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OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to compare ultrasound-guided long-axis (LAX) and short-axis (SAX) femoral artery catheterization in neonates and infants undergoing cardiac surgery. DESIGN A single-center, prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled study. SETTING This study was conducted in the operating room and intensive care unit of the division of cardiac surgery, Mansoura University Children's Hospital, Egypt. PARTICIPANTS Ninety neonates and infants undergoing elective cardiac surgery were enrolled in this study and randomly allocated to ultrasound-guided LAX and SAX groups. INTERVENTIONS Ultrasound-guided femoral artery catheterization was done using either LAX (in-plane) or SAX (out-of-plane) technique. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS The primary outcome measure was the rate of a successful first puncture. The secondary outcome measures were the rates of mechanical complications, failure rate, time to a successful first, second, and third puncture, total time of catheterization, and imaging time. The first puncture success rate was significantly higher (p = 0.048) in the LAX group (34 of 41, 82.9%) than in the SAX group (25 of 41, 60.9%). The mean time to a successful first puncture was significantly shorter (p < 0.001) in the LAX group (153.1 ± 30.1 seconds) than in the SAX group (227.2 ± 48.8 seconds). The total catheterization time was significantly shorter in the LAX group than in the SAX group. There was no significant difference in the rate of complication. CONCLUSION With a single experienced operator performing the ultrasound-guided femoral artery cannulation, the LAX technique resulted in a higher first puncture success rate and shorter time to cannulation than the SAX technique.

BACKGROUND In repaired tetralogy of Fallot (rTOF), right ventricular (RV) enlargement leads to poor outcomes. However, evaluating the RV has limitations; cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) and 3D echocardiography have barriers including cost and accessibility. Traditional echocardiography is limited given the complex geometry and anterior location of the RV. We propose a novel echocardiographic evaluation of RV volume using 2 separate views. METHODS This is a retrospective study of rTOF patients with echocardiogram, CMR, and exercise tests. By echocardiogram, we collected RV length in parasternal long axis (PLAX), area in 4-chamber (4C) view, and measurements per standard guidelines. RV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume (RVEDV and RVESV) were calculated as 5/9 (4C area * PLAX length). RESULTS Forty-five patients with 66 sets of CMR, echocardiogram, and exercise tests were included (mean age 13.3 ± 3.2 years). The echocardiographic RVEDV and RVESV showed strong correlation with CMR parameters (r = 0.81 and 0.72; p≤ 0.0001), and moderate correlation with peak oxygen pulse (0.63 and 0.49; p≤0.0001). Guideline measurements had no significant correlation. Echocardiographic RVEDV and RVESV were higher in those requiring subsequent pulmonary valve replacement. Indexed echocardiographic RVEDV of 93 ml/m2 had 92% sensitivity and 50% specificity (area under curve 0.75 (p = 0.001)) in predicting CMR RV/LV EDV ratio > 2, which is an early indicator for pulmonary valve replacement. CONCLUSIONS This novel technique correlates strongly with CMR, better than traditional parameters. While echocardiogram will not replace CMR, this method would be useful in predicting the RV volume, progression of dilation, and timing of CMR.

Background Contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) using saline was studied to detect supradiaphragmatic central venous catheter malposition. Commonly used echocardiographic views are apical 4-chamber (A4c) and subcostal views. However, this standard method is not feasible in certain situations. We explored the feasibility of the right ventricle inflow parasternal long axis (RVI-PLAX) echocardiographic view and dextrose 50% (D50%) contrast solution for detecting supradiaphragmatic central venous catheter malposition. Method This pilot study screened 60 patients who underwent ultrasound-guided supradiaphragmatic central venous catheter insertion. We compared the investigators' guidewire's J-tip detection, D50% rapid atrial swirl sign (RASS) findings on the RVI-PLAX view and the central venous catheter tip on chest radiograph. We also compared the mean capillary blood sugar level before and after the 5 ml D50% flush. Results No guidewire J-tips were detected from the RVI-PLAX view. The first and second investigators’ diagnosis of central venous catheter malposition detected on RVI-PLAX CEUS achieved an almost perfect agreement (κ = 1.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.90 to 1.0), p Conclusion RVI-PLAX view should not be used for guidewire detection. CEUS using D50% and RVI-PLAX view are potentially useful tools in detecting central venous catheter malposition. Further studies comparing them with conventional methods are needed.

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries often involve sudden single leg loading with directional changes. Trunk and lower extremity (LE) load transfer and muscle power are directly coupled during these movements. The effect of trunk and LE long-axis rotation training on forward single leg drop jump landing and stabilization (FSLDJLS) was studied.Using block randomization (gender), 36 (18 men, 18 women) subjects were assigned to experimental (nine, 20 min exercise sessions) and control groups with equal subject number. Ground reaction force (1000 Hz), kinematic (60 Hz) and LE EMG (1000 Hz) data were synchronously collected. Statistical analysis compared pre- and post-test neuromuscular control mean change differences (MCD), and hip flexion-LE peak EMG % maximum volitional isometric contraction (%MVIC) (expressed as decimal equivalents), mean change difference (MCD) relationships.The experimental group had greater landing knee flexion (3.5 ± 3.6° vs. -0.4 ± 3.3°,Increased dynamic LE stiffness, increased hip muscle EMG amplitude and decreased hip and knee muscle activation duration MCD in the experimental group suggests improved LE neuromuscular control.

Objectives Terrain park riders use contact features such as fun boxes and rails. Typical fun box and rail features have a design characteristic that can be changed to improve safety. Fun box edge coping and edges of rails are typically constructed of soft steel. Ski/snowboard edges (HRC50) can easily become engaged in the softer metal, causing a chip to develop, suddenly stopping the rider, probably causing a fall and possible injury. The aim of the study is to examine the effect of terrain park running surface hardness on chip development. Design Testing on steel specimens was performed to research chip development generated by a ski/snowboard edge on steel used in the construction of contact features and on steel that is proposed for such use. An apparatus was constructed to simulate a ski/snowboard edge moving perpendicular to the long axis of coping or rail edge. Methods The author performed observation, photographic documentation, metallurgical testing and environmental testing of various contact features at different ski area terrain parks. Several steel specimens of varying hardness were tested at various load levels to study the propensity of chip development by ski/snowboard edges. Results Testing of steel samples showed that increasing the hardness of the rail steel or coping steel reduced the propensity for a ski/snowboard edge to engage in the coping or rail. Conclusions Increasing steel coping and rail contact surface hardness to HRC 50 and above will likely reduce engagement by steel snowboard/ski edges, which in turn is expected to reduce the chance of a fall and injury.

On May 18, 2020, an Mw5.1 earthquake occurred in Qiaojia County, Yunnan Province, China. This moderate-sized event triggered massive coseismic landslides, resulting in some damage. In this work, through visual interpretation of high-resolution (0.8–2 m) Gaofen satellite images before and after the earthquake, 167 landslides were delineated, 18 of which were inspected in the field. Using the landslide number density (LND) and landslide area percentage (LAP), we characterized the spatial distribution of these landslides, and analyzed their possible influence factors and tectonic significance. The results show that these landslides are distributed mostly in the NW-SE direction, roughly parallel to the long axis of seismic intensity zones and the strike of the Xiaohe-Baogunao fault (XBF). The LND and LAP decrease with increasing distances to the fault and from the epicenter to fault ends of the XBF. These permit to suggest that the seismogenic fault of the Qiaojia earthquake is likely a hidden branch of the XBF. All of the landslides induced by this event occurred in the region with the seismic intensity of six degrees or greater of the 2014 Mw6.2 Ludian earthquake. Therefore, it was inferred that the 2020 Qiaojia earthquake was probably the subsequent release of accumulated elastic strain after the 2014 Ludian earthquake in a same tectonic stress regime.

Primary hypertension is one of the most well-known risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Currently, there is still no ideal indicator for left ventricular end-diastolic pressure.73 hypertension patients and 37 healthy people were enrolled in this study. Each member was examined with conventional echocardiography including multiple indicators such as Peak mitral valve flow velocity (E, A), E/A, left atrial volume index (LAVl), tissue Doppler (PW-TDI) peak velocities during early and late diastolic mitral valve flow (e '), E/e ', and GLS. We have collected clinical data from all enrolled members. The above cardiac ultrasound indicators were obtained before the antihypertensive treatment, one month and three months after treatment.Left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP) was positively correlated and negatively correlated with GLS (r = 0.638,The GLS improvement rate was significantly higher than those of e', E/e' after one and three-month treatment. Therefore, GLS might be a potential ideal index for patients with anti-hypertension treatment. The results obtained in this study provide useful information for further study.

Accurate mechanical feedback systems are critical to the successful implementation of virtual and robotic surgical assistant systems. Experimental measurements of reaming force could further our understanding of the cancellous bone reaming process during hip arthroplasty to help develop surgical simulators with realistic force effects and improve the protection mechanism of robot-assisted surgical systems. In this study, reaming experiments with natural bone (porcine femur) and a bone substitute (polyurethane blocks) were performed on a CNC lathe. This paper proposes using the maximum reaming force of the steady reaming stage to represent the force characteristic. The reaming force is biased to one side in the overlap direction and the maximum reaming force will vary when the reamer is not coincident with the long axis of the bone. The diameter of the reamer has the greatest influence on reaming force, which clearly increases with increasing reamer diameter. During operation, a medium rotation speed and high feed speed can reduce the reaming force. After cutting, the morphology of the cut surface is not flat, but arc-shaped, which will have a significant impact on implantation of the femoral prosthesis. In in vitro cutting experiments, polyurethane blocks can be used as a substitute for cancellous bone.

BackgroundThe anterior hippocampus of individuals with early psychosis or schizophrenia is hyperactive, as is the ventral hippocampus in rodent models for schizophrenia risk. Hyperactive ventral hippocampal projections to extrahippocampal brain regions contribute to schizophrenia symptoms, but less is known about the functional effects of hyperactive projections within the hippocampal formation long axis. We approached this question by testing whether hyperactivation of ventral dentate gyrus (DG) mossy cells (MCs), which densely project intrahippocampally to the dorsal DG, influences spatial memory, a cognition dependent on intact dorsal DG function.MethodsIn CD-1 mice, we targeted dorsal DG-projecting ventral DG MCs using an adeno-associated virus intersectional strategy. In vivo fiber photometry recording of ventral DG MCs was performed during exploratory behaviors. We targeted excitatory chemogenetic constructs to ventral DG MCs and tested whether their hyperactivation impaired encoding in a spatial memory task.ResultsVentral DG MCs were activated during behavior related to environmental information gathering (rearing) but not during non-exploratory motor behaviors. Ventral DG MCs made functional monosynaptic inputs to dorsal DG granule cells, with chemogenetic activation of ventral DG MCs leading to increased activity of dorsal DG granule cells. Finally, chemogenetic activation of ventral DG MCs during the encoding phase of an object location memory task impaired retrieval 24 hours later, without effects on locomotion or other exploratory behaviors.ConclusionsThese data suggest that localized hippocampal hyperactivity may have longitudinal intrahippocampal functional consequences, supporting study of longitudinal circuits as targets to mitigate cognitive deficits associated with schizophrenia.

Background/purpose The orthodontic aligner becomes popular worldwide in orthodontic therapy as an esthetic alternative to fixed labial braces. This study evaluated orthodontic tooth movement behavior using different aligner materials and attachment shapes for the movement of a single tooth. Materials and methods First bicuspid extracted resin typodont models were printed with a 3D printer. Three type of attachments, an ellipsoid shape (thick and thin) and a bar, were designed to fit the canine crown surface. Three types of aligner materials, Polyethylene Terephthalate enhanced with glycol (BIOSTAR) Polyethylene Terephthalate (BenQ), and Thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPU) were used to fabricate different aligners. The typodonts with aligners were sunk in a water bath to simulate canine distal movement in vivo. The canine crown, root movement, and long axis angle changes in each step were calculated and recorded. The data were analysed using a oneway ANOVA statistical method. Results Comparing the three aligners, the changes the long axis of the canine showed that the BENQ group had a smaller change in the long axis angle. The BENQ group canine involved bodily movement, but the canine movement of the BIOSTAR and TPU group involved tipping. Comparing the three attachments, the bar type attachment had more canine crown tipping in the BIOSTAR and TPU groups. The thick and thin ellipsoid-shaped attachments showed no statistical differences in tooth movement. Conclusion Attachment shape or size had little influence on the bodily movement of the tooth. A high modulus material may thus be suitable for clinical applications.

Background Hair shaft diameter is one of the most important factors for the outcome of follicular unit extraction (FUE) surgery. In fact, the hair shaft is elliptical. Therefore, it has a long and short axis. Many hair transplantation surgeons use manual micrometer caliper for gauging hair diameter and use the results in the management of recipient and donor area. Aim In this study, we aimed to identify the dependability of micrometer caliper and also the hair diameter diversity pattern in the donor area. Patients/methods Two hundred and seventy hairs were collected from three males with androgenetic alopecia. Hair samples were obtained from the 1 cm2 boxes from superior to inferior at the mid-point of temporal, parietal, and occipital donor areas. The diameter of each hair was measured both with a micrometer caliper and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results Average diameter measured by scanning electron microscopy was 83.01 µm for the long axis and 51.51 µm for the short axis. The average value for the micrometer caliper measurement was 53.32 µm. Comparison of micrometer caliper results with the short-axis measurements of SEM revealed a strong significant correlation. The hair diameters from superior, middle, and inferior boxes revealed a tendency to decrease toward the inferior regions. Conclusions A manual micrometer caliper is a dependable tool for planning FUE surgery, and it measures the short axis of the elliptical hair shaft. Hair diameter tends to decrease toward the inferior regions of the donor area.

The Kumtag meteorite strewn field was found in the Kumtag desert, 132 km south of Hami city in the Xinjiang province, China. It is an ellipse of 2.5 × 7.9 km, with a long axis extending along the northeast-southwest direction. The largest individual meteorite of the strewn field weighs about 10 kg; the smallest individual has a mass of only 27 g. In total, more than 100 individuals with a total mass of more than 180 kg were collected. The location and the distribution of the fragments suggest that the Kumtag meteoroid entered the atmosphere in the direction Northeast-Southwest. All meteorites collected in this strewn field are samples from the same unique meteorite shower. The Kumtag meteorite is an H5 ordinary chondrite with a shock stage S2, and a weathering grade W2. The cosmic ray exposure age of Kumtag is 6.7 ± 0.8 Ma, which is rather typical for H chondrites and which indicates that Kumtag was derived from the massive impact event on its parent body ~7 Ma ago. A significant amount of He has been lost during certain unknown processe(s) before the Kumtag meteorite was ejected from its parent body.

Two novel types of irrational orientation relationships (ORs) between β-Mg2Sn precipitates and the α-Mg matrix were observed in a Mg-4Sn alloy aged at 160℃. In contrast to that for the dominant β-Mg2Sn laths lying on the (0001)α basal plane of the matrix, the precipitates with the irrational ORs are inclined or normal to (0001)α. Specifically, the precipitates that adopt the OR of [011]β// 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 α , with 1 ¯ 1 1 ¯ β deviating approximately 4.7° from (0002)α, have a long axis parallel to [0001]α. The precipitates with the OR of [011]β// 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 α , with 11 1 ¯ β deviating approximately 13.5° from (0002)α, exhibit a long axis of 02 2 ¯ 1 α . Both types of precipitates have a habit plane (HP) of 2 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 0 α . The interface orientations of the precipitates associated with the irrational ORs are interpreted by a good matching sites (GMS) method. A thorough examination of the crystallographic features of the β-Mg2Sn precipitates in the literature shows that the precipitates with most rational ORs have a HP parallel to (0001)α, and those with most irrational ORs have a HP (or long axis) inclined or normal to (0001)α. The preferences of the precipitates with different irrational ORs have also been analyzed by examining the lattice matching condition across the interfaces between the precipitates and the matrix.

Background: Ultrasound-guided central venous catheter placement has significantly improved the success rate of punctures and reduced the risk of complications. However, catheterizing the internal jugular vein under ultrasound guidance in neonates remains challenging. Methods: Ninety-six patients were screened for eligibility in this randomized controlled trial between November 2018 and October 2019. After meeting the inclusion criteria, 90 term neonates undergoing cardiothoracic, general, or neurosurgery procedures were randomly assigned to the modified dynamic needle tip positioning short-axis ( n = 45) or long-axis groups ( n = 45) using a computer-generated random numbers table. The primary outcome was the first-attempt success rate. The secondary outcomes included the total success rate, cannulation time, and incidence of cannulation-related complications, including hematoma, accidental arterial puncture, or pneumothorax. Data were compared between the two groups. Results: The success rate for the first attempt was higher (88.9% vs 64.4%; p = 0.001; relative risk, 1.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.8), while the cannulation time was shorter (171.0 ± 47.8 s vs 304.4 ± 113.5 s; p = 0.001; estimated difference, −133.4; 95% confidence interval, −170.1 to −96.7), in the modified dynamic needle tip positioning short-axis group compared with the long-axis group. Six hematomas and two common carotid artery punctures were identified in the long-axis group, while none were identified in the modified dynamic needle tip positioning short-axis group. Conclusions: The modified dynamic needle tip positioning short-axis out-of-plane technique enhanced the procedural efficacy and safety of internal jugular vein catheterization in neonates.

Проблематика. Метод групового урахування аргументів є доволі недооціненим інструментом для отримання високоточних прогностичних моделей. Перший варіант штучної нейронної мережі (які користуються величезною популярністю в світі машинного навчання) був отриманий в 1965 році українським вченим Олексієм Івахненко, який як раз використовував метод групового урахування аргументів для навчання мережі. Відомо, що даний підхід має місце фактично в будь-якій проблематиці, і не виключенням є задача розпізнавання ішемічної хвороби серця по відеоданим спекл-трекінг ехокардіографії. Вирішення подібної задачі є актуальним, оскільки це надасть можливість аналізувати ехокардіограми навіть якщо вони не оснащені технологією спекл-трекінг. Мета. Методом групового урахування аргументів за даними спекл-трекінг ехокардіографії побудувати класифікаційні алгоритми діагностики порушень кінематики скорочень лівого шлуночка серця у хворих на ішемічну хворобу серця в умовах стану спокою, та при застосуванні ехострестесту із добутаміновою пробою. Методика реалізації. Національним інститутом серцево-судинної хірургії імені М.М. Амосова були надані відеодані, отримані за допомогою методу спекл-трекінг ехокардіографії, яким було обстежено 56 пацієнтів з підозрою на ішемічну хворобу серця. Серед них лише у 16 пацієнтів патологію виявлено не було. Ехокардіографія реєструвалась у B-режимі за трьома позиціями: довгої вісі, 4-камерної та 2-камерної позиціях. Усього для дослідження було використано 6245 кадрів відео потоку: 1871 – без порушень серцевої діяльності, та 4374 – при наявності патології під час обстеження. Результати дослідження. Методом групового урахування аргументів було одержано 12 моделей класифікації з урахуванням доз добутаміну (0, 10, 20 і 40 мкг), точність яких на екзаменаційній вибірці варіювалась від 81.7% до 97.4%. Також були отримані 3 моделі класифікації без урахування доз добутаміну, які на екзаменаційній вибірці показали точність в межах 75.2-82.2%. Висновки. Отримані високоточні моделі класифікації методом групового урахування аргументів. Дані моделі можна буде застосувати для аналізу ехокардіограм, отриманих у B-режимі на обладнанні, яке не оснащене технологією спекл-трекінг. Background. Group method of data handling is a rather underestimated tool for obtaining highly accurate predictive models. The first version of an artificial neural network (which is very popular in the world of machine learning) was obtained in 1965 by the Ukrainian scientist Aleksey Ivakhnenko, who just used the group method of data handling to train the network. It is known that this approach takes place in almost any problematics, and the problem of recognizing coronary heart disease using video data from speckle-tracking echocardiography is not an exception. The solution to this problem is relevant, since it will allow analyzing echocardiograms even if they are not equipped with speckle-tracking technology. Objective. According to the data of speckle-tracking echocardiography construct classification algorithms by using the group method of data handling for diagnosing violations of the kinematics of left ventricular contractions in patients with coronary heart disease under conditions of rest, and when using echostresstest with dobutamine. Methods. National Institute of Cardiovascular Surgery provided video data obtained using the speckle-tracking echocardiography method, which examined 56 patients with suspected coronary heart disease. Among them, only 16 patients had no pathology. Echocardiography was recorded in B-mode in three positions: long axis, 4-chamber, and 2-chamber positions. In total, 6245 frames of the video stream were used for the study: 1871 – without cardiac abnormalities, and 4374 – in the presence of pathology during the examination. Results. Using the group method of data handling, 12 classification models were obtained, taking into account the doses of dobutamine (0, 10, 20, and 40 mcg), the accuracy of which on the examination sample varied from 81.7% to 97.4%. Also, 3 classification models were obtained without taking into account the doses of dobutamine, which on the examination sample showed an accuracy within 75.2-82.2%. Conclusions. The high-precision classification models were obtained by the group method of data handling. These models can be used to analyze echocardiograms obtained in B-mode on equipment, which is not using speckle-tracking technology. Проблематика. Метод группового учета аргументов является достаточно недооцененным инструментом для получения высокоточных прогностических моделей. Первый вариант искусственной нейронной сети (которые пользуются огромной популярностью в мире машинного обучения) был получен в 1965 году украинским ученым Алексеем Ивахненко, который как раз использовал метод группового учета аргументов для обучения сети. Известно, что данный подход имеет место практически в любой проблематике, и не исключением является задача распознавания ишемической болезни сердца по видеоданным спекл-трекинг эхокардиографии. Решение подобной задачи является актуальным, поскольку это позволит анализировать эхокардиограммы даже если они не оснащены технологией спекл-трекинг. Цель. Методом группового учёта аргументов по данным спекл-трекинг эхокардиографии построить классификационные алгоритмы диагностики нарушений кинематики сокращений левого желудочка сердца у больных ишемической болезнью сердца в условиях состояния покоя, и при применении эхостресстеста с добутаминовой пробой. Методика реализации. Национальным институтом сердечно-сосудистой хирургии имени Н.Н. Амосова были предоставлены видеоданные, полученные с помощью метода спекл-трекинг эхокардиографии, которым было обследовано 56 пациентов с подозрением на ишемическую болезнь сердца. Среди них только у 16 пациентов патологии выявлено не было. Эхокардиография регистрировалась в B-режиме по трем позициям: долгой оси, 4-камерной и 2-камерной позициях. Всего для исследования были использованы 6245 кадров видеопотока: 1871 – без нарушений сердечной деятельности, и 4374 – при наличии патологии во время обследования. Результаты исследования. Методом группового учета аргументов было получено 12 моделей классификации с учетом доз добутамина (0, 10, 20 и 40 мкг), точность которых на экзаменационной выборке варьировалась от 81.7% до 97.4%. Также были получены 3 модели классификации без учета доз добутамина, которые на экзаменационной выборке показали точность в пределах 75.2-82.2%. Выводы. Полученные высокоточные модели классификации методом группового учета аргументов. Данные модели могут быть применены для анализа ехокардиограм, полученных в B-режиме на оборудовании, не оснащенного технологией спекл-трекинг.

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to describe the properties of muscle nodules (kinkoketsu) recognized by manual physical therapy practitioners. [Participants and Methods] A total of one hundred and thirty-three physical therapists, occupational therapists, judo therapists, and acupuncturists participated in this study. The shape, size, direction, depth, and hardness of muscle nodules, often treated in the buttocks, were investigated through the completion of a questionnaire. [Results] A total of 124 answer sheets were completed; 112 of these described the shape of muscle nodules as ellipsoidal. Of these 112 sheets, 97 effective sheets were analyzed. The results showed that the mean long axis length, short axis length, and thickness of the muscle nodules were 30.9 mm, 16.2 mm, and 9.3 mm, respectively. The most common responses on the long axis direction, depth, and hardness of the muscle nodules were the craniocaudal orientation, the second shallowest layer of 5 divisions, and the eraser level, respectively. [Conclusion] The typical muscle nodule found in the buttocks by manual physical therapy practitioners is roughly the shape of a large almond.

Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength of the 6 different restorative materials which are frequently used today by using the universal compressive strength test. Materials and method A total of 60 specimens were prepared as 10 samples in each group for compressive strength test. Group A: G-aenial Posterior Composite Group B: Equia Fil, Group C: Tetric Evo Ceram Bulk Fill, Group D: Glass Fill, Group E: Filtek™ Bulk Fill, Group F: SureFil SDR Bulk Fill. The compressive strength test was performed at a speed of 1.00 ± 0.05 mm/min along the long axis of the specimens using a computerized universal test device (Autograph AG-IS; Shimadzu Co, Kyoto, Japan). One Way Anova and Tukey HSD test were used for the statistically analysis. Results The analysis of the obtained data revealed that the highest compressive strength was found in Group F and the lowest compressive strength in Group C and D. The compressive strength of Group F was significantly higher than the other groups (p Conclusions The use of bulk fill composites in pediatric dentistry provides convenience by shortening the process steps. Thanks to their mechanical properties, they are used in treatment options instead of conventional composite restorations.

AIM: To evaluate the microleakage of newer bioceramic root-end filling materials. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Sixty freshly extracted human single-rooted mandibular premolar teeth were selected for the study. Teeth with fractured root, cracks, anddilacerations were rejected. All teeth were cleaned with ultrasonic scalers. Standard access opening was done and root canal treatment was performed with rotary files followed by obturation. After storing in saline for a week apical 3 ​mm of the root was resected at 900 angles to the long axis of the root. Retro cavity preparation was done with ultrasonic tips. The teeth were divided into four groups of 15 specimens each. Group I - Biodentin, GroupII–Bioaggregate, Group III – MTA Plus, and Group IV – MTA. After the restoration of retro cavities of all the teeth as per manufacture instructions, two coats of nail varnish were applied to leave apical 3 ​mm. All teeth were stored in 2% methylene blue for 72 ​h followed by emersion in 65% nitric acid for the next 72 ​h for Dye extraction. The obtained supernatant solution was then centrifuged and optical density or absorbance was measured with a UV spectrophotometer. RESULT: Microleakage was found to be increasing in this order: Biodentin ​ ​0.01). CONCLUSION: All materials exhibit some amount of microleakage. Biodentin shows the least microleakage among all the bioceramic material groups. Hence, Biodentin and bioaggregate are better material of choice for the retrograde filling to prevent microleakage.

The purpose of this study was to compare predicted anterior teeth intrusion measurements with the actual clinical intrusion measurements using cone-beam computed tomography. Understanding the precision of the software in anticipating changes may help practitioners predict the need for overcorrection.Twenty-two patients, with a mean age of 23.74 years, who underwent Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) clear aligners treatment for both arches only after having completed treatment with an initial series of aligners were included in this study. The pretreatment and posttreatment cone-beam computed tomography scans after the initial series were acquired by a single orthodontist practitioner. ClinCheck measurements were recorded with Align Technology. The long axis of the anterior tooth intrusion movement was measured in 142 teeth. A comparison between the predicted and actual measurements of anterior intrusion of the teeth was performed, and the intraclass correlation coefficients showed an almost perfect agreement in the linear measurements.A statistically notable difference between the predicted and actual measurements of anterior intrusion. The predicted intrusion movement of the maxillary canines (P = 0.001), maxillary lateral incisors (P 0.0001), and maxillary central incisors (P 0.0001) significantly differed from the actual values. Similarly, the intrusion movement in the mandibular teeth seemed to be inaccurate, with significant differences in the mandibular canines (P 0.0001) and mandibular lateral and central incisors (P 0.0001).The mean precision of true anterior intrusion with Invisalign clear aligners was 51.19%, and the mean amount of correction was 48.81%. The use of other supplementary methods of anterior teeth intrusion may be helpful to reduce the rate of midcourse corrections and refinements.

Characterize the appearance of digital nerve injuries in different ultrasound planes and correlate the presence and size of neuromas with time from injury. Surgically confirmed nerve injuries were retrospectively evaluated. Appearances of the nerve injury in the available imaging planes were reviewed by two readers. Associations between presence and size of neuroma with time from injury were analyzed. Injuries of 29 digital nerves (3 incomplete lacerations, 17 complete lacerations, 6 with 7 stump neuromas, 3 neuromas-in-continuity) noted on ultrasound were surgically confirmed. Among the 20 lacerations, long-axis images were obtained in 15, of which 10 depicted the injury and 4 did not. Among the 10 depicting the injury in long axis, 2 showed a discrete gap, and 7 showed the nerve obscured by laceration tissue without a gap. In short axis, the nerve injury was visible in all 20, and nerve laceration was seen as a discrete gap in 2, and obscuration by laceration tissue in 14. Neuromas were hypoechoic and well-defined. There was a positive association between time and presence of neuroma (OR = 1.3, p = 0.002). Correlations between time and cross-sectional area (rs = 0.45) and volume (rs = 0.57) of neuromas were moderately positive. Ultrasound long axis may be less useful, and those short axis may be more reliable for assessing digital nerve injuries than previously reported. Neuromas are hypoechoic and well-defined, and their size can vary based on time from injury.

Purpose To dynamically assess for Hill–Sachs engagement with animated 3-dimensional (3D) shoulder models. Methods We created 3D shoulder models from reconstructed computed tomography (CT) images from a consecutive series of patients with recurrent anterior dislocation. They were divided into 2 groups based on the perceived Hill–Sachs severity. For our cohort of 14 patients with recurrent anterior dislocation, 4 patients had undergone osteoarticular allografting of Hill–Sachs lesions and 10 control patients had undergone CT scanning to quantify bone loss but no treatment for bony pathology. A biomechanical analysis was performed to rotate each 3D model using local coordinate systems to the classical vulnerable position of the shoulder (abduction = 90°, external rotation = 0-135°) and through a functional range. A Hill–Sachs lesion was considered “dynamically” engaging if the angle between the lesion’s long axis and anterior glenoid was parallel. Results: In the vulnerable position of the shoulder, none of the Hill–Sachs lesions aligned with the anterior glenoid in any of our patients. However, in our simulated physiological shoulder range, all allograft patients and 70% of controls had positions producing alignment. Conclusions The technique offers a visual representation of an engaging Hill–Sachs using 3D-animated reconstructions with open-source software and CT images. In our series of patients, we found multiple shoulder positions that align the Hill–Sachs and glenoid axes that do not necessarily meet the traditional definition of engagement. Identifying all shoulder positions at risk of “engaging,” in a broader physiological range, may have critical implications toward selecting the appropriate surgical management of bony defects. Level of Evidence level III, case-control study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the change in cross-sectional area (CSA) of bone-patellar tendon-bone (BTB) autografts up to 5 years after the anatomic rectangular tunnel (ART) anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). The changing pattern in CSA might be a potential indicator of the graft remodeling process. Ninety-six (62 males, 34 females, mean age 27.0 years) patients were enrolled in this study with a total of 220 MRI scans after ART BTB ACLR to evaluate the CSA of the ACL autografts. The patients with first time unilateral ACLR that consented to undergo MRI evaluations at postoperative periods were included in this study. Intraoperatively, the CSA of the graft was measured directly using a custom-made area micrometer at the midpoint of the graft. Postoperatively, using an oblique axial slice MRI that was perpendicular to the long axis of the graft, the CSA of the graft was measured with digital radiology viewing program “SYNAPSE” at the midpoint of the graft. The postoperative MRI scans were classified into seven groups according to the period from ACLR to MRI evaluation: Group 0–2 months (m.), Group 3–6 m., Group 7–12 m., Group 1–2 years (y.), Group 2–3 y., Group 3–4 y., and Group 4 y.-. The percent increase of the CSA was calculated by dividing the postoperative CSA by the intraoperative CSA. The postoperative CSA was significantly larger than the intraoperative CSA in each group, with the exception of Group 0–2 m. The mean percent increase of the CSA in Group 0–2 m., 3–6 m., 7–12 m., 1–2 y., 2–3 y., 3–4 y., 4 y.- was 101.8 ± 18.2, 188.9 ± 27.4, 190.9 ± 43.7, 183.3 ± 28.9, 175.2 ± 27.9, 163.9 ± 19.8, 164.5 ± 25.4% respectively. The percent increase in Group 3–6 m., 7–12 m., 1–2 y., 2–3 y., 3–4 y., and 4 y.- was significantly greater than that in Group 0–2 m. The CSA of the BTB autografts after the ART BTB ACLR increases rapidly by 3–6 months after ACLR, reached a maximum value of 190% at around 1 year, decreases gradually after that, and reaches a plateau at around 3 years. The current study might help clinicians to estimate an individual BTB autograft's remodeling stages when considering returning patients to sports. IV

We carried out a comparative morphometric analysis of neurons in the cat dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) in frontal vs. sagittal slices. Using the SMI-32 antibody to non-phosphorylated domains of heavy-chain neurofilaments, the postnatal dynamic of soma parameters (area, roundness, orientation) of dLGN neurons was studied. Measurements were performed in kittens aged 0, 4, 10, 14, 21, 28, 34, 62, 123 days, and in adult cats. A comparison of data obtained in frontal vs. sagittal slices revealed the following significant differences: 1) the soma area of the immunopositive neurons was smaller in frontal vs. sagittal slices in all age groups, and this difference increased with age; 2) the soma orientation was also different in two cutting planes, and a significant age-related change in the soma orientation occurred only in the sagittal, but not frontal, plane. We assume that the difference in the soma area is due to the spatial arrangement of SMI-32-immunopositive neurons in the dLGN, because of which, in the sagittal plane, in contrast to the frontal, neuronal somas were cut parallel to their long axis. In turn, age-related changes in the soma orientation may reflect an internal rearrangement of the dLGN retinotopic organization with age.

Background: This study is to compare the efficacy of short-axis hydrodissection with long-axis hydrodissection for patients with mild-to-moderate carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Methods: Forty-seven patients with mild-to-moderate CTS were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial (6 months follow-up). With ultrasound guidance, patients in both groups (short-axis or long-axis groups) were injected with normal saline (5 mL per session). Assessments were performed before and 2 weeks after the injection, as well as at 1, 3, and 6 months post-intervention. The primary outcome measure was the Boston Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Questionnaire (BCTQ) score and secondary outcomes included the cross-sectional area of the median nerve and electrophysiological studies. Results: Forty-four patients (21 wrists in the short-axis group and 23 wrists in the long-axis group) completed the study. Compared with the baseline, both groups showed improved BCTQ and cross-sectional area at all follow-up assessments (p

Mandible is the only movable bone of the facial skeleton that forms almost the lower half of the face. In ontogeny, the mandible undergoes substantial morphological and dimensional changes. These changes are largely associated with development of primary and secondary dentition in the human.1 The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anatomical features of mandible i.e. position of mental and mandibular foramina in western Maharashtra and to compare these findings with earlier studies. The findings of this study, variations in size, shape and relationships of dental and lower facial skeletal structure might be useful in providing important data to anatomists, archaeologists, forensic legal experts and maxillo-facial surgeons. Measurements were made on one hundred and ten dry, macerated adult human mandibles of unknown sex from western Maharashtra. Measurements of mental and mandibular foramen from various mandibular anatomical landmarks were taken. In present study it was observed that the most common position of mental foramen is in the line of long axis of 2nd premolar tooth which is universally accepted. Accessory mental foramen was found in one mandible located in line with anterior margin of 1st molar. Keywords: Mandible, Mental foramen, Mandibular foramen, Accessory mental foramen, Dentulous, Edentulous.