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Over the past two and half decades, rising non-tariff barriers, such as SPS and TBT measures appear to negate any benefits accruing from declining tariffs. The adoption of higher standards reflects efforts, generally by developed nations, towards protecting both human and environmental health. However, the burden of compliance falls on the upstream players of the supply chain, mostly located in the Global South. In this article, we explore if imposing food standards has a differential impact on the exporters of marine products from high-income and low-income countries. Using panel data analysis based on bilateral trade between 50 exporters and 188 importers of marine goods at HS6 level codes from 1995 to 2018, we conclude that imposing food standards has a significantly negative impact on exports of marine industries. Moreover, it appears that after 2008, food standards have become relatively more stringent, and their impact has varied based on economic size of the exporter. Relatively richer countries were able to expand their exports in the presence of standards. However, marine exports of poorer nations reduced. This contrasting impact of food standards on the high- and low-income countries significantly changed the pattern of global marine trade. JEL Codes: F1, F14, Q17 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study focuses on the successful fabrication of a cost-effective strain sensor using exclusively additive manufacturing Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) technology, enabling fast on-site production, which is particularly advantageous in maritime settings, reducing downtime, and supporting a circular economy approach by minimizing inventory needs and environmental footprint. The principle of operation of the developed device is based on the piezoresistive characteristics of a carbon nanotube (CNT)-enriched building material, from which the main sensing element consists. The prototype exhibited reliable piezoresistive properties, and a clear correlation was observed between the thermal treatment of the printed piezoresistor and the resulting gauge factor, linearity, and hysteresis. Its robustness, simple design, and single-step manufacturing process, together with its ability to be integrated into the readout circuitry through standard soldering, enhance its reliability and durability. The key advantages of the proposed device include its low cost, simple design, and rapid remote production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean has become a new engine of world economic growth, and the high-quality development of the marine industry is the primary task of the strategic construction of a maritime power, and building a resilient multi-level capital market is an urgent need to promote the high-quality development of the marine industry. In the process of continuous construction and improvement of China’s capital market, there are restrictions on the operation mechanism, environment, allocation and products of the capital market at this stage of marine industry financing. Based on the path of capital market to support the high-quality development of the marine industry, suggestions are put forward to guide the capital market to support the marine industry, innovate financial products in the capital market, improve the information disclosure system, improve the marine industry evaluation system, and establish an internal capital market for the marine industry, so as to strengthen the guarantee of the capital market to support the high-quality development of the marine industry.

Marine economy has become an essential economic growth driver in China. The importance of promoting the low-carbon development of marine economy has become increasingly prominent. This paper was based on the broad research field of blue carbon, and innovatively proposed the concept of blue carbon industry in the direction of the integration of marine carbon sinks and industries. The blue carbon industry is designed to develop an industrial model oriented to the carbon sinks enhancement and a low-carbon approach to development. It aims to promote the integration of blue carbon sink with marine economy, ecological restoration, clean energy and other fields. This paper also defined the categories of blue carbon industry and proposed the development path of blue carbon industry from four directions, helping to create a new highlight for the high-quality development of the marine industry.

The drive to propel innovative development within the marine industry is an essential requirement in constructing a distinct marine powerhouse for China. The pivotal element in achieving innovation within this industry lies in augmenting the innovative capabilities of enterprises through the digitization transformation. This study is anchored in the panel data of 92 publicly listed Chinese marine companies spanning from 2007 to 2021. Leveraging Python technology, keywords related to "digitization transformation" were systematically extracted from annual corporate reports, aggregating their frequency to formulate a digitization transformation intensity index. Building upon this foundation, a panel fixed-effects model was employed to empirically examine the impact of enterprise digitization transformation on their innovation capabilities. The findings reveal a significant positive influence of digitization transformation within Chinese marine listed companies on their innovation capabilities, a conclusion upheld even after robustness tests. When distinguishing among different corporate natures, it becomes apparent that, in comparison to non-state-owned listed enterprises, digitization transformation within state-owned marine listed companies exerts a more substantial and conspicuous positive effect on enhancing research and development innovation capabilities. Hence, advancing digital technological development among marine listed companies, enhancing their capability for digitization transformation, and prioritizing the cultivation of state-owned exemplary digital marine enterprises stand as critically imperative measures to drive innovation development within marine enterprises.

On the premise of clarifying the related concepts of marine industry digitalization, the index system of marine industry digital level is constructed based on the "diamond model" and the projection tracing model is used to measure the digital level of marine industry in 11 coastal provinces and cities from 2014 to 2020; on this basis, the evolution law of the digital level of China marine industry is analyzed in depth. The research found that: the digital level of China's marine industry generally shows a rapid growth trend, however, there are some differences between the coastal provinces in different regions; Regional differences are the dominant factor for the regional differences in the digital level of China's marine industry during the research period. Among them, the northern coastal areas, the eastern coastal region has minimal internal variation, the internal differences in the southern coastal areas are in the middle; The digital agglomeration forms of marine industries in the three marine economic circles have their own characteristics: the coastal provinces and cities in the northern marine economic circle form "high-low" agglomeration type, the coastal provinces and cities in the southern marine economic circle form "low-high" agglomeration type, and the coastal provinces and cities in the eastern marine economic circle form "high-high" agglomeration type.

With the deep integration of the marine industry and modern finance, the capital market has become an important channel for investment and financing of offshore enterprises. However, the frequent occurrence of major risk events in the world today has had a strong impact on the capital market. At the same time, it has accelerated the accumulation and spread of risks in the capital market, and has also had a significant impact on sea-related enterprises, damaging the safety and stability of the marine industry chain and supply chain. In this context, studying the risk spillover characteristics between sea-related enterprises when major risk events occur, exploring the risk spillover effects between different industrial sectors, helps to establish efficient risk prevention and warning mechanisms, improve the resilience and safety level of the marine industry chain and supply chain, and promote high-quality growth of the marine economy. This paper used the spillover index method based on the TVP-VAR model to analyze the risk spillover effects among sea-related enterprises belonging to the fishing, offshore oil, maritime, and shipbuilding industries, and constructed a risk spillover network for topological feature analysis. The empirical results showed that the risk spillover intensity of sea-related enterprises to enterprises in the same industry sector was the highest. From an industrial perspective, the fishing and shipping industries were net recipients of risk, while the offshore oil and shipping industries were net spillovers of risk. The risk spillover effect had a time-varying characteristic, and the overall risk spillover index of sea-related enterprises would show a significant upward trend under the impact of major risk events. Compared to the period without major risk events, the average clustering coefficient of the risk spillover network during the period of major risk events was larger, and the connections of sea-related enterprises in the network were closer, resulting in higher risk transfer efficiency.

In the context of Guangdong Province's proposed regional coordinated development strategy of "one core, one belt and one district", Zhanjiang is facing the mission and challenge of leaping development from a large marine city to a strong marine city. Studying Zhanjiang's marine economic development strategy is of practical significance for Zhanjiang to explore a high-quality economic development path. By summing up the advantages of marine resources in Zhanjiang, comparing and analyzing the economic indicators of Zhanjiang and other major coastal cities in Guangdong Province, the paper summarizes the difficulties in the development of major marine industries in Zhanjiang as follows: the development level of port infrastructure in Zhanjiang is relatively low, the capacity of integrated transport network in the port is low, the capacity of deep-sea fishing in Zhanjiang is relatively insufficient, and the structure of mariculture is unreasonable, the number of high-level coastal scenic spots and high-end coastal leisure resort hotels in Zhanjiang is small, and the development of marine low-carbon tourism is insufficient. Based on the above analysis, the strategies for Zhanjiang to develop marine economy are proposed as follows: improve the port infrastructure and the railway network of collecting and distributing ports in Zhanjiang; optimize the industrial structure of marine fishery and vigorously develop high-tech green deep-sea aquaculture; improve the transportation infrastructure of Zhanjiang coastal tourism and promote the transformation and upgrading of Zhanjiang coastal tourism; rely on Zhanjiang's superior marine resources to promote the development of marine strategic emerging industries.

Although the high-quality development of the marine economy has become a new paradigm to explore sustainable development in China, the path to its realization remains unclear. One path being explored in China is industrial agglomeration, but whether industry clustering leads to high-quality development of the marine economy has not been fully explored. Thus, the impact of industrial agglomeration on the marine economy deserves further investigation. This study first establishes a five-dimensional index system (innovation, coordination, greenness, openness, and inclusivity) to gauge the quality of marine economic development and then applies a hybrid method to evaluate each dimension. Furthermore, from an industry perspective, this study explores the influence mechanism of marine industry agglomeration on the high-quality development of China’s marine economy from several dimensions. The results show that (1) different regions have significantly different development levels, and the growth rates vary across each dimension. (2) From a broad standpoint, marine industry clustering has greatly promoted high-quality economic development in four sectors: innovation, coordination, openness, and inclusivity. However, its impact on green development has a time lag. (3) From the perspective of geographical heterogeneity, the impact of industry clustering is insignificant in the Bohai Rim region, positive in the South China Sea region, and negative in the Yellow Sea and East China Sea. Our study can enrich the research in this field and provide reference for the development of marine industry and marine economy in coastal areas.

This work concerns the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel air-flow sensor employing exclusively additive manufacturing that can be fabricated on-site, aboard a ship, or in a similarly remote area, without relying on external manufacturing facilities. The developed device's principle of operation is based on vortex shedding; its novelty focuses on employing solely additive manufacturing technology, for the manufacturing—in a single process step—of all the sensor's main elements. In more detail, the required flow-shaping housing, the appropriate piezoresistive sensing element, and the electrical interconnection pads are all constructed in a single process step, through standard Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) 3D technology. Direct communication to the necessary readout circuitry can be easily achieved through standard soldering utilizing the integrated contact pads of the sensor. The prototype was preliminary characterized, validating its proper functionality. Key features of the proposed device are low cost, fast on-site manufacturing of the entire measuring device, robustness, and simplicity, suggesting numerous potential applications in the shipbuilding industry and other industrial sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of deep learning (DL), researchers and engineers in the marine industry are exploring the application of DL technologies to their specific applications. In general, the accuracy of inference using DL technologies is significantly dependent on the number of training datasets. Unfortunately, people in marine science and engineering environments are often reluctant to share their documents (i.e., P&ID) with third-party manufacturers or public clouds to protect their proprietary information. Despite this, the demand for object detection using DL technologies in image-formatted files (i.e., jpg, png, or pdf format) is steadily growing. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism, called a no-training object picker (NoOP), which efficiently recognizes all objects (e.g., lines, tags, and symbols) in image-formatted P&ID documents. Notably, it can recognize objects without any training dataset, thus reducing the time and effort required for training and collection of unpublished datasets. To clearly present the effectiveness of NoOP, we evaluated NoOP using a real P&ID document. As a result, we confirmed that all objects in the image-formatted P&ID file are successfully detected over a short time (only 7.11 s on average). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Iran has the most extensive maritime transport fleet in the Middle East, with 2700 km of water border with other countries in the region. However, the complex and hazardous marine environment has turned this advantage into a disadvantage. On the other hand, technological advancement has added to the complexity. Thus, new accident analysis tools should be developed to bring unity to marine casualty analysis and improve the analyst’s power of discovery from incident information. The current project aims to develop a specialized AcciMap-based marine accident investigation method. Material and Methods: The primary stages of this applied descriptive study include data collection, method development, and validation. The necessary information about the factors leading to marine accidents was initially gathered through a review of previous studies, expert interviews, and analysis of actual cases. The AcciMap technique was then partially developed, and marine experts approved the designed model. Results: This study’s results included an AcciMap model established on three levels: external influences (national and international), intra-organizational factors, and environmental/individual conditions and individual activities. Whereas external factors (international and national) are categorized into three main layers, two sublayers, and 13 secondary sublayers, intra-organizational factors are categorized into two main layers, 11 sublayers, and 35 secondary sublayers, and environmental/individual conditions and individual activities are organized in one main layer, three sublayers, and 11 secondary sublayers. Conclusion: The developed approach can identify flawed levels and determine who is responsible for implementing corrective action. Because it includes emerging components that are effective in accidents, the method used in this study can better examine data from marine accidents.

In this paper, a new type of one-degree-of-freedom pure nonlinear oscillator with a time variable degree of nonlinearity is introduced. Namely, the degree of the nonlinearity in the restitution force is not a constant but a 'slow time' variable function. The mathematical model is a second-order nonlinear differential equation with time-variable parameters. An approximate solving procedure based on the method of time-variable amplitude, frequency and phase is developed. It is found that the vibration properties depend on initial conditions and the degree of time-variable function. The theoretical results are tested on almost linear, cubic and high-degree nonlinear oscillators. According to theoretical considerations, the process of aging in fiber-reinforced polymer composite structure is investigated. It is found that the amplitude and the frequency of vibration of the reinforced polymer structure decrease over time. The result is in good agreement with already published experimental data. The additional conclusion of the research is that the oscillator model suggested in the paper is suitable for the prediction of mechanic properties of the polymer structure in aging and also in similar destructive processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the advancements in oil condition monitoring programs for hydraulic oils, highlighting the importance of identifying soft contaminants and their impact on mechanical issues such as pump failures and sticking valves. It explores the evolution of lubricants and their formulations, emphasizing the shift towards next-generation base oils and ashless antiwear technologies.

Marine industry agglomeration can promote regional economic development. This paper used panel data of 11 provinces and cities in coastal areas, measured the level of marine industry agglomeration by using the locational entropy method and empirically analyzed the influencing factors of marine industry agglomeration by using a fixed-effect model. The research found that: (1) there was obvious spatial heterogeneity in marine industry agglomeration. It had formed a primary industrial agglomeration area dominated by Hainan and Fujian, a secondary industrial agglomeration area headed by Tianjin, and a tertiary industrial agglomeration area headed by Shanghai. Hainan, Tianjin and Shanghai were strong agglomeration areas for China's marine industries but the level of agglomeration had slowed down. (2) Resource endowments, potential markets, labor scale, degree of opening up and fixed asset investment had significantly improved the level of marine industry agglomeration. Lower levels of science and technology innovation constrained the development of the marine secondary industry, the lack of highly educated personnel had restricted the agglomeration of marine industries. And the development of secondary and tertiary industries was no longer dependent on traditional infrastructure. Advantageous industries should be developed according to local conditions and the scale of agglomeration be moderately controlled, marine science and technology innovation and talent team building should be accelerated to promote the agglomeration and development of marine industry.

This paper classified the marine industry according to the "Marine and Related Industry Classification" (GB/T 20794-2006) and the "Marine and Related Industry Classification" (for investigation), etc., based on the input production table of Zhejiang Province over the years, using the stripping coefficient method, and comparing the "Marine and Related Industry Classification" "National Economic Industry Classification" table, and finally compiled the input-output table of Zhejiang Province′s marine economy from 1997 to 2017, including 32 sectors (13 major marine industries and 19 land industries) . At the same time, in order to explore the dependence relationship between marine and land industries in Zhejiang Province, this paper used the input-output model to analyze the correlation and ripple effect of marine industries on the input-output table of marine economy in Zhejiang Province over the years. The results showed that the marine industry in Zhejiang Province was most closely related to the land secondary industry, followed by the land tertiary industry. Uneven development between the marine industries in Zhejiang Province. It is urgent to increase support for the land-sea linkage development of Zhejiang Province, pay attention to the flow of land-sea resources, complementary advantages, and the innovation and application of marine technology, further optimize the structure of the marine industries, accelerate the formation of a modern marine industrial system, and further promote high-quality development of Zhejiang Province.

Based on the panel data of China′s areas from 1999 to 2020, this paper established a PVAR model, employed impulse response analysis and variance decomposition to analyze the impact of financial development on marine economic growth and the dynamic relationship between each other from the perspective of financial scale, structure and efficiency. The research results showed that, the financial scale had a short-term positive impact effect on marine economic growth, but might restrict the development of marine economy in the long-term. The development of financial efficiency has a long-term positive impact effect on marine economic growth. The financial structure could promote the growth of marine economy, but the shortest duration. Therefore, marine economic growth needed strong financial support. It is necessary to reasonably control the financial scale, improve the financial efficiency, optimize the financial structure, provide long-term support for the development of marine economy, and promote the sustainable growth of marine economy.

Community members have interests in the development of marine industries such as characterise the blue economy agenda. One of these interests is levels of personal and community wellbeing. Governments, local authorities and marine industries are frequently confronted with conflicting values and interests when making decisions about marine industry development. Yet it is not clear how decisions can be made in ways that also focus on community members' wellbeing. Assessing wellbeing is substantively different from other aspects of development assessment as it comprises (i) subjective and (ii) relational aspects as well as (iii) material aspects. We applied this three-fold wellbeing lens to investigate the connections people make between marine places and their personal wellbeing and how people perceive changes to marine places (industry development) affects this connection. We discuss three key findings: (i) people's subjective and relational experiences of personal wellbeing in relation to marine places were more important than experiences of material aspects; (ii) the specific quality of the marine environments and the values associated with the physical environment strongly influenced people's subjective and relational wellbeing experiences; and (iii) the development of marine industries may negatively influence people's experience of wellbeing in marine places if not done in ways that are sympathetic to their connections with these marine places. We discuss these findings with respect to the marine industry development and suggest that conceptualising and assessing wellbeing using only material concepts and measures in expanding marine industries will risk missing critical information in the development of sustainable local blue economies. • Subjective and relational wellbeing experiences were more important than material. • Values influenced subjective and relational wellbeing experiences. • Local blue economy development must be sympathetic to place connections. • Subject and relational wellbeing is critical in blue economy development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ocean holds abundant resources, but the utilization of those resources for the marine economy presents a complex and dynamic industrial situation. Exploring sustainable development in this industry is of practical value, as it involves the rational use of marine resources while protecting the environment. This study provides an innovative review of the current application status of Digital Twins Technology (DTT) in various sectors of the marine industry, including the ship-building industry (SBI), Offshore Oil and Gas Industry, marine fishery, and marine energy industry. The findings reveal that DTT offers robust support for full life cycle management (LCM) in SBI, including digital design, intelligent processing, operation, and error management. Furthermore, this work delves into the challenges and prospects of DTT application in the marine industry, aiming to provide reference and direction for intelligent systems in the industry and guide the rational development and utilization of marine resources in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionIn the context of accelerating the construction of a marine power, relying on scientific and technological innovation to drive the high-quality growth of the marine economy and paying attention to the protection of the marine ecological environment are the strategic requirements for promoting the sustainable development of the marine industry in China.MethodsThis paper describes the development of marine industry as a complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment, that is, it describes the marine economy, marine innovation and marine environment as a complex system that interacts and restricts each other. Based on the theory of synergetics, a dynamic co-evolution model of the complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment is constructed, and the accelerating genetic algorithm is used to solve the model, so that the contribution degree of each subsystem and interaction effect between them are calculated. This paper uses this model to conduct an empirical study on the current situation of co-evolution of the complex system of marine economy-innovation-environment from 2003 to 2019 in China.ResultsThe research results show that: (1) The order degree of the systems of economy, innovation and environment of the marine industry in China is on the rise; (2) At present, the systems of innovation and environment of the marine industry in China are in an evolutionary state, while the system of economy is showing a “recession” trend; (3) There are competition and cooperation between the system of economy-innovation-environment of the marine industry in China at the same time. The system of economy-environment is in a lose-lose state. The system of economy and innovation and the system of innovation and environment are in a win-lose complementary relationship.DiscussionThis result is conducive to the current transformation and development of China's marine industry, adjusting the direction of marine science and technology inputs, optimizing the structure of marine science and technology outputs, enhancing the coordinated development level of regional and even national marine systems, and providing policy reference for promoting multi-objective collaborative governance in marine management department and accelerating the process of high-quality marine development.

Understanding and mastering the structural characteristics and spatial layout of marine industry, and reasonably guiding the upgrading and spatial layout optimization of marine industry, has great practical significance for Shenzhen in the construction of Global Marine Center City. This paper analyzed the characteristics of marine industry in Shenzhen from 2015 to 2020 by using the methods of centralization index and information entropy, and studied the spatial distribution characteristics of marine GDP and main marine industries in various districts of Shenzhen by using Lorentz curve and nuclear density estimation. The results showed that the marine industry in Shenzhen had a high degree of agglomeration, which was highly concentrated in traditional industries such as marine tourism, marine transportation, marine oil and gas industry, and emerging industries such as marine engineering equipment manufacturing, marine drugs and biological products, marine electronic information and so on. The regional distribution of marine industries was concentrated, and the spatial distribution of main marine industries showed obvious agglomeration. The marine related enterprises were concentrated along the main traffic roads, and their distribution density showed an obvious decreasing trend from coastal to inland. The added value of marine industry in Shenzhen was mainly concentrated in Nanshan, Futian, Bao′an and Luohu, accounting for more than 80% of the city.

In order to promote the optimization of marine industry structure and the high-quality development of marine economy in Qingdao, this paper established the evaluation index system, analyzed the marine industry which had an important impact on the development of marine economy in Qingdao by using Lasso regression model, and put forward development suggestions. The results showed that the evaluation index system of Qingdao′s marine economic development level included 6 categories and 20 characteristic variables, which were marine fishery, marine chemical industry, total marine import and export, marine environment, marine transportation and coastal tourism. The optimal value of the adjustment coefficient was determined by 10 fold cross validation, and 10 characteristic variables were selected into the regression model by solving the Lasso regression coefficient. According to the estimated value of regression coefficient, the number of domestic passengers was the most important, the value of marine fishery output was important, and the value of cargo throughput was the least important. Lasso regression model had high prediction accuracy, model generalization ability and reliability, and belonged to robust sparse model. In the future, Qingdao should give full play to the industrial advantages of coastal tourism and marine fishery, focus on the development of marine transportation industry, protect the marine ecological environment and increase the investment in marine science and technology research and development.

In order to promote the development of ships and marine equipment industry of Yantai, this paper analyzed the overall idea, spatial layout and direction of high-quality development based on its development status, and put forward some policy suggestions. The results showed that at present, the development space of ships and marine engineering equipment industry of Yantai was expanding rapidly, the scale of market players was expanding continuously, the "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" platform was developing systematically, and the industrial scale and level were improving steadily, but there were still some problems, such as the low level of industrial development, the weak overall innovation support ability, the urgent need to strengthen the construction of talent team, and the great pressure of enterprise management. Under the development pattern of "one core, multiple parks", ships and marine engineering equipment industry of Yantai should be committed to building a whole industry chain cluster, building a high-tech and high value-added product system, and accelerating transformation and development. The main measures included innovating institutional mechanisms, increasing policy support, improving financial services, promoting platform construction, strengthening talent support, and deepening exchanges and cooperation.

To promote the construction of global marine center city in China and the high-quality development of Zhoushan, this paper constructed an evaluation index system based on the research and review of marine center city, used the entropy method to evaluate the competitiveness of 9 global marine center cities in China, and put forward the path to build a global marine center city of Zhoushan from the perspective of "smart ocean". The results showed that the competitiveness evaluation index system of global marine central cities included 4 first-class indicators, that were economic potential, openness, marine resources and marine science and technology innovation, as well as 16 second-class indicators such as total GDP, etc.. The overall competitiveness of Shanghai, Shenzhen and Guangzhou ranks top 3, and they obviously exceed other cities, while the gap between other cities was small. The overall competitiveness of Zhoushan ranked sixth, which was quite weak, and its main advantage was marine resources, main disadvantage was marine science and technology innovation and openness. From the perspective of "smart ocean", Zhoushan should optimize the marine industrial structure, improve the urban energy level in multiple directions and further enhance the opening level.

In order to promote marine technology innovation and marine industry development of Shandong Province, this paper summarized the development status of marine technology innovation platform of Shandong, analyzed the problems, and proposed corresponding countermeasures and suggestions. The results showed that the construction of marine technology innovation platform system was continually being improved, new breakthroughs had been made in variety and quantity, and high-quality development of marine industry had been promoted. However, there were still some problems, such as low overall development level, unbalance of regional and industrial layout, lack of provincial platforms and advanced platforms, and weak role of enterprise innovation force. In the future, Shandong should focus on top-level design, enhance enterprise technological innovation, innovate process management, improve the regulatory system, strengthen policy support and promote collaborative innovation in the development of marine technology innovation platform.

With the advancement of deep learning (DL), researchers and engineers in the marine industry are exploring the application of DL technologies to their specific applications. In general, the accuracy of inference using DL technologies is significantly dependent on the number of training datasets. Unfortunately, people in marine science and engineering environments are often reluctant to share their documents (i.e., P&ID) with third-party manufacturers or public clouds to protect their proprietary information. Despite this, the demand for object detection using DL technologies in image-formatted files (i.e., jpg, png, or pdf format) is steadily growing. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism, called a no-training object picker (NoOP), which efficiently recognizes all objects (e.g., lines, tags, and symbols) in image-formatted P&ID documents. Notably, it can recognize objects without any training dataset, thus reducing the time and effort required for training and collection of unpublished datasets. To clearly present the effectiveness of NoOP, we evaluated NoOP using a real P&ID document. As a result, we confirmed that all objects in the image-formatted P&ID file are successfully detected over a short time (only 7.11 s on average).

ABSTRACTThis paper was to examine the reliability and criticality of two dual-fuel marine engine systems and to compare them with a conventional diesel engine system with the utilization of the dynamic fault tree analysis. The results of reliability analysis for the dual-fuel engines indicate that the failure probability of the dual-fuel engine is 8.84% on average at 14,000 running hours whereas 8.48% for the diesel engines. This finding contrasts our intuition that the dual-fuel engines are of higher risk compared to the conventional diesel engines. Research findings, obtained from the reliability-centered maintenance, suggest an effective way of enhancing the safety of engine systems through predictive maintenance, based on the periodical maintenance of critical components. Therefore, it can contribute to improving the reliability of the whole systems in which mechanical components and fuel oil feed systems were identified as critical elements to diminish the system reliability significantly. It also highlights the importance of the proper maintenance of system components that would greatly enhance the safety levels by restoring systems back to their original operating condition, hence minimizing downtime and operating costs. Research outputs also offer meaningful insights about the association between the planned maintenance strategies and the system reliability.

In recent years, environmental problems have become an important bottleneck restricting the sustainable development of Marine economy in China. CO2 is one of the main greenhouse gases which contributes to marine environmental problems. As CO2 emissions can transfer among industries, identifying the industries that release CO2 most and clarifying the carbon emission flows among marine industries are helpful for decision-makers to curb CO2 emissions of marine industries. This paper applies the network method to measure carbon emission flows. First, carbon transfer coefficient is calculated. Second, carbon transfer network of marine industry is constructed based on carbon transfer coefficient. Then the structure of marine industry carbon transfer network is analyzed. Finally, the method proposed in this paper is applied to the case of China and some suggestions for carbon reduction is put forward.

In this paper, a new type of one-degree-of-freedom pure nonlinear oscillator with a time variable degree of nonlinearity is introduced. Namely, the degree of the nonlinearity in the restitution force is not a constant but a ‘slow time’ variable function. The mathematical model is a second-order nonlinear differential equation with time-variable parameters. An approximate solving procedure based on the method of time-variable amplitude, frequency and phase is developed. It is found that the vibration properties depend on initial conditions and the degree of time-variable function. The theoretical results are tested on almost linear, cubic and high-degree nonlinear oscillators. According to theoretical considerations, the process of aging in fiber-reinforced polymer composite structure is investigated. It is found that the amplitude and the frequency of vibration of the reinforced polymer structure decrease over time. The result is in good agreement with already published experimental data. The additional conclusion of the research is that the oscillator model suggested in the paper is suitable for the prediction of mechanic properties of the polymer structure in aging and also in similar destructive processes.

Hydrogen as an energy carrier is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and it becomes more and more popular in developed countries as a carbon-free fuel. The low boiling temperature of hydrogen (20 K or −253.15 °C) provides a unique opportunity to implement superconductors with a critical temperature above 20 K such as MgB2 or high-temperature superconductors. Superconductors increase efficiency and reduce the loss of energy, which could compensate for the high price of LH2 to some extent. Norway is one of the pioneer countries with adequate infrastructure for using liquid hydrogen in the industry, especially in marine technology where a superconducting propulsion system can make a remarkable impact on its economy. Using superconductors in the motor of a propulsion system can increase its efficiency from 95% to 98% when the motor operates at full power. The difference in efficiency is even greater when the motor does not work at full power. Here, we survey the applications of liquid hydrogen and superconductors and propose a realistic roadmap for their synergy, specifically for the Norwegian economy in the marine industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, numerous innovation centers, accelerators, and incubators have been developed globally to facilitate startup firms within the global maritime sector or as it is a part of what is called the "Blue Economy." Several of these industry-focused centers have a venture funding connection as part of their offerings. The intent is to spur development of new technologies to be incorporated within the maritime logistics industry or totally reinvent processes that have been in place for decades. Ideation competitions have been developed in some instances and entrepreneurs are urged to participate in programs that will provide networking opportunities and access to funding. Despite this development, the number of maritime startups that reach minimum viable product for introduction and investment remains small in comparison to other industries. This study will examine the current state of maritime innovation centers around the world and consider the value of these programs in the evolution of the industry toward digitization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, one of the main challenges of marine maintenance is how to select an optimum maintenance strategy for each component of the complex ship machinery system. The uncertainty of the parameters is one of the main difficulties encountered. For example, engineers and experts are always questioning the credibility and integrity of the data collected, and historical maintenance records may also be lost during maintenance. The above data asymmetry will also lead to parameter uncertainty, which directly affects the accuracy of the prediction results. This paper proposes a method for determining maintenance types of ship equipment based on uncertainty theory and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. Firstly, this paper constructs an uncertain maintenance optimization model (UMOM) based on the classic Data Envelopment Analysis model. Then, we converted the UMOM into an equivalent deterministic model for easy calculation by the uncertainty theory. Finally, a case study is given to verify this model. The results will conclude that the UMOM can meet the need for a reasonable classification of maintenance types of mechanical equipment in a marine system and provide valuable information for systemic management and storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plastic pipelines allows to increase the efficiency of pipeline systems of a ship due to their extraordinary corrosion resistance, a decrease of maintenance frequency, a reduction of total operational costs, and opens a new direction in the use of plastics. The weight of plastic pipelines is considerably less than that of metal ones, which allows to decrease the weight of the vessel by several tons and to increase, due to this, its maneuverability, as well as to decrease fuel consumption, ensure easier passing of all the necessary weight regulations, and optimize vessel operation. The process of installation work performance provides for a possibility of a pre-assembly of structures, the execution of welded, glued, mechanical joints with the help of a minimum set of tools in a confined space, and decreases by 50% the time of pipeline laying on the ship. Moreover, plastic pipe manufacturing creates five times less carbon dioxide emissions, which makes it a significant environmentally-friendly alternative to metal pipes. Therefore, in the cases where it is technically possible, plastic pipelines can be used as a direct substitution of metal pipelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane is a material that defines the word ‘versatile’. The structure property relationship of di-isocyanates and polyols is such that it provides ample variety and customization to the manufacturer. The properties of the polyurethane can range to extremes from soft touch coatings to rock hard rigid construction material. These mechanical, chemical and biological properties and the ease of tailoring has produced a huge amount of interest in not only the scientific community but also in the concerned industries as well. The enhancement of the material can be done by manipulating the raw materials as well as adding different additives and nanomaterials as well. Proper modifications in the raw material can hence produce a polyurethane virtually suitable for every application. The study here throws light upon the basic chemistry of the building blocks of polyurethane and its recent advancements in applications in fields such as medical science, automobiles, coatings, adhesives, sealants, paints, textile, marine industry, wood composites and apparels.

To investigate the relationship between the marine industry and regional development, and assess its impact on the marine economy. The study creates an evaluation index system for the coupling relationship between the marine economy and regional development. It applies coupling theory and combines the hierarchical analysis method with the entropy weight method to determine the weight of each index. By constructing the coupling degree and coupling coordination degree model, this paper quantitatively analyzes the coupling relationship and applies the coefficient of variation to assess the coordinated development differences between different regions. The study utilized data from the official China Marine Statistical Yearbook. The analysis revealed an upward trend in the coupling degree of the marine economy and regional development during the study period, increasing from 0.58 to 0.72. This indicated a significant strengthening of the interaction and synergistic development between the two. In typical coastal areas, the coupling degree increased from 0.62 to 0.78, indicating the significant contribution of the marine industry to the region's comprehensive economic development. The study proposes policy recommendations to enhance the adjustment of the marine industrial structure and technological innovation, promote inter-regional cooperation and resource sharing, and strengthen marine environmental protection and sustainable resource utilization. These measures aim to promote the development of the marine economy while safeguarding marine resources. • The dynamic relationship between Marine industry and regional development is analyzed. • Construct the evaluation index system of Marine economy. • Assess the differences in coordinated development between different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To analyze the coupling relationship in marine industry agglomeration and ecological environment system, this study used the formula of location entropy coefficient for measuring the development agglomeration status of marine industry. Meanwhile, it also separately measures the degree of agglomeration of the primary, secondary, and tertiary industries in the ocean to reveal their degree of agglomeration in the region. In addition, a coupled correlation analysis model was designed. It uses grey relational analysis to reveal the relationships between data series in situations of insufficient data. Finally, a coupled coordination evaluation model was proposed. It evaluates the coupling status between the marine industry cluster and the ecological environment by calculating the capacity coupling coefficient, coupling degree, and coupling co scheduling. The results show that from 2013 to 2022, the agglomeration trend of the marine industry in Jiaodong Peninsula Province has undergone different changes. The location entropy coefficient of the primary industry increased from 1.3047 to 1.0987, while the location entropy coefficient of the secondary industry gradually increased from 0.2486 to 1.1141. The coupling coordination degree R between the marine industry agglomeration system and the ecological environment system has increased from 0.3986 to 0.6253. From 2018 to 2022, the coupling between the marine industry and ecological environment development has increased, gradually moving towards stability and coordination. This indicates that over the past decade, the development of the marine industry in Jiaodong Peninsula Province has placed greater emphasis on ecological protection, and has formed a positive interaction, promoting the coordinated development. • The coupling coordination degree R between the marine industry agglomeration system and the ecological environment system has increased from 0.3986 to 0.6253. • From 2018 to 2022, the coupling between the marine industry and ecological environment development has increased, gradually moving towards stability and coordination. • This indicates that over the past decade, the development of the marine industry in Jiaodong Peninsula Province has placed greater emphasis on ecological protection, and has formed a positive interaction, promoting the coordinated development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Port industry plays one of key roles the economy of Ukraine. Sea ports are component part of a transport and productive infrastructure of the state and taking into account their location play key role as a “Sea Gates” to internal transport corridors.The corporate governance reform aims to create an efficient and transparent state enterprise management environment which will protect the rights of an owner, establish an effective system of internal controls and create a level playing field with commercial companies in the market in compliance with the principles of corporate governance set out by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. An author marks thе functioning and development of seaports depends on a number of factors, among which the most important are the forms of management of seaports, the level of their technological and technical equipment, the compliance of the management system with the current international requirements, the provision of regulatory and legal framework, the own and involved sources of modernization and development of maritime infrastructure. Material Unwell-being of settlement of such factors has direct influence on efficiency of functioning of port and transport industry, but also economies of country on the whole. However this research has for an object illumination of fundamental criterion is management forms. An author comes to the conclusion about the necessity of the use for Ukraine of the best world practices from administration of port industry and decision of problems that arose up, by creation at legislative level of terms for development of marine ports with application of case of Landlord Ports frame.

Hydrogen as an energy carrier is a promising alternative to fossil fuels, and it becomes more and more popular in developed countries as a carbon-free fuel. The low boiling temperature of hydrogen (20 K or −253.15 °C) provides a unique opportunity to implement superconductors with a critical temperature above 20 K such as MgB2 or high-temperature superconductors. Superconductors increase efficiency and reduce the loss of energy, which could compensate for the high price of LH2 to some extent. Norway is one of the pioneer countries with adequate infrastructure for using liquid hydrogen in the industry, especially in marine technology where a superconducting propulsion system can make a remarkable impact on its economy. Using superconductors in the motor of a propulsion system can increase its efficiency from 95% to 98% when the motor operates at full power. The difference in efficiency is even greater when the motor does not work at full power. Here, we survey the applications of liquid hydrogen and superconductors and propose a realistic roadmap for their synergy, specifically for the Norwegian economy in the marine industry.

Nowadays, one of the main challenges of marine maintenance is how to select an optimum maintenance strategy for each component of the complex ship machinery system. The uncertainty of the parameters is one of the main difficulties encountered. For example, engineers and experts are always questioning the credibility and integrity of the data collected, and historical maintenance records may also be lost during maintenance. The above data asymmetry will also lead to parameter uncertainty, which directly affects the accuracy of the prediction results. This paper proposes a method for determining maintenance types of ship equipment based on uncertainty theory and the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. Firstly, this paper constructs an uncertain maintenance optimization model (UMOM) based on the classic Data Envelopment Analysis model. Then, we converted the UMOM into an equivalent deterministic model for easy calculation by the uncertainty theory. Finally, a case study is given to verify this model. The results will conclude that the UMOM can meet the need for a reasonable classification of maintenance types of mechanical equipment in a marine system and provide valuable information for systemic management and storage.

The development trend of the emerging marine industry affects the development of the marine economy, to explore the development trend and the independent innovation path of the emerging marine industry, the added value of the emerging marine industry as the dependent variable, R&D personnel and R&D funds as the intermediary variables, innovation efficiency as the explanatory variable were selected, a development trend measurement model was established by using the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, and the independent innovation path and development trend of the emerging marine industry through the established model was analyzed. Results show that the four independent innovation paths of technological capability, technological management capability, technological strategy, and network capability have a positive incentive effect on the development of emerging marine industries, and technological capability has a higher incentive for the development of emerging marine industries. Based on the results of empirical analysis, this study proposes strategies to promote the development of emerging marine industries, such as enhancing public awareness of emerging marine industries, improving long-term mechanisms for the development of emerging marine industries, and enhancing the independent innovation capabilities of emerging marine industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Great interest in our time is paid to the ballast water (BW) treatment system. Indeed, in the process of decalibrating the vessel, the water from the tanks flows through the filters and is subjected to UV (ultraviolet) treatment only that does not comply with the BW under section D-2 (the Standard determining the quality of sea BW, i.e., the maximum number of viable organisms, which can be contained in BW) adopted in 2017 according to the IMO (International Maritime Organization) Convention. It must be admitted that the increased requirements for the cleaning of spent products lead to a rise in the cost of sea and river waterages, and the freight rate of a tonne of cargo is sharply increased. In this regard, today, the challenge is to improve the quality of treatment and reduce its cost. This article proposes the consideration of key aspects of the nanotechnological approach to the design and technical solution of the BW management system, based on the DI NU ‘OMA’. The conditions for the implementation of the method of disinfection and purification of BW were found experimentally. The problem is solved by two inventions connected by an inventive concept. In the first invention, the task is solved by a method of disinfecting and cleaning BW, providing for the introduction of an oxidizing agent into it and subsequent treatment with ultraviolet radiation. In the second invention, the task is solved by the installation for disinfection and purification of BW, containing a ballast tank-tank connected to each other by technological pipelines for mixing the spent substance with an oxidizing agent, a device for processing the spent substance with ultraviolet light, and a fine filter, in which, unlike the prototype, it additionally contains a reagent dispenser, a coarse filter, a ballast pump, and a high-frequency electrohydraulic-shock block. Electrohydraulic shock leads to the destruction of invasions and pathogenic strains. A self-discharging filter with nanocarbon inserts allows screening of solid elements and microorganisms in isolated BW. The advantage of a self discharging filter is that it provides a high level of destruction of invasions to the BW cleaning plant. Why is the design of a self-discharging filter for cleaning the BW optimal? The answer is quite simple: increasing the size of filtering elements, we increase the throughput of the processed BW. Moreover, according to the research and development of nanotechnology, they are on the rise in pursuit of the original and useful things, and at the time when the take-off of factory production takes place, very little is being done to guarantee the safety to the society and the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwich structures are well-known and frequently used solutions in marine applications, especially when structural stiffness is required. An important part of the sandwich structure is the core, which usually carries shear loads. Therefore, choosing a reliable test method and knowing the exact shear properties of the particular core used in the structural design is beneficial for every engineer. Shear properties of the FlexyFoam M-55, a closed-cell, lightweight PVC foam with an apparent density of 60 kg/m3, have been investigated according to the ASTM C273 standard, using the tensile and compressive loading of metal supporting plates glued to the PVC foam sample. A digital image correlation (DIC) technique was used to monitor the crack propagation, and the appearance of secondary stresses at the foam-adhesive interface and strain field for the representative sample was presented. Displacement was measured using the testing machine sensors and compared to the measurements from the DIC technique. Specimen manufacturing details, surface preparation, and the gluing sequence were described, and measuring equipment and experiment settings were presented. Stress-strain curves have been presented and shear modulus and ultimate shear strength of the foam were compared for each test approach. The results were discussed and compared with the manufacturer’s data, as well as with foams of similar densities. The well-established approach in testing the core material was discussed, and recommendations were given to improve the testing procedure.

This paper intended to study ecological compensation policy of green transformation of marine industry from the perspective of law. Marine ecological compensation is a systematic project, which is an important part of the future marine environment and industrial development. At present, the theoretical research and policy implementation of marine ecological compensation are still in their infancy, and many key theoretical and practical issues need to be resolved. To this end, we must implement the concept of green development, further improve the marine ecological compensation mechanism, improve relevant legal systems and policy measures, promote the green transformation of the marine industry, and achieve the harmonious development of people and the ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]