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Dengue fever (DF) is the most frequent arboviral disease globally. Deforestation, armed conflicts, and climate change have caused an unprecedented global spread of DF, raising concerns in healthcare systems worldwide. Systemic manifestations of the disease range from mild to severe and, in some cases, can lead to death. Although neurological complications have been reported over the last few decades, they are often neglected or underreported. The present narrative review aims to describe the most important central and peripheral nervous system complications and provide guidance to neurologists in terms of diagnosis and management.

Throughout history, knowledge about the meninges has evolved from the first records in the Edwin Smith papyrus to the present, where SLYM, a fourth meninge that separates the subarachnoid space into a superficial compartment and another, has been described deep, to which semipermeable barrier and immune cell niche functions are attributed for the surveillance and protection of the central nervous system. The FIPAT contains a group of terminologies that are globally accepted for the description of the structures of the human body, however, in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, the term SLYM to represent a fourth meninge is not yet included, perhaps because be a recent discovery. The objective of this study was to suggest a new term that agrees with the FIPAT guidelines and with the Regular Anatomical Terminology (RAT) rules to replace SLYM, in addition to proposing its inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, previously review and approval by the respective FIPAT committee. The acronym SLYM and the elements that make it up (Subarachnoid Lymphatic-like Membrane) were reviewed from an etymological approach. This analysis was accompanied by a review of the RAT rules accepted by FIPAT, which were considered to examine their compliance by the acronym SLYM. It was found that SLYM, like the terms that compose it, do not fully comply with the RAT rules. The SLYM acronym does not provide an adequate description of the structure it represents, which contradicts the RAT rules. The term suprapiamater is proposed as an alternative, for inclusion in Terminologia Anatomica, Terminologia Neuroanatomica and Terminologia Histologica, based on Latin elements that describe its location and function, improving precision and clarity in scientific communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New hippocampal neurons are continuously generated in the adult human brain. Several studies have demonstrated that the proliferation of hippocampal cells is strongly influenced by a variety of stimuli, including pesticides exposure. These effects are particularly important because neurogenesis dysregulation could be associated with the decline of neuronal and cognitive functions and the possible development of neuropsychiatric disorders.

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Compagnia is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica is the property of Acta Veterinaria Brasilica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Cerebral nocardia infections is a rare entity, which has been mainly reported in immunosuppressed patients. Currently, there are no clinical guidelines for first-line treatment. Our case refers to an older immunocompetent adult, with encephalopathy and left hemiparesis, associated with lesions compatible with multiple brain abscess and suggestive of infectious etiology. He initially received treatment for tuberculosis, bacterial abscess, and toxoplasmosis, without a favorable clinical response. An empirical treatment for nocardiosis started, by using meropenem and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, and clinical and imaging improvement was achieved. The occurrence of adverse events forces the temporary use of alternative medications. We highlight some criteria for including nocardiosis in the differential diagnosis in cases of multiple brain abscess and mention laboratory diagnostic methods and drugs to initiate empirical treatment.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El presente artículo incluye una mirada histórica de algunas teorías y clasificaciones del trastorno del espectro del autismo (TEA), incluyendo a los autores más reconocidos y las perspectivas semiológicas vigentes. Se pretende contribuir así a la unificación de criterios entre los profesionales, y propender por la reflexión acerca de las consecuencias de una conceptualización desacertada del trastorno. MATERIALES Y MÉTODO: Se trata de una revisión documental de artículos indexados en bases de datos, y otros documentos seleccionados intencionalmente. RESULTADOS: Tres categorías a saber fueron consideradas para la organización de la información: a) de la ficción a la ciencia: el paso de la sintomatología mítica a la clasificación nosológica; b) los pioneros austríacos: la dualidad inicial que se transformó en espectro; y c) trastorno del espectro del autismo: una trayectoria en la estructuración de sus criterios diagnósticos. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIONES: La variabilidad en las hipótesis etiológicas, así como en la manifestación de los síntomas nucleares del TEA, han impactado en su clasificación y abordaje terapéutico. Se requiere una actualización permanente de los profesionales por el avance de la genética y las neurociencias, siendo posible la futura generación de cambios en el rol de los profesionales que intervienen en su detección, evaluación e intervención.

In the teaching of biology and science the understanding of macroscopic morphology prioritizes the twodimensional view, much more for logistic than pedagogical factors. Such a view, offered by textbooks, is the most important limiting factor for mastering these skills. Good quality three-dimensional models are costly. Biological materials of known origin and ethics are also infrequent, their preparation and preservation require skilled labor, constant curation and even require chemicals in their preparation that are irritating, toxic or with potential for abuse, e.g. formaldehyde, alcohol, chloroform. The need to bring the student closer to the content taught in the classroom enriching the didactics and improving the teaching-learning process leads to a search for new ways and materials that help the teacher in this development. The action protocol for the production of didactic material for the teaching of anatomy, using semifin slices of vertebrate brain, fixed and later included in polyester acrylic resin facilitates the real contact of the student with the theoretically exposed, disconnecting from the need for a science and biology lab, since resin is a lightweight, non-toxic, long-lasting material that can be taken into the classroom. The choice of neuroanatomy (brain) pieces is interesting because of their structural and nomenclature complexity that, when viewed and handled, facilitates the student's theoretical-practical correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral nocardia infections is a rare entity, which has been mainly reported in immunosuppressed patients. Currently, there are no clinical guidelines for first-line treatment. Our case refers to an older immunocompetent adult, with encephalopathy and left hemiparesis, associated with lesions compatible with multiple brain abscess and suggestive of infectious etiology. He initially received treatment for tuberculosis, bacterial abscess, and toxoplasmosis, without a favorable clinical response. An empirical treatment for nocardiosis started, by using meropenem and trimethoprim / sulfamethoxazole, and clinical and imaging improvement was achieved. The occurrence of adverse events forces the temporary use of alternative medications. We highlight some criteria for including nocardiosis in the differential diagnosis in cases of multiple brain abscess and mention laboratory diagnostic methods and drugs to initiate empirical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. La arteria laberíntica transcurre a través del meato acústico interno hasta llegar al oído interno, aportando allí su irrigación. Se han descrito dos posibles variantes anatómicas de su origen: como rama directa de la arteria basilar o como rama de la arteria cerebelosa anteroinferior. Objetivo. Identificar la prevalencia del origen de la arteria laberíntica. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un estudio analítico descriptivo con métodos cuantitativos sobre el origen de la arteria laberíntica en una muestra de 29 encéfalos obtenidos por muestreo a conveniencia. Resultados. Se determinó que la arteria laberíntica se originó de la arteria basilar en 22 (75.9%) encéfalos; en los 7 (24.1%) restantes esta surgía como rama de la arteria cerebelosa anteroinferior. Conclusión. El origen de la arteria laberíntica en la muestra seleccionada tiene una mayor prevalencia en la arteria basilar respecto a la arteria cerebelosa anteroinferior, hallazgo que se asemeja a algunas investigaciones contrastadas con este estudio.

No ensino de Biologia e Ciências a compreensão da morfologia macroscópica prioriza a visão bidimensional, muito mais por fatores logísticos do que pedagógicos. Tal visão, oferecida pelos livros didáticos, é o fator limitante mais importante para o domínio destas competências. Modelos tridimensionais de boa qualidade são de custo elevado. Materiais biológicos de procedência conhecida e ética também são infrequentes, sua preparação e conservação exigem mão de obra especializada, curadoria constante e ainda requerem substâncias químicas no seu preparo que são irritantes, tóxicas ou com potencial de abuso, e.g. formol, álcool, clorofórmio. A necessidade de aproximar o estudante do conteúdo ministrado em sala de aula enriquecendo a didática e melhorando o processo ensino-aprendizagem faz com que haja uma busca de novas maneiras e materiais que auxiliem o professor neste desenvolvimento. O protocolo de ação para a produção de material didático, para o ensino de Anatomia, fazendo uso de fatias semifinas de encéfalo de vertebrados, fixado e posteriormente incluídas em resina acrílica de poliéster facilita o contato real do estudante com o exposto teoricamente, desvinculando da necessidade de um laboratório de Ciências e Biologia, uma vez que a resina é um material leve, atóxico, de grande durabilidade e que pode ser levado para dentro da sala de aula. A escolha de peças da neuroanatomia (encéfalos) se mostra interessante devido a sua complexidade estrutural e de nomenclatura que, ao ser vista e manuseada, facilita ao estudante a correlação teórico-prática.

Objective: To compare fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and those with normal growth, in terms of skull and brain measurements obtained by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective cohort study including 26 single fetuses (13 with IUGR and 13 with normal growth), evaluated from 26 to 38 weeks of gestation. Using MRI, we measured skull and brain biparietal diameters (BPDs); skull and brain occipitofrontal diameters (OFDs); corpus callosum length and area; transverse cerebellar diameter; extracerebral cerebrospinal fluid (eCSF); and right and left interopercular distances (IODs). Results: The following were significantly smaller in IUGR fetuses than in control fetuses: skull BPD (76.9 vs. 78.2 mm; p = 0.0029); brain BPD (67.8 vs. 71.6 mm; p = 0.0064); skull OFD (93.6 vs. 95 mm; p = 0.0010); eCSF (5.5 vs. 8.2 mm; p = 0.0003); right IOD (9.8 vs. 13.9 mm; p = 0.0023); and left IOD (11.8 vs. 16.3 mm; p = 0.0183). The skull BPD/eCSF, brain BPD/eCSF, skull OFD/eCSF, and brain OFD/eCSF ratios were also lower in IUGR fetuses. Conclusion: IUGR fetuses had smaller OFD and BPD, both skull and brain, and less eCSF when compared to normal growth fetuses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neoplasia maligna do encéfalo, é um tipo de tumor cerebral, sendo uma porção de células anormais originadas dentro do tecido cerebral. As complicações dessa condição dependem da localização do tumor. Algumas delas podem se formar na presença de outro câncer não diagnosticado. Nesse estudo foi feito a avaliação da incidência de internações e óbitos de neoplasia maligna do encéfalo no estado do Paraná-Brasil, entre as faixas etárias 50 a 80 anos e mais, na faixa temporal de 2014 a 2019, assim como, a predominância entre os sexos. Houve a coleta e análise de dados do DATASUS, recorrendo ao intervalo de tempo entre 2014 a 2019. Como critério de inclusão analisou-se os conteúdos de internação e óbitos, nas faixas etárias de 50 a 80 anos e mais, além dos sexos, foi realizado cálculo de extremos. Em consideração ao número de internações da neoplasia maligna do encéfalo na faixa de 50 a 59 anos, o sexo masculino apresenta, entre 2014 (68) e 2019 (128), aumento em 88,24%, o sexo feminino entre 2014 (92) e 2019 (138), teve aumento de 50%; analisando a idade de 60 a 69 anos no sexo masculino entre 2014 (84) e 2019 (144), ha aumento em 71,43%, já o sexo feminino, entre 2014 (75) e 2019 (145) aumentou 93,33%; a faixa etária de 70 a 79 anos, o sexo masculino, apresenta entre 2014 (53) e 2019 (64), aumento em 20,74%, já o sexo feminino, nessa faixa etária, entre 2014 (44) e 2019 (82) apresentou aumento em 86,36%. A faixa etária 80 e mais, no sexo masculino, em 2014 (12) e no ano de 2019 (15), aumentou em 25% Analisando o sexo feminino, nessa faixa etária, entre 2014 (14) e 2019 (23) ha um aumento em 64,29%. Sobre a análise de óbitos entre a faixa etária de 50 a 59 anos, o sexo masculino apresenta entre 2014 (15) e 2019 (22) aumento em 46,67%; enquanto, o sexo feminino na mesma faixa etária, entre 2014 (20) e 2019 (17) diminuiu em 15%. Na próxima faixa etária, de 60 a 69 anos, analisando o sexo masculino, entre 2014 (19) e 2019 (21) apresentou aumento em 10,53%. No sexo feminino, na mesma faixa etária, 2014 (18) até 2019 (19) aumentou 5,56%. Assim, entre 70 e 79 anos, o sexo masculino entre 2014 (15) e 2019 (12), diminuiu 20% e no sexo feminino, nesta faixa etária o ano de 2014 (9) e 2019 (11), aumentam em 22,22%. Enquanto a faixa etária de 80 anos e mais, no sexo masculino em 2014 (4) e 2019 (5) verificou-se um aumento em 25%; sobre o sexo feminino, essa idade não apresenta, entre 2014 (3) e 2019 (3), alteração. Conclui-se, que em ambos os sexos, no período de 2014 a 2019, em todas as faixas etárias houve aumento nas porcentagens de internação por neoplasias malignas de encéfalo. Em relação ao óbito pela doença, o maior percentual de aumento foi visto no sexo masculino entre 50 a 59 anos, reduzindo o numero de óbitos desse sexo apenas entre 70 e 79 anos. Comparando os sexos, as mulheres apresentaram menor taxa de aumento de óbito que os homens, reduzindo entre 50 a 59 anos e se mantendo constante na população com 80 anos e mais, enquanto que no sexo masculino a única redução de óbitos foi entre 70 a 79 anos.

Paraffinization is a conservation technique for cadaveric anatomical pieces. This article seeks to expose an appropriate protocol of the human brain paraffinization to facilitate the study of human anatomy; this process was carried out in the medical faculty of the Universidad Militar Nueva Granada and was developed through steps of fixation, dehydration, clarifying and paraffinization of three brains. It is concluded that the protocol used allows to preserve the anatomical pieces satisfactorily, preserving structures of the brain such as: convolutions, corpus callosum and cerebellum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cuarzo (REC) is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Juan N. Corpas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: To perform a quantitative analysis of the brain volume of elderly individuals in a population-based sample. Materials and Methods: This was a radiological assessment and voxel-based quantitative analysis, with surface alignment, of 525 magnetic resonance imaging scans of individuals between 60 and 103 years of age who participated in the Saúde, Bem-estar e Envelhecimento (Health, Well-being, and Aging) study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Results: We noted a median rate of reduction in total brain volume of 2.4% per decade after 60 years of age. Gray and white matter both showed volume reductions with age. The total brain volume/intracranial brain volume ratio differed between males and females. Conclusion: We have corroborated the findings of studies conducted in the United States and Europe. The total brain volume/intracranial brain volume ratio is higher in men, representing a potential bias for the conventional radiological assessment of atrophy, which is typically based on the evaluation of the cerebrospinal fluid spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Hydranencephaly is the most severe form of bilateral cerebral cortical destruction which the differential diagnosis includes severe hydrocephalus, alobar holoprosencephaly and Walker-Warburg syndrome. It is a rare anomaly, occurring in less than 1 per 10,000 births worldwide. Objective: Report a rare case of hydranencephalia diagnosed by obstetric ultrasonography correlated with transfontanelar ultrasonography and computed tomography scan. Materials and Methods: We carried out a review of medical records, photographic record of diagnostic methods, and review from the literature. Results: We report a 33 years-old female patient, with 33 weeks and 05 day of gestation reffering loss of amniotic fluid. Obstetric ultrasonography shows close destruction of the brain parenchyma replaced by cerebrospinal fluid. The falx cerebri is present. Those features are compatible with hydranencephaly. Conclusion: We report a rare case of hydranencephaly comparing prenatal diagnosis - obstetric ultrasonography - with postnatal exams - transfontanelar ultrasonography and computed tomography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entre los sistemas dopaminérgicos que se modifican durante la evolución humana y que, en ciertas condiciones de conectividad y neurotransmisión anormal, desencadenan cambios patológicos en la adolescencia y adultez, se encuentra el mesolímbico basal. En adultos el ultrasonido transcraneal se realiza por la escama del hueso temporal con un equipamiento con transductor sectorial y focal de 1,8 a 2,8 MHz. Los puntos de evaluación ecográficos fundamentales son el mesencéfalo, el área de la sustancia negra, el rafe, el cuerpo estriado y los tálamos, el tercer ventrículo y los sectores orbitofrontales. A pesar del acceso anatómico limitado, es uno de los métodos de Neuroimágenes que cuantifica la ecogenicidad (de 0 a 3) y el área de sección de la sustancia negra (normal hasta 0,2 cm2), lo cual se correlaciona con el empeoramiento de los síntomas motores parkinsonianos. Además, se evalúa y mensura el rafe (normal: 1 mm), que se correlaciona con el humor o la apatía según corresponda. Los otros hallazgos evaluables son los cambios en el espesor del tegmentum mesenfálico (ángulo interpeduncular menor o mayor de 60°), el aumento de la ecogenicidad de los tálamos y los cuerpos estriados, y la dilatación del tercer ventrículo (mayor de 5 mm). Su presencia colabora en el diagnóstico, clasificación, tratamiento y seguimiento de distintas patologías, como enfermedad de Parkinson, parálisis supranuclear progresiva, distonías, degeneración córtico-basal, esquizofrenia, depresiones, trastorno bipolar y autismo.

The present study aimed to investigate behavioral changes and neuroinflammatory process following left unilateral common carotid artery occlusion (UCCAO), a model of cerebral ischemia. Post-ischemic behavioral changes following 15 min UCCAO were recorded 24 hours after reperfusion. The novel object recognition task was used to assess learning and memory. After behavioral test, brains from sham and ischemic mice were removed and processed to evaluate central nervous system pathology by TTC and H&E techniques as well as inflammatory mediators by ELISA. UCCAO promoted long-term memory impairment after reperfusion. Infarct areas were observed in the cerebrum by TTC stain. Moreover, the histopathological analysis revealed cerebral necrotic cavities surrounded by ischemic neurons and hippocampal neurodegeneration. In parallel with memory dysfunction, brain levels of TNF-a, IL-1b and CXCL1 were increased post ischemia compared with sham-operated group. These findings suggest an involvement of central nervous system inflammatory mediators and brain damage in cognitive impairment following unilateral acute ischemia.

AbstractObjective:It was supposed that troponins in cardiac myxoma patients might be in a same fashion as in the conditions without myocardial injury. In order to verify this hypothesis, troponins in cardiac myxoma patients were discussed by presenting a comprehensive retrieval of the literature with incorporating the information of a recent patient.Methods:Postoperative detections of troponin I, creatine kinase isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide revealed elevated troponin I and CK-MB and normal N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide. Postoperative troponin I and CK-MB shared a same trend, reaching a peak value at postoperative hour 2, gradually decreased on postoperative day 1, and reached a plateau on postoperative days 7 and 13. A significant correlation could be noted between the postoperative values of the two indicators (Y=0.0714X + 0.6425, r2=0.9111, r=0.9545, P=0.0116). No significant linear correlation between troponin I and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide were found. Literature review of troponins in cardiac myxoma patients revealed the uncomplicated patients had a normal or only slightly elevated troponin before open heart surgery. However, the complicated patients (with cerebral or cardiac events) showed a normal preoperative troponin in 3 (23.1%) and an elevated troponin in 10 (76.9%) patients (χ2=7.54, P=0.0169, Fisher's exact test). The overall quantitative result of troponin I was 2.45±2.53 µg/L, and that of troponin T was 3.10±4.29 mg/L, respectively.Conclusion:Troponins are not necessarily elevated in patients with a cardiac myxoma without coronary syndrome. By contrast, patients with a cardiac myxoma with an elevated troponin may herald the presence of an associated coronary event. An old cerebral infarct does not necessarily cause an elevation of troponin or B-type natriuretic peptide, or new neurological events, but might lead to a delayed awakening.

The main objective of this work is to show how the encephalon was presented in the syllabus and Natural Science textbooks published in the first half of the XXth century. For this purpose, it was used a qualitative method based in the Chevallard’s concept of didactic transposition. The content of syllabus showed that the study of the encephalon was always associated to the study of nervous system. The neuroanatomical and physiological description of the encephalon on textbooks subdivided in medulla oblongata, cerebellum and brain. The textbooks published in the first two decades of the twentieth century (Aires, 1906, 1920) were more exhaustive in the analysis of these organs than the ones published between 1930 and 1950 (Primo, 1939; Soeiro, 1930, 1950; Lima & Soeiro, 1950). Their analysis showed that the didactic transposition of the scientific knowledge about the encephalon was more based in its anatomy, and less in its physiology, which highlights a bigger advance in the comprehension of its anatomy instead of its function. Every author illustrated the functions of the organs that constitute the encephalon with observation and experiences with animals, like pigeons and frogs. How to reference this article Cavadas, B. (2015). Dos pombos descoordenados às rãs sem rumo: O ensino do encéfalo através dos manuais escolares de Ciências Naturais (1900-1950). Espacio, Tiempo y Educación, 2(1), pp. 41-68. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.14516/ete.2015.002.001.004

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Pesquisa Veterinaria Brasileira is the property of Colegio Brasileiro de Patologia Animal - CBPA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

O objetivo deste estudo foi o de conhecer a devida correspondência entre os sintomas mentais considerados na homeopatia e as várias regiões e estruturas identificáveis no encéfalo dos animais. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que as sensações e emoções muito primitivas, como medos e fobias, interagem pontualmente com regiões evolutivamente também muito primitivas do cérebro (como amígdala e núcleos septais), enquanto sentimentos “nobres” como afeto e lealdade interagem holisticamente com várias estruturas cerebrais evolutivamente mais recentes, tais como as áreas neocorticais terciárias associativas (área pré-frontal e temporal). No primeiro caso, as manifestações orgânicas são mediadas pelo sistema nervoso autônomo com sinais fisiológicos de taquicardia, elevação da pressão arterial, vasoconstrição periférica, eriçamento de pelos, midríase e secreção de hormônios como adrenalina e cortisol (disfluência comportamental), enquanto na outra situação apontada, eventuais manifestações orgânicas são harmoniosas e serenas (fluência comportamental). O conteúdo de todo o texto do trabalho é indicativo do interesse prático dos dados obtidos para o clínico veterinário homeopata, ressaltando-se nesse contexto a validação do uso de repertórios homeopáticos humanos na clínica veterinária, evidentemente com as devidas precauções sempre balizadas pelo bom senso do profissional.

In camels, the rostral epidural rete mirabile had a spongy appearance, and consisted of a dense network of anastomosing arteries occupying the entire cavity of the cavernous sinus. In this study, we measured the length of each rostral epidural rete mirabile lobe, taken between the rostral and the caudal roots dissected in situ before spreading and after reconstitution, and the total length of the rostral epidural rete mirabile after linear reconstitution. The length of the left lobe of the rete was 6.0±0.4 mm and the length of the right lobe was 5.8±0.5 mm. The combined length of the RERM after separation of the arteries was 305.2±9.7 cm. To conclude, we added information to literature in relation to morphometry of the camel RERM and showed this interesting structure with photographic documentation of dissections with latex injection in arterial and venous vessels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Caffeine is a highly consumed stimulant of the nervous system. Although caffeine has diverse effects on different brain functions, little is known about the specific pharmacokinetics of this substance in the brain. For instance, most studies that assessed caffeine distribution in the rat brain have only measured caffeine levels in the cortex and striatum but not in more specific brain areas. Aims: The purpose of this work was to measure the caffeine concentration in blood and different brain regions (i.e. cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem) at different times after the administration of a single intraperitoneal dose of caffeine. Methods: Adult Wistar rats (250 to 300 gr) were injected with a single intraperitoneal dose of 30 mg/ Kg of caffeine. 20, 40, 60 and 80 minutes after administration, subjects were sacrificed by decapitation and samples of plasma, cerebral cortex, striatum, hippocampus, cerebellum and brainstem were obtained. Caffeine levels in the blood and each brain structure were measured by RP-HPLC and statistical analysis was performed. Results: Caffeine levels were higher in the plasma compared to all the brain structures studied. Different brain regions displayed similar caffeine concentrations. For all brain regions, the maximal concentration levels of caffeine were reached in the first 40 minutes after caffeine administration. Conclusions: The results support previous studies that show similar caffeine concentration between cortex and striatum, but also extend the results to other brain structures. Furthermore, caffeine concentration increases similarly in the plasma and brain structures. 40, 60 and 80 minutes after administration, caffeine concentration in the blood is almost two times higher than in the brain. This suggests that the effects of caffeine on different brain functions do not depend on pharmacokinetic differences between brain areas and are rather explained by pharmacodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aggressive behaviour control of both animals and humans, seems to be dependent on several brain areas, such as the orbitofrontal and prefrontal cortex, part of the hippocampus and the amygdala. This study evaluated the morphology and size of the brain, as well as fighting bulls' amygdala in comparison to beef cattle, in order to verify a putative association of this brain structure with aggressive behaviour modulation in fighting bulls. The authors assessed the morphology and dimensions of the brain and amygdala in 120 bovines, 60 fighting bulls and 60 crossbred beef cattle, and correlated the size of the amygdala with the behaviour presented by fighting bulls during Portuguese bullfighting. The two groups showed differences concerning cerebral hemispheres conformation, brain weight/carcass weight ratio and amygdala size. The latter was remarkably smaller in fighting bulls than in beef cattle. Moreover, it was demonstrated that fighting bulls with an smaller amygdala size presented a higher bullfighting ability than those showing an inappropriate behaviour for bullfighting. Thus, this anatomical feature may contribute to the different modulation of behavioural patterns displayed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]