the perception and attitude of consumers towards the environment as well as behavioral habits.In order to achieve the goals of this research, which is to investigate the factors affecting the acceptance of e-commerce factors, organizational factors, environmental factors, technological factors, and ethical factors will be studied and investigated. Each of these factors separately can have an effect on the growth and positive and negative change process of a company or organization.Case studyIn order to use data mining tools and algorithms, a data set that can be interpreted by a computer is needed. In this regard, 268 employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city were selected as a sample. A questionnaire was used to collect the data required for this research. Based on the data of the questionnaire, 20 effective factors in the acceptance rate of e-commerce were extracted.Theoretical frameworkDespite the increasing number of companies in various industries such as banking, education, trade and tourism, etc., they have improved their services by using technology in the process of providing their services. Technology integration in services is very common. However, very little scientific research has been done to investigate its effective factors. Therefore, this article tries to perform accurate analyzes on the stored data about e-commerce by using data mining techniques, and by extracting the hidden patterns in the data, it helps the managers of the companies to identify the factors affecting The integration of technology will help.MethodologyTo conduct this research, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied and FP-Growth algorithm, which is better than most pattern mining algorithms such as Apriori, has been used to extract patterns. Rapidminer data mining software was used for data analysis.Discussion and resultsConsidering the importance of e-commerce, it is necessary to provide solutions to identify its influencing factors. Therefore, in this article, by analyzing the data related to the questionnaires, a system was designed to identify the influencing factors of the use of e-commerce. The results of the evaluations show factors such as: compatibility, comparative advantage, correct planning for the establishment and development of business, compatibility with organizational processes and infrastructure, the existence of basic knowledge and sufficient technical skills, trust building, convenient and simple use of business. E-commerce, the rate and speed of competitors' response, the existence of privacy protection laws and laws to fight Internet crimes and the understanding of increasing profitability are factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce by small and medium-sized enterprises. These patterns can be a great help to the relevant officials to identify the influencing factors of e-commerce and increase branding and income of companies.Result By using the model presented in this research, a system can be designed to identify the influencing factors of technology integration. In addition, the results of the predictions made by the mentioned system and the discovery of hidden patterns in the data can help managers to use e-commerce as best as possible. Also, e-commerce applications provide the ability of small and medium enterprises to compete with larger organizations and also at the international level.

Currently, electronic commerce is used in many countries in order to reduce the additional costs of commercial operations. In Iran, the expansion of economic activities, communication with foreign countries and the growth of the use of electronic devices have pushed small and medium-sized companies to make more use of e-commerce in their company. The importance of using e)commerce is not only effective in many items of companies' growth, but also reduces the cost of information preparation and information processing and application. One of the important issues in scientific research that aims to expand wealth and progress for small and medium-sized companies is to identify the factors influencing the acceptance of e-commerce in these companies using data mining techniques. In this research, while examining the theoretical foundations of the research, the effective factors on e-commerce have been investigated using the library and field research method and with a case study on some companies located in Chabahar city. In this regard, 268 managers, experts and employees of 36 small and medium companies in Chabahar city have been studied. The findings indicate that the four organizational, environmental, technological and ethical factors have a direct effect on the acceptance of e-commerce. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smokeless tobacco consumption is one of the serious health-threatening factors in society, especially among adolescents. Due to the high usage of these products in the southeastern regions of Iran, this survey was conducted to investigate the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products and related factors among high school students in Chabahar city. This study was a cross-sectional (descriptive-analytical) study, in which 330 high school students were selected by a simple multi-stage random sampling method. Data were collected via a researcher-made questionnaire and was filled using an in-person method. Data were then analyzed using descriptive and analytical tests by SPSS v.21 software. In this study, the mean age of the students was 16.3±1.14 years. Results showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco products was 45.8% among students, 43.3% among close friends, and 38.8% in families, where the predominant form of smokeless tobacco products was Pan-Prague (62.2%). Furthermore, the results of logistic regression revealed that addiction of close friends (OR=3.8, p=0.001), addiction of family members (OR=2.1, p=0.03), addiction of males (OR=2.2, p=0.001), low awareness (OR=3.9, p=0.001), and low attitude (OR=2.7, p=0.001) can significantly increase the likelihood of smokeless tobacco usage in students. Altogether, the findings of this study showed that the prevalence of smokeless tobacco usage among high school students in Chabahar is high, and thus, appropriate, effective, and preventive interventions should be taken into account regarding the influential factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theories of urban planning in the 20th century were mainly physicaloriented and failed due to the lack of public participation. In response to this issue, the concept of citizen participation in public decision-making was introduced by planners. This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the role of communication planning in realizing the participation of local communities in Moradabad neighborhood of Chabahar. The data of this descriptive-analytical research were collected using library-documentary methods and field studies (questionnaire and interview). The statistical population of this research consists of the residents of Moradabad neighborhood. The participants were selected using Cochran's formula to complete the 5-point Likert scale questionnaire. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used (applying SPSS and ArcGIS software to generate the map). The results of the social participation indicators for the social trust indicator recorded an average of 3.15 (higher than the mean), and the average of effort participation indicator was 3.35, the average of social connection was 3.2, the average of social belonging was 4.1 for the significance level of less than 0.05. The results show that the participation of people and residents in transforming the neighborhood into more livable conditions has had a significant impact. Therefore, since the total of the scales was at a significance level of less than 0.05 and the total average value was 3.43, the final result of this research show a significant relationship between communication planning and social participation in Moradabad neighborhood of Chabahar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: After catching fish, various changes occur in the fish body and as a result of these changes the quality of the fish gradually decreases. The reduction of fish quality is due to the growth of bacteria, autolysis process, lipid oxidation, physical and mechanical damage, that affects the fish freshness. Since freshness is one of the most important parameters in the fish market for the consumer, so the present study was conducted with the aim of evaluation of freshness and sensory, chemical and microbiological quality of fish sold to the Chabahar fish market. Materials and Methods: 30 fish belonging to 10 species including yellowfin sea bream (Acanthopagrus latus), frigate tuna (Auxis thazard), largemouth queenfish (Scomberoides commersonnianus), Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), shrimp scad (Alepes djedbada), tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello), golden snapper (Lutjanus johnii), javelin grunter (Pomadasys kaakan) and goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa) were purchased from Chabahar fish market and immediately transferred to the laboratory after icing. The quality of studied fish was evaluated using sensory, biochemical (TVN, TMA, TBA and pH) and microbial (mesophilic and psychrophilic) methods. Results: According to the results, in terms of sensory evaluation, no significant difference was observed between different fishes (p>0.05), but the highest and lowest scores of sensory factors were related to tigertooth croaker (Otolithes ruber), pickhandle barracuda (Sphyraena jello) and goldstripe sardinella (Sardinella gibbosa), respectively. The results showed that, except for pH, the highest amount of these biochemical evaluation is related to Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, and there was a significant difference in the amount of TVN, TMA and TBA with other fish species (p<0.05). The bacterial counts in all samples was less than the permissible limit, but in Auxis thazard and Sardinella gibbosa, the load of mesophilic bacteria was significantly higher than other fish (p<0.05), as well as the Also, the lowest and highest load of psychrophilic bacteria was related to Otolithes ruber and Auxis thazard, which were significantly different from each other (p<0.05). Conclusion: Generally, the results of this study showed that the fish sold in the Chabahar fish market had suitable and acceptable quality, and fatty fish such as sardines are more susceptible to spoilage than low-fat fish due to their TMA content in this species with a rate of 7.48 ± 1.00 mg/100 g (permissible level of spoilage). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural stones (armourstones) of varying sizes and qualities are frequently used to construct breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions for economic reasons. Time-related armourstone deterioration in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in structural damage. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be robust and long-lasting. The study aimed to examine the quality of two distinct types of rocks from three breakwaters used as armourstones in the Chabahar region and compare the results to the observed field performance. This study aimed to illustrate why it is crucial to characterise rocks thoroughly before deciding which ones to use in a particular project and to evaluate how well current classification techniques account for the observed field performance of stones that may have complex geological compositions. The physical and mechanical properties of the rock were evaluated through both on-site observation and laboratory testing. The results indicated that the class of rocks used in the breakwater had a wide range of suitability ratings. It was discovered that sedimentary rocks have the best water absorption and porosity properties. In addition, age is a positive factor, as the rate of destruction decreases with age. Component and particle size can also play a role in lithology, which is a significant factor in the rock's durability. Also, the findings demonstrated that the marine organisms in the rock component play an important role in the stability of these structures, even though rock mass breakwaters are less qualified for breakwater construction as per international coastal engineering standards. According to the findings, a breakwater made of lumachel rock boulders, or alternatively sandstone boulders, will last the longest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rejecting economic gradualism, Rosenstein-Rodan, back in 1943 advocated huge government-led initial infrastructure investment or 'Big-Push Approach' to achieve big economic growth. Welfare economists like Arthur Lewis and Rugnar Nursk expanded the proposition through their 'Dual Sector Model' and 'Balanced Growth Approach' converting the whole idea as a body of 'Modernisation Theories' for economic growth and development. John Maynard Keynes endorsed the idea too through his 'Mixed Economy Growth Model' prescription. Seaports are India's trade and geo-economic gateways. India meanwhile has launched a very ambitious maritime modernization program called 'Sagarmala 2015–2035' to modernize Indian Seaports and develop port-led industrialization similar to Rodan's Big Push approach. Seaports and their vessel traffic pattern provide critical insight into national maritime geo-economic outreach. In the background of India's Sagarmala maritime modernization experience and similar lessons from the neighborhood, using Seaports vessel traffic as a variable, this article analyzes India's maritime geo-economic comparative outreach and challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The end of the Cold War led to development of new cooperation among the states. International regimes are one of the types of cooperation. The presence of emerging powers in the region such as China and India as well as countries like Afghanistan and Iran with the common historical past, cultural values and economic cohesion, provide an appropriate ground for the development of an international regime in the region. The strategic port of Chabahar could be the hub of this regime. In this regard, this piece of research work is an attempt to address the main question as to what capacities does Chabahar have to become an international regime and how do the common elements of cooperation in West Asia facilitate the development of this regime? The hypothesis to answer the question is based on the fact that Chabahar due to its geo-economic and geostrategic location could become an international economic regime and the historical relations as well as common values among the countries of the region facilitate the development of this regime. This research is done through explanatory-analytical method by using secondary data including articles and books and internet sites.

The geopolitical competition between India on one hand and the China-Pakistan axis, on the other hand, have made various researchers investigate the different, unknown, and influential aspects of this competition. One of the fields that can influence the analysis of these competitions is political geography. Therefore, in the present research, the researchers have tried to create a new point of view regarding Iran's position in the geopolitical competition between China and India by relying on the sources and analyses that have been done by Indian authors and researchers regarding the issue of China-India competition and also Iran's position in this competition. The authors of this research adopted a meta-analytic approach to drive conclusions from the collected data. Authentic documents in books, scientific-research articles, reliable internet websites and important international news agencies were analyzed to collect the relevant data. The findings suggest that regarding geopolitical access, both China and India are persistently seeking to facilitate their connection to Eurasia through Iran and Pakistan and thus increase their geopolitical weight to enjoy a better position in world politics in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China-Iran comprehensive strategic partnership (CSP) has been described as a potentially disruptive alignment. This article analyses the impact of the CSP in two regional security complexes (RSCs): the Persian Gulf and South Asia. It finds that of the two RSCs, the China-Iran CSP has a greater likelihood of affecting the strategic landscape of the South Asian RSC as China seeks to contain India's power and influence. In the Persian Gulf, China's economically-motivated regional presence is supported by the maintenance of the status quo, and as a result the CSP is not likely to adversely affect that RSC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research was Expertise-Oriented and is conducted with aim of foresight sustainable branding of coastal tourism destinations via an illustrative-analyzing method. This research makes an effort to response this question that what is the best scenario for the sustainable branding of coastal tourism destination? To do so, after extracting and customizing required indexes and propulsions, variables and the relationships among them were checked, key variables were detected and adoption degree of influential and impressive items was extracted. Then deterministic or effective and two-sided variables, risks, objectives, results, exceptions and sustainable branding adjustment variables were extracted and main scenarios authored according to them and architectured in three local, national and international levels. Also, 3 scenarios are presented with topics of “A transition with a reconstruction and improvement approach”, “Medium with a minimalistic retrieval approach” and “Optimal with a maximum retrieval approach”.

Natural stones (armourstones) of varying sizes and qualities are frequently used to construct breakwaters to protect coastal engineering structures from wave actions for economic reasons. Time-related armourstone deterioration in the form of abrasion and disintegration may result in structural damage. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate the performance and quality of the armourstones, which should be robust and long-lasting. The study aimed to examine the quality of two distinct types of rocks from three breakwaters used as armourstones in the Chabahar region and compare the results to the observed field performance. This study aimed to illustrate why it is crucial to characterise rocks thoroughly before deciding which ones to use in a particular project and to evaluate how well current classification techniques account for the observed field performance of stones that may have complex geological compositions. The physical and mechanical properties of the rock were evaluated through both on-site observation and laboratory testing. The results indicated that the class of rocks used in the breakwater had a wide range of suitability ratings. It was discovered that sedimentary rocks have the best water absorption and porosity properties. In addition, age is a positive factor, as the rate of destruction decreases with age. Component and particle size can also play a role in lithology, which is a significant factor in the rock’s durability. Also, the findings demonstrated that the marine organisms in the rock component play an important role in the stability of these structures, even though rock mass breakwaters are less qualified for breakwater construction as per international coastal engineering standards. According to the findings, a breakwater made of lumachel rock boulders, or alternatively sandstone boulders, will last the longest.

China has invested in the Gwadar port in Pakistan to create an economic corridor with the aim of connecting China to Central Asia through the Indian Ocean. This program is part of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), including several roads, sea routes, and corridors. On the other hand, India, a regional rival to China, is keen to invest in the port of Chabahar in the I.R. Iran to create the International North-South corridor, which can connect India to Central Asia, the Middle East, Russia, and Northern Europe through the Indian Ocean. According to these significant facts, two critical questions will be discussed in the present study: the first question investigates whether Indo-Chinese competition makes Chabahar and Gwadar rival ports, and the second question examines whether it would be possible for China to investigate in Chabahar as an alternative corridor. To address these questions, the present study hypothesizes that Chabahar can be an international port, fulfilling the interests of all parties, including China. This study is a qualitative research, based on the International Order theory by Hadley Bull, using the SWOT analysis in order to address the strength, weaknesses, opportunities and challenges of Iran-China bilateral relations in Chabahar for both sides. For collecting the data, existing documents and articles, as well as in-depth interviews have been used. Results indicate that the Chabahar port, as one of the main gateways to the Iranian transit corridors, could be a common point of Interest for Iran, India and China to create a regional order, based on cooperation in transit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a landlocked country, Afghanistan has been given special privileges by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) to access seaports through transit states. Pakistan, as a transit state to Afghanistan, has violated such provisions of international treaties on many counts by blocking transit routes for trade with India and by denying access to its Karachi Port. India's Chabahar Port project in Iran acts as an alternative for Afghanistan to trade and aims to reduce its vulnerability of being dependent on Pakistan. This article attempts to highlight the India–Iran–Afghanistan trilateral understanding in Chabahar as an example of multilateral cooperation in fulfilling commitments made to international regimes, such as the UNCLOS, while bringing out the geopolitical challenges that India faces to complete the Chabahar project. In this context, the aim is to study the applicability of UNCLOS for rights of landlocked states and the importance of the Chabahar Port in protecting Afghanistan's commercial freedom. The article also highlights India's role in the region as it is responsible for implementing the Chabahar Port project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iran is pulled in different directions by China and India when it comes to their rivalry in economic and geopolitical spheres. Yet, Iran – which initially exploited the Sino-Indian rivalry to maximize its benefits following the 2015 nuclear deal – has strived to navigate ties between China and India to survive in the face of tough U.S. sanctions since 2018. This article, first, provides a brief discussion on historical precedents that have shaped Iran's foreign policy in general. Then, the pivots of Iran-China-India triangular relationship are examined by looking at Iran's a) involvement in China's Belt and Road Initiative; b) partnership with China in the Iranian oil fields; c) participation in India's International North-South Transport Corridor; and d) partnership with India in the Chabahar port. Finally, Iran's reorientation in response to former President Trump's withdrawal from the 2015 deal and its reaction to President Biden's possible return to the deal are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The trawl fishing is used in the waters of the Persian Gulf and the Sea of ​​Oman to catch different kinds of aquatic animals by small and large trawler. One of the most important subjects is the rate and process of aquatic escapement during fishing and standardization of the nets. This research was designed to investigate fish escapement from different parts of the trawl. Sampling were carried out with four small pockets attached in different parts of the net. After six hauling operations, aquatic animals from all of the pockets were identified and measuring. Compare between pockets showed that T. lepturus with mean length of 72.5 cm had the highest value and S. insidiator with 5.2 cm length had the lowest one. In addition, S. tumbil with mean weight of 226 g had highest level while P. semisulcatus with the value of 1.7 g had lowest mean weight. Study of pockets showed highest escapements (64.52%) which was happened in the pocket close to codend. Comparison between four pockets showed significant difference on amounts of aquatic escapement and the most escapement happened in the pockets close to codend.

Considering the effect of wave on marine activities in Chabahar, different factors influencing the wave height were considered in the present study. For this purpose, the daily data of the year 2007-2011 and hourly data consisting of two month data of the year 2006 were employed. The results of the proposed method were compared with the results of the fuzzy logic based on PSO algorithm. The Monte Carlo method had a better performance for both hourly and daily data.So that R2, RMSE, d And MAE predict 0.941, 0.08, 0.9822 and 0.0545 for hourly prediction and 0.8499, 0.1878, 0.9499 and 0.1199 for daily forecasting respectively. also in prediction by Fuzzy logic based on PSO algorithm, this parameters is 0.911, 0.1065, 0.9647, 0.0698 for hourly prediction and 0.8316, 0.2225, 0.9109 and 0.1665 for daily prediction that show the high ability of Monte Carlo in wave height prediction in this Region.

Background and Objectives: Seaweeds are one of the richest sources of natural antioxidants. Antioxidants are main factors of free radical scavenging, which prevent from chronic diseases and food deterioration. These compounds can also be extracted from seaweeds. In this study, the antioxidant activity of the extracts from marine algae Halimeda tuna collected from the coast of Chabahar, was evaluated. Methods: This is an in vitro study. The antioxidant activity of methanol, chloroform, ethyl acetate, and n-hexanic extracts of the algae, were evaluated using three methods of DPPH, ferrous ion chelating activity, and reduction power methods. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey test at the probability level of 95%. Results: In this study, the highest antioxidant capacity according to DPPH, was related to the chloroform extract (72.85% inhibition at the concentration of 1mg/ml). In the ferrous ion chelating activity, the highest percentage of chelating was allocated to the methanol extract (81.46%). Based on the data from the reduction power test, the highest reduction activity was related to the methanol extract with absorption of 0.553 (concentration, 1mg/ml). Conclusion: Based on the results of this research, the extracts of Halimeda tuna have the potential for application in medicine and pharmaceutical industry and must be confirmed by preclinical and clinical studies.

The heavy metals are from the pollutants which create too much problems in aquatic ecosystems for aquatics and human. This study was done concentration of heavy metals Nickle, Cadmium, Lead and Zinc and risk assessment in the muscle of Otolithes ruber, Parastromateus niger, Scomberomorus commerson and Sphyraena jello in 2013. Ninety six samples of fishes was prepared of coastal and marine from the Chabahar, Iran. Metals were extracted from the tissues using wet Digestion method and concentration of the heavy metals were measured by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer Younglin AAS8020. Concentration of Cd was in Parastromateus niger (0.0450 mg Kg-1) higher than other species. Also, the lowest Concentration of this element was in Otolithes ruber and Scomberomorus commerson (0.0150 mg Kg-1). Concentration of Pb was in Sphyraena jello (0.0125 mg Kg-1) lower than other species. Concentration of Ni was in Sphyraena jello (4.1800 mg Kg-1) higher than other species. Also, the lowest Concentration of this element was in Scomberomorus commerson (0.0150 mg Kg-1). Concentration of Zn was in Sphyraena jello (0.5450 mg Kg-1) higher than other species. Also, the lowest Concentration of this element was in Scomberomorus commerson (0.0150 mg Kg-1). Concentration of Cd, Pb and Zn was lower than comparison of FAO, WHO, UKMAFF, NHMRC and FDA. Concentration of Ni was higher than comparison ofGlobal Standards. According to the results, the amount of heavy metals in muscle of fishes in the study not take any risks for human consumption.

The issue of economical competition between the powers is one of the main problems of China and for this purpose, this country for opposition against the threats and enjoying the chances tries to release from the existing communication and geopolitical obstacles by investment at the strategic points of the area including Gwadar in Pakistan and be able to maintain his priority in the global economy through coping with the internal problems.china's investment in Gwadar of Pakistan has caused the promotion of geopolitical and economical weight of Pakistan and also has some impacts on the area including Chabahar Port in Iran. With respect to this subject, in this research it is tried to , while studying the geographical situation of the area and the effective geopolitical features in forming this contract , its effect on Chabahar port to be studied and analyzed. The research findings shows that the commissioning consequences of Gwadar port will impact on the national interest of Iran inside and outside of the country. The effects of such investment will cause some changes in the area that seems, if the strategy for using competition between the powers is not been considered and no action is made for development of Chabahar port, the national power of the country will be weakened.

In this research, a part of flora of Remin and Beris in Chabahar (South East Baluchestan) with an area of 17155 Hectars, with altitude of 10 m above of the sea level, and with annual average of 124.7 mm precipitation was investigated. Plant specimens were collected and determined according to scientific procedures. A checklist of all species, including life forms, chorology and conservation status was presented. Fifty six species belonging to 46 genera and 22 families of vascular plants were recognized in the region. Poaceae with 7 species, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae and Boraginaceae each with 6 species, and Malvaceae with 5 species are the largest families of this region flora. The largest genera were Abutilon, Heliotropium, Cyperus, Acacia, Tephrosia, and Cenchrus each with 4, 3, 3, 2, 2 species, respectively. The frequency of Chamaephytes, Therophytes and Phanerophytes were %30.4, 17.8% and 26.8%, respectively. The presense of 46.4% Sahara-Syndian, 30.4% Sahara-Syndian and Irano-Turanian and 26.8% tropical shrubs indicates the vegetation of this region as "Extremely xeromorphic woodlands (Pseudosavannas) formation".

Aims: The aim of this study is to estimate monthly precipitation by support vector regression and the nearest neighbourhood methods using meteorological variables data of Chabahar station. Methods and Results: Monthly precipitation was modelled by using two support vector regression and the nearest neighbourhood methods based on the two proposed input combinations. Conclusions: The results showed that the support vector regression method using normalized polynomial kernel function has higher accuracy and it has lower estimation error than the nearest neighbour method. Significance and Impact of the Study: Precipitation is one of the most important parts of the water cycle and plays an important role in assessing the climatic characteristics of each region. Modelling of monthly precipitation values for a variety of purposes, such as flood and sediment control, runoff, sediment, irrigation planning, and river basin management, is very important. The modelling of precipitation in each region requires the existence of accurately measured historical data such as humidity, temperature, wind speed, etc. Limitations such as insufficient knowledge of precipitation on spatial and temporal scales as well as the complexity of the relationship between precipitation-related climatic parameters make it impossible to estimate precipitation using conventional inaccurate and unreliable methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Drug abuse is one of the important challenges in the field of mental health and adolescence health promotion. Due to the social and medical costs of drug abuse and its consequences among the youth, it is necessary to deal with this issue effectively. Therefore, in this theoretical study, the predictability of the Theory of Planned Behavior on drug abuse related behaviors was explained among adolescents. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in Chabahar City in 2015 among 300 male adolescents, recruited randomly. All data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity. The data were analyzed by independent t- test and pearson correlation. Results: we found that 77% of the participants had no history of parental drug abuse. Furthermore, 72% of participants reported a history of using industrial drugs in their friends. The Chi-square test showed that adolescent's smoking had a significant relationship with father's education, family size, history of using industrial drugs in parents , history of using industrial drugs in friends, and the participants' business o (P˃0.000). However, the level of maternal education (P = 682) and living with parents (P = 729) had no significant relationship with the adolescents' smoking rate. Conclusions: since knowledge and attitude had the highest correlation and predictability with industrial drug abuse among the adolescents, theory of planned behavior can be used properly and effectively to plan and implement prevention programs among the adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An understanding of the factors that affect the abundance of 'Anopheline' species provides an opportunity to better understand the dynamics of malaria transmission in different regions. Chabahar, located south east of Iran, is the most malarious region in the country. Objective: The main aim of this study was to quantify the spatiotemporal Anopheles population dynamics, response to climatic conditions in Chabahar. Methods: Satellite-based and land-based climatic data were used as explanatory variables. Monthly caught mosquitoes in 6 village sites of Chabahar were used as dependent variable. The spatiotemporal associations were first investigated by inspection of scatter plots and single variable regression analysis. A multivariate linear regression model was developed to reveal the association between environmental variables and the monthly mosquito abundance at a 95% confidence level ('P' ≤ 0.5). Findings: Results indicated that Anopheles mosquitoes can be found all year in Chabahar with 2 significant seasonal peaks from March to June (primary peak) and September to November (secondary peak). Results of the present study showed that 0.77 of yearly mosquito abundance emerges in the thermal range of 24°C to 30°C and the humidity range of 0.70 to 0.80 in Chabahar. Conclusion: According to the developed multivariate linear model, 0.88 of temporal variance of mosquito abundance, nighttime land surface temperature, and relative humidity of 15 Universal Time Coordinated (18.30 Iran) are the main drivers of mosquito population dynamics in Chabahar.

ABSTRACT Background and Objective: Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease and a health problem in different parts of Iran, especially two cities of Mashhad and Chabahar. Due to morphological similarities of most Leishmania species and difference in reservoirs of L. major and L. tropica, it is necessary to determine the parasite specie to combat the disease. Thus, this study used gene sequencing and genotyping of 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) to differentiate the two species of Leishmania. Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, microscope slides and cultures were prepared from 43 patients suspected of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Chabahar and Mashhad. PCR was performed after genomic DNA extraction and then PCR products were sequenced and analyzed. Results: Of the 43 patients studied, 32 direct smear and culture (74.4%) were positive and 11 (25.6%) showed negative results, and were therefore excluded from the study. Using HSP70-specific primers, 1962 bp and 1152bp bands were observed for HSP70 of L. major in Chabahar and L. tropica in Mashhad, respectively. Based on the results, there were 18 nucleotide differences between HSP70 of L. major in Chabahar and L. tropica in Mashhad. Conclusion: Due to the morphological similarities between Leishmania species and inability to differentiate species through parasitological methods, the HSP70 gene can be used for identification of the species, and prevention and treatment of the disease.

High costs, unreliable resources for long term use and extensive negative impact on our environment are such problems associated with traditional sources of energy and fossil fuels which make us move toward implementation of renewable sources of energy. Fossil fuel pollution and reserve depletion in oil producing countries caused by increasing demands, make wind energy an attractive source of energy in the future. Renewable energy sources are expected to have an important role in many countries as well as Iran and would be flourished in near future. In this study we aim to offer economic evaluation of wind turbine installation for chabahar in southeastern part of Iran. This study evaluates the economic feasibility of electricity generation using wind turbines in Chabahar - Iran situated in the Southeast part of Iran. All analyzes were performed by Homer software and local weather information and software provided by NASA Weather Homer is used. In this study 5 MW wind turbine with INVELOX technology is used .The analysis results show that Annual average of wind speed is 4.11 m/s at a Height of 10 m and 905 Gwh is the average of annual energy production, the cost of energy is calculated of 2.3 cents/kwh.

Today tourism and tourist attraction has become one of the importantfactors in introducing the potential of a region and attracting domestic andforeign investment. In fact, tourism is becoming one of the main pillars of theworld business economy. The purpose of this study is to identify factors affectingthe development of tourism industry in Chabahar Free Zone and appropriatestrategy formulation and prioritizing these strategies. In the present study,considering the objective the research method is applied and consideringmethodology type it is descriptive-analytic. The study population consists of30 individuals among active high and middle managers, senior investment expertsand investors and pundits in the tourism industry. In order to analyse the dataSWOT method combined with AHP is used. The results of the analysis indicatethat among the formulated strategies “providing investment context for beachand water sports”, “Introducing Chabahar as a winter tourism hub” and “creatingsummer and winter tourism centres for attracting tourists in all seasons” arethe most important investment strategies for development of tourism in theChabahar area

Abstract Introduction: As Lieshmaniasis is considered as a huge hygienic problem and since epidemiological studies are effective in controlling this disease and taking prevention steps, the present study deals with cutaneous lieshmaniasis in Chabahar, Sistan and Baluchestan from 2008 to 2010. Materials and Methods: The current research has been conducted as descriptive-analytical, based on victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis during previous years in health centers of Chabahar, by extracting the demographic and epidemiologic information, recorded in Chabahar health centers, and analyzing them via SPSS 18. Results: From total victims of cutaneous leishmaniasis under the study, the total incidence rate in male 1.14 and 0.9 per 1000 in female. The highest total incidence rate of the disease were in the age range of birth to 4 years (with incidence rate 1.96 per 1000) and the lowest one in the age range of 5 to 9 years (with incidence rate 0.7 per 1000). Most damages (wounds) were in the hands and feet and the majority of the patients had two wounds (with incidence rate 0.66 per 1000). The studied patients were Iranian and Afghani with the majority belonging to the former. A sum of 241 patients (37%) lived in cities with the remaining 412 (63%) residing in the villages. Moreover the Highest incidence rate of the disease were reported in winter, 2008, with least ones in autumn, 2010. Conclusion: Based on the study results, disease incidence rete in Chabahar during 2008 and 2010 had a descending trend, which can indicate an improvement in educational-hygienic status as well as following hygiene practices by the people.

Climatic design and attention to the discussions of sustainable architecture, which have been considered as the most important issues of contemporary architecture, have thousands of years of history, especially in Iran. Nowadays, climatic design is a rational reaction to the crises caused by the shortage of energy resources and increasing environmental pollutions which have been created by fossil fuels. In Iran, one of the climates that attention to its ecological conditions is vital for creation of thermal comfort and climate architecture is hot and humid climate which is facing high heat and humidity. In these regions, provision of ventilation and cooling by mechanical equipment requires to spend a great deal of energy and cost. In this paper, considering the discussions of climatic design in hot and humid climates of Iran, attempts were made to offer an appropriate physical mechanism (related to the optimal shape of roof and natural ventilation) to use natural ventilation in the residential buildings of Chabahar which are located in hot and humid climates and face the problem of heat and humidity. The research method used in this paper was descriptive analytical and computer modeling and numerical simulation by Autodesk Vasari software were applied to evaluate appropriate roof shape and efficiency of wind tower and wind scoop in the natural ventilation of residential buildings of Chabahar. Results of the computer simulations by Autodesk Vasari software were validated by ANSYS CFX software. The required information and data for this paper were collected from meteorological stations and valid documentation and library resources. Warm and humid air has a tendency to stay stagnating and, for ventilation, airflow must be used. In low-height and surrounded buildings where the facade of which is not encountered by appropriate airflow, roof has an essential role in the mechanism of natural ventilation. Furthermore, the airflow that crosses the roof is more stable and stronger. In this paper, through studying and modeling three kinds of roof (curve, steep, and flat) and their appropriate wind tower and wind scoop, appropriate roof shape and efficiency of wind tower and wind scoop in natural ventilation were evaluated and optimal physical mechanism of natural ventilation in the residential buildings of Chabahar (villas and apartments) was investigated. Finally, optimal form of the roofs (related to natural ventilation) and their wind tower and wind scoop were recommended to be used as the patterns of vernacular architecture in Chabahar city.

This study focused on Zarabad, Cheraghabad and Nogombecom plants of sub-basin watershed city of Chabahar, Iran. The studied flora included 78 species which belonged to 66 genera and 29 families. Poaceae with 16 genera and 19 species, Asteraceae with 7 genera and 8 species, Chenopodiaceae with 5 genera and 4 species, Papilionaceae, with 5 genera and 6 species, constituted the largest plant families respectively. The largest genera of the region were: Salsola, Heliotropium and Plantago, respectively. 42% of the flora belonged to Nobo-Sindian elements, 35%to Irano-Turanian, 18%were bioregional elements and 5% of the species were cosmopolitan. Flora of the studied area, included therophytes (56%), chamaephytes (15%), phanerophytes (14%), geophytes (12%) and hemicryptophytes (3%).

The present study aims to evaluate the influence of climate conditions on tourism in the port of Chabahar, southeastern Iran, using the climate comfort indices (CIT, PMV, and TCI) and the field data relative to the tourist satisfaction. According to the computed TCI, the autumn-winter season (October-April) is climatically favorable for tourism in Chabahar, but it is ideal during January to March. Based on the computed PMV index, the studied region is in the range of climate comfort in most parts of the year. However, when the PMV thermal comfort limits (− 0.5 < PMV < 0.5) and the PPD limits (0 < PPD < 10) are considered, only the March and November are included in the thermal comfort range. The CIT index also indicates that all months of the year are acceptable for tourism that does not coincide with the reality of the region. However, by blending the PMV and the tourist’s degree of satisfaction, a slight modification was made to the CIT index to better represent the reality of the region regarding the climate comfort. The modified CIT gave a different result, reflecting the importance of tourists’ perceptions in defining the climate comfort rather than merely relying on the climate variables. The modified CIT also suggests November-March as a period with favorable to ideal climate condition for tourism in Chabahar which is a more realistic assessment of climate condition of the region as perceived by the tourists interviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]