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The paper analyses three preserved reports, depicting Gerbert of Aurillac (also known as: of Reims, of Ravenna, of Bobbio, and in 999–1003 as Pope Sylvester II) as a clockmaker. The Benedictine monk William of Malmesbury (died around 1143) writes about clocks Gerbert made in Reims in The History of the English Kings and describes them as arte mechanica compositum. The Benedictine Arnold Wion (died around 1610) mentions clocks from Ravenna, where Gerbert allegedly constructed a clepsydra, in The Tree of Life. In his Chronicle, Thietmar of Merseburg (died around 1018) describes a horologium with an observation tube (fistula) from Magdeburg. These three references are analysed from a historical standpoint and especially Williams’s and Thietmar’s short reports are interpreted as possible references to timekeeping devices – the astrolabe and the nocturlabe.

Empedocles' B100 contains an analogy between a girl handling a clepsydra and respiration. This article argues that proposals to establish Love (Bollack 1965, Gheerbrant 2017) or Persephone (Rashed 2008) as the girl's respiratory equivalent are rendered unlikely by differences between their respective causal roles. Rather than her gender, this article emphasises the importance of the girl's age: Empedocles required a playful child to handle the clepsydra. This child's play results in the extra phase of submerging the clepsydra while the upper vent is open, which Empedocles needed to form a parallel for the first static phase of respiration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Th e paper analyses three preserved reports, depicting Gerbert of Aurillac (also known as: of Reims, of Ravenna, of Bobbio, and in 999-1003 as Pope Sylvester II) as a clockmaker. Th e Benedictine monk William of Malmesbury (died around 1143) writes about clocks Gerbert made in Reims in Th e History of the English Kings and describes them as arte mechanica compositum. Th e Benedictine Arnold Wion (died around 1610) mentions clocks from Ravenna, where Gerbert allegedly constructed a clepsydra, in Th e Tree of Life. In his Chronicle, Th ietmar of Merseburg (died around 1018) describes a horologium with an observation tube (fi stula) from Magdeburg. Th ese three references are analysed from a historical standpoint and especially Williams's and Th ietmar's short reports are interpreted as possible references to timekeeping devices - the astrolabe and the nocturlabe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the article presents the results of the multidisciplinary study conducted with the help of archaeological, physical and astronomical methods. The aim of the study was to analyze and interpret marks and drawings applied to the surface of the vessel of the Bronze Age (Srubna culture) found near the Staropetrovsky village in the northeast of the Donetsk region (the Central Donbass). The carried out calculations and measurements possible to prove that Staropetrovsky vessel is the most ancient water clock, discovered on the territory of Europe, and have approximately the same age as the oldest known ancient Egyptian water clock. Such vessels - water clocks were needed for Srubna population to rituals related to the determined time of day and to mark sundial, which had recently been discovered in the Northern Black Sea Coast. Staropetrovsky vessel has a marks of heliacal rising of Sirius and it is an ancient astronomical auxiliary instrument for determining the time at night.

Lingshu: Weiqixing (the Chapter 76 of Miraculous Pivot ) states the running course and time of the defensive qi circulation, as well as the needling techniques of acupuncture for waiting for qi arrival. However, because of the conflicts on the time system of acupuncture in the record, it is hard to be adopted in clinical practice in the later generations. In comparison of the 28-lunar-mansion time system with the clepsydra time system, it is known that the 28-lunar-mansion time system is much more rational because the clepsydra system is the tool for counting rather than timing. Hence, in compliance with the original meaning recorded in Lingshu: Weiqixing , the method for estimating the circulation of defensive qi is re-collected so as to provide a new approach to the study on the needling techniques of acupuncture for waiting for qi arrival.