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Ru@CNF was developed as efficient catalyst for the catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of lignin derived from non-edible biomass resources. The HR-TEM analysis revealed the presence of ruthenium nanoparticles on the surface of carbon nanofibers. The XPS and XRD analysis further confirmed the presence of Ru metal present on catalyst surface. The catalyst was initially tested for the HDO of guaiacol and later used for the hydrodeoxygenation of commercial lignin along with lignin derived from corn cob and pine bark. Various phenolic compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons were obtained at the end of process. GC–MS spectroscopic analysis was used for the identification of various products formed in the process. Finally, density function theory calculations combined with experiments were performed to reveal the mechanism of the reaction. It was found that surface –COOH groups help in the adsorption of the oxygenated molecules on the catalyst surface that were hydrodeoxygenated with the help of hydrogen adsorbed on the active metal sites. Moreover, no significant difference in the addition of H atom and H ion was observed during this process, indicating that reaction can proceed with the help of hydrogen atoms (free radical mechanism) or hydrogen ions obtained from acidic functional groups present on the surface. Dont throw non-edible things; make sustainable chemicals Hydrodeoxygenation of lignin derived from non-edible food such as corn cob and pinus bark into valueable and sustainable chemicals by using Ru@CNF catalyst with mechanistic study. The catalyst was also used to perform the hydrodeoxygenation of the model molecule guaiacol, where it was confirmed that it is capable to form the toluene and phenols as an end product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review offers insights into the recent advancements of 3D/4D printed materials for fog collection and solar vapor generation devices. It presents a comprehensive overview of various material properties, device engineering aspects, printing technologies, practical challenges, and future prospects. [Display omitted] • Exploration of additive manufacturing technology in advanced water harvesting systems. • Utilization of 3D/4D printing materials for improved fog harvesting and solar vapor generation devices. • Examination of various material properties and device design engineering to optimize water harvesting performance. • Discussion on strategies for autonomous freshwater collection. The incorporation of cutting-edge technology in developing diverse water harvesters enhances the efficiency of water harvesting systems. Fog harvesting device (FHD) and solar vapor generation device (SVGD) have emerged as environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and efficient methods for generating clean and fresh water, gaining significant attention in recent years. Additionally, there has been extensive reporting on various fog harvesters and photothermal materials, and their structural designs to enhance the efficiency of water harvesting systems. Notably, the exploration of three-dimensional (3D)/four-dimensional (4D) printed FHD and SVGD represents a crucial research avenue in this field. This comprehensive review meticulously investigates recent advancements in designing and engineering 3D/4D printed materials, specifically tailored to enhance water harvesting efficiency. We present an overview of 3D printed materials and designs featuring diverse surface properties to enhance the effectiveness of FHD and SVGDs. The working principles of both systems and key considerations for designing new FHD and SVGD are explored. We investigate a variety of 3D printed materials optimized for fog collection and vapor generation, evaluating their performance based on structural engineering and surface properties. The review also emphasizes 4D printed materials, highlighting their potential for continuous water harvesting from day to night. In conclusion, the review furnishes a comprehensive summary, providing insights into current research, accomplishments, and future challenges in the realm of 3D/4D printed materials for water harvesting. We believe that this information serves as valuable education and motivation for new researchers and the scientific community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Laboratory-synthesized nanocarbon pelletized with titanosilicate (ETS-10) as a support matrix has been investigated for the capture of radioactive iodine present as methyl iodide (CH3I) in the off-gas streams produced during aqueous reprocessing of used nuclear fuel. The mass fraction of carbon in the sorbent matrix was 0.10. The effects of residence time and CH3I concentration were investigated using a continuous flow column setup to quantify the adsorption and desorption capacities of adsorbent under dynamic conditions from an air stream containing CH3I present at concentrations representative of those expected in the off-gas streams. Air with CH3I gas as a source in the column resulted in quantifiable CH3I adsorption with 0.98 mg/g of adsorption capacity. Laboratory-made nanocarbons had a larger adsorption capacity than those of the other carbons reported in the literature. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of nanocarbon on ETS-10 is compared to that of nanocarbon coated on cordierite in previous studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dialysis plays a crucial role in the purification of nanomaterials but its impact on the structural properties of carbon nanomaterials was never investigated. Herein, a carbon-based nanomaterial generated electrochemically in potassium phosphate buffer, was characterized before and after dialysis against pure water. It is shown that dialysis affects the size of the carbon domains, structural organization, surface functionalization, oxidation degree of carbon, and grade of amorphicity. Accordingly, dialysis drives the nanomaterial organization from discrete roundish carbon domains, with sizes ranging from 70 to 160 nm, towards linear stacking structures of small nanoparticles (

The supermolecule-mediated method is employed to prepare an organic molecule aggregate (OMA) precursor called MCAL in which the dopant agent (melamine-cyanuric acid supramolecular (MCA)) and biomass molecule (alkali lignin (AL)) are uniformly mixed. Direct pyrolysis of OMA yields lignin-derived highly nitrogen-doped turbine-like carbon (LNTC), which serves as a high-performance anode for potassium-ion capacitors. [Display omitted] Potassium-ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs) represent a burgeoning class of electrochemical energy storage devices characterized by their remarkable energy and power densities. Utilizing amorphous carbon derived from sustainable biomass presents an economical and environmentally friendly option for anode material in high-rate potassium-ion storage applications. Nevertheless, the potassium-ion storage capacity of most biomass-derived carbon materials remains modest. Addressing this challenge, nitrogen doping engineering and the design of distinctive nanostructures emerge as effective strategies for enhancing the electrochemical performance of amorphous carbon anodes. Developing highly nitrogen-doped nanocarbon materials is a challenging task because most lignocellulosic biomasses lack nitrogen functional groups. In this work, we propose a general strategy for directly carbonizing supermolecule-mediated lignin organic molecular aggregate (OMA) to prepare highly nitrogen-doped biomass-derived nanocarbon. We obtained lignin-derived, highly nitrogen-doped turbine-like carbon (LNTC). Featuring a three-dimensional turbine-like structure composed of amorphous, thin carbon nanosheets, LNTC demonstrated a capacity of 377 mAh g−1 when used as the anode for PIHCs. This work also provides a new synthesis method for preparing highly nitrogen-doped nanocarbon materials derived from biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a short overview of the main 3D polymer composite items that are fabricated by extrusion and stereolithography printing. By coupling polymers traditionally used in additive manufacturing, such as PEGDA, and polymers of biomedical interest, such as PVA, with carbon nanostructures, such as nanodiamond and graphene nanoplates, and conductive polymers, such as PEDOT and PANI, it has been possible to produce objects with specific functional properties exploited for fabricating scaffolds for cell growth and proliferation as well as soft electrodes for developing organic compounds sensing devices and electrocardiogram monitoring systems under real‐time conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We report the synthesis of a longitudinally helical molecular nanocarbon, hexabenzoheptacene (HBH), along with its dimethylated derivative (HBH‐Me), which are composed of six benzene rings periodically benzannulated to both zigzag edges of a heptacene core. This benzannulation pattern endows the resulting nanocarbons with a helical heptacene core and local aromaticity, imparting enhanced solubility and stability to the system. The chiral HBH‐Me adopts a more highly twisted conformation with an end‐to‐end twist angle of 95°, enabling the separation of the enantiomers. Both HBH and HBH‐Me can be facilely oxidized into their corresponding dications, which exhibit enhanced planarity and aromaticity upon loss of electrons. Notably, both longitudinally helical nanocarbons readily promote solid state packing into two‐dimensional (2D) arrangement. Single‐crystal microbelts of HBH‐Me show hole mobility up to 0.62 cm2 V−1 s−1, illustrating the promising potential of these longitudinally helical molecules for organic electronic devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, vanadium ditelluride (VTe2) a member of the transition metal ditellurdies family has emerged as a functional material for energy storage applications owing to its exotic intrinsic properties. Similar to most of the nanostructured materials, a hybrid structure of VTe2 is expected to provide enhanced energy storage capability. Herein, two hybrid structures of VTe2 are engineered using well‐explored nanocarbons such as RGO and carbon nanotube (CNT) to create a compelling supercapacitor electrode material. Both the hybrid structures show improved electrochemical activity, but VTe2/CNT fared better in the charge storage efficiency. The enhanced active sites, short ionic/electronic pathways provided by the CNT network, and the large electric double‐layer contribution have synergized for the inflated capacitance of VTe2/CNT. Further, a high‐performance asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) of VTe2/CNT//MoSSe/CNT is constructed in a typical Swagelok cell, and the ASC delivered an energy density output of 36.28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 463.16 W kg−1 with a remarkable 80.26% capacitance retention. The results of this work suggest that VTe2/CNT is a promising contender in the pantheon of functional materials for energy storage applications in the near future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work delineates the tailoring of the thermal effusivity and diffusivity of the novel class of heat transfer fluids—ionanofluids—by the incorporation of nanocarbons like diesel soot (DS), camphor soot (CS), carbon nanotubes (CN), and graphene (GR). When the thermal diffusivity delivers information on the thermal energy propagation, the thermal effusivity concerns the energy exchange at the interface, enabling energy-efficient thermal system design. The nanocarbons are subjected to morphological characterisation by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic analyses confirm functional groups and vibrational bands. The microcrystalline size and graphiticity are also understood from the Raman spectrum. Ionanofluids prepared by dispersing nanocarbons into an ionic liquid base 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate (BMMS) are analysed by nondestructive photopyroelectric calorimetry (PPE). The PPE analysis of ionanofluids demonstrates that nanocarbons influence thermal parameters in the base fluid, with soot ionanofluids exhibiting increased thermal effusivity and diffusivity due to their various carbon allotropic composition. This study underscores the importance of selecting the appropriate carbon allotrope for tailoring ionanofluids' thermal properties, providing insights into manipulating these properties for enhanced performance across various industrial applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon black (CB) has wide range of industrial applications, including in the manufacturing of automobile tires, rubber products, inks, and plastics. To improve the properties of the target products and establish recycling systems, it must be fully characterized. However, characterization of CB is challenging owing to its structural complexity and the limitation of conventionally used experimental techniques, especially for surface structures at the nanoscale. In this study, we characterized the surface structures of two commercial CB via atomic force and scanning tunneling microscopy. Analysis of well-dispersed aggregates on atomically flat solid surfaces revealed primary particles of diverse sizes. The particle surfaces lacked edges, grooves, and steps that should be observed between stacked graphene sheets, which contradicts the widely accepted crystallite model. Observed images suggest that the graphene sheets exhibit a size distribution, inferring that multiple non-uniformly sized small graphene sheets are stacked turbostratically, with each sheet displaying a localized curvature rather than the ideal planar form. Varying size of sheets and curvature indicate the presence of a decent number of edges terminated with hydrogen and oxygen-containing functional groups. This interpretation was corroborated by conventional spectroscopic techniques: Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed desorption, and infrared absorption spectroscopy.

Core–shell {nanocarbon-coated/TiO2} hybrids (C@TiO2) were developed through a double-nozzle flame spray pyrolysis (DN-FSP) process. By optimizing the DN-FSP parameters, we have achieved control over the subnanometric thickness of the carbon shell as well as the anatase/rutile ratio within the TiO2. A library of C@TiO2 hybrids, with varying carbon contents and sp2/sp3 ratios, has been produced. These optimized C@TiO2 hybrids are capable of performing efficient photocatalytic hydrogen production from water, exceeding 400 μmol g–1 h–1, without the need for any noble-metal cocatalyst. HR-TEM has demonstrated that the DN-FSP process facilitates the formation of a nanocarbon shell and carbon nanodots in close contact with the TiO2 surface. XRD and Raman spectra indicate that this close carbon/TiO2 interface promotes the formation of a TiO2 rutile/anatase interphase. EPR spectroscopy shows that the carbon/TiO2 nanohybrids stabilize reduced Ti3+ sites at the interface. Moreover, an in situ EPR study of the photoinduced holes/electrons demonstrates that the nanocarbon moieties act as a very efficient acceptor of the photogenerated electrons. In this way, the highly efficient photocatalytic performance of C@TiO2 nanohybrids is attributed to the formation of a Z-scheme assembly of {rutile/anatase/carbon} nanophases. From a technological perspective, this work highlights the potential of the DN-FSP process for the scalable synthesis of functional photocatalytic (carbon/metal oxide) nanomaterials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoluminescence (PL) color can be tuned by mixing fluorophores emitting the three primary colors in an appropriate ratio. When color tuning is achieved on a single substrate, we can simplify device structures. We demonstrated that nanographenes (NGs), which are graphene fragments with a size of tens of nanometers, could be utilized as carriers of fluorophores. The addition of red‐ and blue‐light‐emitting fluorophores on the edge successfully reproduced the purple light. The relative PL intensities of the fluorophores could be regulated by the excitation wavelength, enabling multicolor emission between blue and red light. Owing to the triphenylamine units of the fluorophores, the NGs showed PL enhancement due to aggregation. This characteristic was valuable for the fabrication of solid polymer materials. Specifically, the functionalized NGs can be dispersed into polyvinylidene difluoride. The resultant polymer films emitted red, blue, and purple color. Our study demonstrated the potential applicability of NGs for fluorophore carriers capable of reproducing intermediate colors of light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocarbons including carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and particularly graphene have unique properties such as high mechanical strength, thermally stable, highly conducting, high friction stability and lower specific wear rates, which can potentially provide synergically improved performance of advanced engineering materials and technologies for various fields of applications such as automotive, aerospace, and other industrial components. Development of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites comprised of nanocarbon material remained as a research focus to outperform different properties of conventional material based components. In application, phenolic resin is the most popular binder in frictional components development such as brake pads, brake linings, and clutch facings, particularly used in many of light and medium automotive brake pad applications. Specifically, the present review study aims to provide thorough discussion on the mechanical, tribological, and thermal performances of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites containing nanocarbon as a property modifier by comparing with the neat phenolic resin or with the composite containing other micro ingredients. As per presented overview, the analysis shows the significant improvement in some required application‐based properties of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites such as tensile strength, young's modulus, impact strength, specific wear rate reduction, residue yield, and thermal conductivity due to the inclusion of nanocarbon, where the content of nanocarbons ranges about 0.5 wt% to 5 wt%. Hence nanocomposites synthesized using phenolic resin matrix with nanocarbons fillers found to have better mechanical strength, better wear resistance, and thermal stabilities when compared to pure phenolic resin and other composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present work aims to analyze the effect of including carbon-based nano materials in the thermosetting polymer based composite in terms of their tribological properties based on critical assessment of several literature data in this field of research. In particular, nanocarbon materials such as carbon nano tubes (CNT), graphene oxides (GO), and graphene are effectively being incorporated in to various polymers as a reinforcement agent to develop polymer nanocomposite based brake pad material. Phenolic and epoxy resins are found to be the most popular thermosetting polymers in practice and research for brake pad material development. Accordingly, the role of nanocarbon which is responsible for the stable coefficient of friction and reduced wear rate due to its inclusion in to phenolic and epoxy resins-based polymer composite have been studied in the present work. As per the present meta-analysis of tribological properties for nanocarbon based phenolic and epoxy resins polymer composite, the analyses showed that an average of around 65% specific wear rate reduction using 5 wt% graphene inclusions in the phenolic based polymer composite as compared to the 5 wt% graphitebased phenolic polymer composite. While in other case a wear rate reduction of 70%, 85%, and 94% were also achieved using 1.5 wt% CNT, 5.3 wt% graphene, and amino treated 0.2 wt% GO respectively in epoxy resin-based polymer composite as compared to pure epoxy resin in all the cases. Moreover, nanocarbon potential in reduction of wear rate for both phenolic and epoxy resin based nanocomposites are found practically evident while maintaining the stable coefficient of friction. Finally the nanocarbon found to be highly potential in affecting the tribological properties with limited amount addition in both phenolic and epoxy polymer composites, while at the same time it is also found that the nanocarbon effect may not pop up in same way when many ingredients added in the phenolic and epoxy polymer composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon–based materials have played a pivotal role in enhancing the electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). This review summarizes the significant developments in the application of carbon–based materials for enhancing LIBs. It highlights the latest innovations in different types of carbon materials such as graphite, soft carbon, hard carbon, and various carbon nanostructures, including design and synthesis. Additionally, the feasibility of developing flexible self‐supported electrodes for wearable devices is underlined. More emphasis is given to elucidating the Li‐ion storage mechanisms inherent in various carbon materials, illustrating the variations in Li‐storage that arise as the structure transitions from order to disorder and from bulk to the nano realm. Furthermore, the use of carbon composites, which incorporate different alloy/conversion/intercalation type materials with carbon matrices, is discussed in view of their improved electrochemical performances in terms of energy density, power density, and cycling stability. The review underscores the growing importance of carbon materials in addressing the ever‐increasing demand for high‐performance energy storage solutions and also addresses the remaining challenges and future perspectives, aiming to provide future research directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, vanadium ditelluride (VTe2) a member of the transition metal ditellurdies family has emerged as a functional material for energy storage applications owing to its exotic intrinsic properties. Similar to most of the nanostructured materials, a hybrid structure of VTe2 is expected to provide enhanced energy storage capability. Herein, two hybrid structures of VTe2 are engineered using well‐explored nanocarbons such as RGO and carbon nanotube (CNT) to create a compelling supercapacitor electrode material. Both the hybrid structures show improved electrochemical activity, but VTe2/CNT fared better in the charge storage efficiency. The enhanced active sites, short ionic/electronic pathways provided by the CNT network, and the large electric double‐layer contribution have synergized for the inflated capacitance of VTe2/CNT. Further, a high‐performance asymmetric supercapacitor (ASC) of VTe2/CNT//MoSSe/CNT is constructed in a typical Swagelok cell, and the ASC delivered an energy density output of 36.28 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 463.16 W kg−1 with a remarkable 80.26% capacitance retention. The results of this work suggest that VTe2/CNT is a promising contender in the pantheon of functional materials for energy storage applications in the near future.

Efficient water-solubilization of nanocarbons is desirable for both their biological and material applications, but so far has mainly relied on covalent modifications or amphiphiles featuring ionic side-chains. Here, we report a facile 2–4-step synthesis of pyridinium-based, bent aromatic amphiphiles with modular nonionic side-chains (i.e., CH3 and CH2CH2(OCH2CH2)2–Y (Y = OCH3, OH, and imidazole)). The new amphiphiles quantitatively self-assemble into ≈2 nm-sized aromatic micelles in water independent of the side-chain. Importantly, efficient water-solubilization and nonionic surface modification of various nanocarbons (e.g., fullerene C60, carbon nanotubes, and graphene nanoplatelets) are achieved through noncovalent encircling with the bent amphiphiles. The resultant imidazole-modified nanocarbons display a pH-responsive surface charge, as evidenced by NMR and zeta-potential measurements. In addition, solubilization of a nitrogen-doped nanocarbon (i.e., graphitic carbon nitride) in the form of 10–30 nm-sized stacks is also demonstrated using the present amphiphiles.

A key task in today's inorganic synthetic chemistry is to develop effective reactions, routes, and associated techniques aiming to create new functional materials with specifically desired multilevel structures and properties. Herein, we report an ultrathin two‐dimensional layered composite of graphene ribbon and silicate via a simple and scalable one‐pot reaction, which leads to the creation of a novel carbon‐metal‐silicate hybrid family: carbosilicate. The graphene ribbon is in situ formed by unzipping carbon nanotubes, while the ultrathin silicate is in situ obtained from bulk silica or commercial glass; transition metals (Fe or Ni) oxidized by water act as bridging agent, covalently bonding the two structures. The unprecedented structure combines the superior properties of the silicate and the nanocarbon, which triggers some specific novel properties. All processes during synthesis are complementary to each other. The associated synergistic chemistry could stimulate the discovery of a large class of more interesting, functionalized structures and materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocarbon materials have become extraordinarily compelling for their significant potential in the cutting-edge science and technology. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties due to their distinctive low-dimensional structures and tailored surface characteristics. An attractive direction at the forefront of this field involves the spatially resolved chemical functionalization of a diverse range of nanocarbons, encompassing carbon nanotubes, graphene, and a myriad of derivative structures. In tandem with the technological leaps in lithography, these endeavors have fostered the creation of a novel class of nanocarbon materials with finely tunable physical and chemical attributes, and programmable multi-functionalities, paving the way for new applications in fields such as nanoelectronics, sensing, photonics, and quantum technologies. Our review examines the swift and dynamic advancements in nanocarbon chemical patterning. Key breakthroughs and future opportunities are highlighted. This review not only provides an in-depth understanding of this fast-paced field but also helps to catalyze the rational design of advanced next-generation nanocarbon-based materials and devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology (NT) can modernize agriculture with new tools that allow better nourished and protected crops. Graphene oxide (GO) is a new kind of carbon-based nanomaterial with unique structural and physicochemical properties, which is very useful for many agricultural applications. GO, the two-dimensional carbon nanoparticles, have attracted increasing attention in the last few years because these contain large amounts of functional oxygen groups; therefore, they could be used as a fertilizer carrier to slow the release rate and improve the nutrients use efficiency, which makes this material suitable for developing new slow-release fertilizers. In this study, the application of GO nanoparticles (NPs) and graphite microparticles were compared as potential promoters of tomato seed germination and seedlings growth. Concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 mg L–1 were applied, using distilled water and micro-size graphite as controls. GO treatments improved root growth dose-dependently by increasing the seed vigor and showing significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between treatments applied, increasing antioxidant enzymes activities. When using the dose of 200 mg L–1 GONPs, the radicle length was stimulated (31%) compared to the control seedlings. The graphite NPs performed better than the control in all variables; however, they were surpassed by the treatments with GONPs.

Abstract Nanocarbons including carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide and particularly graphene have unique properties such as high mechanical strength, thermally stable, highly conducting, high friction stability and lower specific wear rates, which can potentially provide synergically improved performance of advanced engineering materials and technologies for various fields of applications such as automotive, aerospace, and other industrial components. Development of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites comprised of nanocarbon material remained as a research focus to outperform different properties of conventional material based components. In application, phenolic resin is the most popular binder in frictional components development such as brake pads, brake linings, and clutch facings, particularly used in many of light and medium automotive brake pad applications. Specifically, the present review study aims to provide thorough discussion on the mechanical, tribological, and thermal performances of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites containing nanocarbon as a property modifier by comparing with the neat phenolic resin or with the composite containing other micro ingredients. As per presented overview, the analysis shows the significant improvement in some required application‐based properties of phenolic resin‐based nanocomposites such as tensile strength, young's modulus, impact strength, specific wear rate reduction, residue yield, and thermal conductivity due to the inclusion of nanocarbon, where the content of nanocarbons ranges about 0.5 wt% to 5 wt%. Hence nanocomposites synthesized using phenolic resin matrix with nanocarbons fillers found to have better mechanical strength, better wear resistance, and thermal stabilities when compared to pure phenolic resin and other composites.

Nanocarbon and nanosilica are widely-used nanomaterials of significant industrial interest. Herein, a library of {carbon–SiO2} hybrid nanoparticles, with controlled nanocarbon content and sp3/sp2 profile, was engineered by a flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) process in one step. Their structure–function relationship was evaluated by studying their radical-generation and radical-stabilization activities, using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy in tandem with their biocide activity toward marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. The surface properties of the C–SiO2 hybrids were studied by Raman spectroscopy and surface-charge analysis by zeta potential measurements. Raman spectroscopy indicates that the FSP process, as designed and used herein, allows the progressive incorporation of nanocarbon moieties into the SiO2 nanostructure, which may lead to distortion of the siloxane matrix. Concurrently, the C–SiO2 hybrids' surface charge profile reveals a trend correlated with the acute biocide activity toward Aliiv. fischeri. Interestingly, we find no correlation between the stable radical population and the nanohybrids' biocide activity. Within this context, we discuss the role of surface charge, radical properties, and SiO2 lattice distortions by the nanocarbon, all of them parametrized via FSP process protocols. Thus, the present study's findings provide critical insight into the structure–biocide activity relationship of carbon–SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles. Technology-wise, the present work exemplifies a scalable FSP process for the industrial production of applied nanomaterials, such as C–SiO2 nanostructures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of nanomaterials in agriculture has considerable advantages, but its impact on the dynamic change of soil nutrients is still unclear. In the two-year experiment, the effects of nanocarbon (NC) and nano calcium carbonate (NCC) on the dynamic changes of soil nutrients in the wheat field were studied by setting the ratio of different nanomaterials and fertilizers. All treatments with NC and NCC applications positively affected soil nutrient effectiveness at 0–35 d after wheat anthesis, and the effect of NC+NCC was more significant. At 35 days after anthesis, soil available phosphorus (P), available potassium (K), organic matter (OM), and alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen (N) were elevated by 77.9%, 21.9%, 11.7%, and 7.0%, respectively, in the first year and 44.3%, 10.2%, 9.0%, and 7.6%, respectively, in the second year of treatment with 100% CF (complex fertilizer) + 50% NC + 50% NCC compared with control. The treatment with reduced fertilizer application also demonstrated a greater advantage. At 35 d after anthesis, 70% CF + 35% NC + 35% NCC had 54.3%, 11.5%, 8.4%, and 5.8% higher soil available P, available K, OM, and alkaline hydrolysis N, respectively, compared with the control, and 41.05%, 6.4%, 7.8%, and 5.4% higher the following year, respectively. In acidic soils, positively charged NC and NCC have a lasting effect on maintaining soil nutrients by adsorbing acid ions. Therefore, NC and NCC with compound fertilizer have favorable effects in maintaining soil nutrient content and improving fertilizer utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbon fibers have been employed to form the high performance composites. The use and compatibility of carbon fibers have gained research interest. Incidentally, the nanocarbon nanostructures such as carbon nanotube, graphene, nanodiamond, and fullerene have been deposited on the carbon fiber surface to increase the interfacial linking with the matrices. Various physical and chemical methods have been used to deposit the nanocarbon on the carbon fiber surface including the chemical vapor deposition, electrospraying, electrophoretic deposition, etc. This review basically highpoints the prospective of the formation of the polymer/fiber composite and polymer/fiber/nanofiller nanocomposite for the advanced structures. The effect of the addition of the nanocarbon on the properties of the polymer/carbon fiber materials have been observed. Specifically, the morphology, strength, toughness, storage modulus, thermal stability, and other physical characteristics have been observed. Moreover, the interfacial adhesion and resulting interfacial features of the polymer/fiber/nanofiller nanocomposite have also been perceived. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, regularities of changes in the frequency dependence of microwave shielding properties of fabricated 2D and 3D metastructures with periodic lattices based on glass microspheres coated with GNPs, GNPs-NiFe, MoS2 and a mixture of MoS2 + 20 % GNP were established. The influence of the size of carbon-based globular structures, the type of globule coating and the type of polymer matrix on the value and balance between the indices of electromagnetic radiation reflection, absorption and transmission in the frequency range of 25-37 GHz is considered. Glass balls with a diameter of 600 µm and 1.8 mm were used as a glass core. It was established that the increase in the size of glass microspheres leads to an increase in the shielding efficiency, and a large amount of GNP or GNPs-NiFe in the 3D structure contributes to the effective attenuation of electromagnetic radiation by increasing the reflection and absorption of microwaves. The presence of NiFe magnetic component on the glass microspheres leads to an increase in the absorption coefficient A, while the reflection coefficient R decreases compared to composites based on glass microspheres covered only with GNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wearable devices have rapidly developed in recent years. The practical applications of wearable devices utilize secondary batteries such as lithium-ion batteries. Biofuel cells are a promising next-generation power source for these devices because they can be operated under mild conditions. Nanocarbons are essential materials owing to their excellent electrical conductivity and high surface area. However, nanocarbons easily aggregate, which results in an electrochemical active surface area significantly smaller than their theoretical individual surface area. Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have high electrical conductivity owing to their network structure and large specific surface area, it is well known that CNTs form bundled structures by aggregation. In this study, to completely exploit the properties of CNTs, a modified electrode was fabricated using a nanocarbon composite material with CNTs as the base material. Laccase bio-electrocatalysis tests were conducted, and the results clearly demonstrated the composite effect of CNTs with different nanocarbon morphologies, such as Ketjen black. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first results of the hydrogenation of S6-symmetric trifluoromethylfullerene C60(CF3)12 in two types of reactions were reported: (1) high-temperature radical hydrogenation with 9,10-dihydroanthracene and (2) nucleophilic hydrogenation with sodium tetraborohydride under mild conditions. The high-temperature radical hydrogenation of S6-C60(CF3)12 is accompanied by partial elimination of CF3 groups and leads to the formation of a complex mixture of products of a composition C60(CF3)8–12H18–22. During the hydrogenation of NaBH4 under mild conditions, selective formation of the hydride C60(CF3)12H12 was recorded by mass spectroscopy. A kinetic analysis of the sequential nucleophilic hydrogenation of S6-C60(CF3)12 was performed, using quantum-chemical modeling at the level of density functional theory, under the assumption of linear correlation between the activation energy and the enthalpy of elementary steps of the same type. The isomeric composition was predicted for the series of anionic intermediates C60(CF3)12H and their protonation products C60(CF3)12H2n, where n = 1–6. The hydrogenation of S6-C60(CF3)12 should lead to the formation of the thermodynamically and kinetically most stable product ortho-S6-C60(CF3)12H12, in which all hydrogen atoms are located in neighboring positions near the CF3 groups, forming together with them a near-equatorial belt of 24 addends while retaining the triphenylene fragments at two opposite poles. The average bond dissociation energy BDE(C–H) in ortho-S6-C60(CF3)12H12 is 298 kJ mol–1, which is approximately 20 kJ mol–1 higher than the BDE(C–H) of known fullerene hydrides C60H18 and C60H36 (PBE0/def2-SVP). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work delineates the tailoring of the thermal effusivity and diffusivity of the novel class of heat transfer fluids—ionanofluids—by the incorporation of nanocarbons like diesel soot (DS), camphor soot (CS), carbon nanotubes (CN), and graphene (GR). When the thermal diffusivity delivers information on the thermal energy propagation, the thermal effusivity concerns the energy exchange at the interface, enabling energy-efficient thermal system design. The nanocarbons are subjected to morphological characterisation by field emission scanning electron microscopy. Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopic analyses confirm functional groups and vibrational bands. The microcrystalline size and graphiticity are also understood from the Raman spectrum. Ionanofluids prepared by dispersing nanocarbons into an ionic liquid base 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate (BMMS) are analysed by nondestructive photopyroelectric calorimetry (PPE). The PPE analysis of ionanofluids demonstrates that nanocarbons influence thermal parameters in the base fluid, with soot ionanofluids exhibiting increased thermal effusivity and diffusivity due to their various carbon allotropic composition. This study underscores the importance of selecting the appropriate carbon allotrope for tailoring ionanofluids’ thermal properties, providing insights into manipulating these properties for enhanced performance across various industrial applications.

[Display omitted] Mechanical energy harvesting transforms various forms of mechanical energy, including ocean waves, wind, and human motions, into electrical energy, providing a viable solution to address the depletion of fossil fuels and environmental problems. However, one major obstacle for the direct conversion of mechanical energy into electricity is the low frequency of the majority of mechanical energy sources (≤5 Hz), resulting in low energy conversion efficiency, output power and output current. Over recent years, a numerous innovative technologies have been reported to enable improved energy harvesting utilizing various mechanisms. This review aims to present an in-depth analysis of the research progress in low-frequency energy harvesting technologies that rely on triboelectric, electrochemical, piezoelectric, and dielectric elastomer effects. The discussion commences with an overview of the difficulties associated with low-frequency energy harvesting. The critical aspects that impact the low-frequency performance of mechanical energy harvesters, including working mechanisms, environmental factors, and device compositions, are elucidated, while the advantages and disadvantages of different mechanisms in low-frequency operation are compared and summarized. Moreover, this review expounds on the strategies that can improve the low-frequency energy harvesting performance through the modulations of material compositions, structures, and devices. It also showcases the applications of mechanical energy harvesters in energy harvesting via waves, wind, and human motions. Finally, the recommended choices of mechanical energy harvesters with different mechanisms for various applications are offered, which can assist in the design and fabrication process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoporous carbon materials have always presented a special interest due to their properties, which include adsorption (especially of gases), catalyst activity, fluorescence, and luminescence. Their porosity leads to a high surface area, making them suited for assisting processes, such as synthesis (especially carboxylation and electrolytic reduction), catalysis (particularly electrocatalysts and photocatalysis), and separation. Considering these features, carbon nanotubes, graphene oxide, and graphene quantum dots have been extensively investigated for pharmaceutical applications. Coming from either organic, inorganic or synthetic precursors, the nanoporous carbon composites are of great value as adsorbent for the removal of various pollutants. Apart from the removal of pollutants, nanopores serve to separate single stranded and double stranded DNA in solution and rapid DNA sequencing. While the size of the pores depends on the method used for preparation, from a usage standpoint, the nanopores are micropores ( < 2 nm ), mesopores ( 2 - 50 nm ) and macropores ( > 50 nm ). The methods of investigation related with nanoporous carbon materials often include X ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and X ray powder diffraction. This review summarizes the most recent studies in developing nanoporous carbon materials for various pharmacautical applications including bio-sensing, drug delivery, tissue engineering, biomedicine, gene transfection or cancer therapy. New porous carbon materials, including metal organic frameworks, carbon dots and nanotubes, have been detailed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies have been carried out aimed at improving the corrosion resistance of concrete and its other characteristics for operation in harsh environmental conditions. The influence of a complex additive containing multilayer carbon nanotubes and hydrothermal SiO2 nanoparticles on the durability of concrete has been determined. Experiments were carried out to study water tightness, frost resistance, water absorption, and power parameters of concrete (stress intensity factors). It has been established that the introduction of nanoparticles into concrete improves the microstructure of its cement matrix, which leads to a decrease in the penetration of chloride ions into concrete and to an increase in its water permeability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a hybrid cotton fabric with an enhanced ultraviolet (UV) shielding property was developed by coating with functionally activated nanocarbon (FACN) which was grafted by polyaniline (PANI) using in situ polymerization. In light of this, Teff hay biomass was used to establish the activated nanocarbon (ANC), that was subsequently given a surface functionalization using a silane coupling agent. Using the response surface (RSM) statistical analysis, the study was optimized for the weight percent of ANC and PANI with respect to the cotton fabric that was found to offer remarkable UV protection, with an ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of 64.563, roughly 17 times more than that of primitive cotton (UPF = 3.7). The different characterization techniques, such as UV absorption, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and thermal behavior studies were investigated. In addition, the basic textile properties on optimized hybrid material were found to be appreciably increased. The results suggested that activated FACN made from Teff hay could be an effective alternative organic source material for developing UV protective hybrid cotton fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polymeric nanofibers have emerged as exclusive one-dimensional nanomaterials. Various polymeric nanofibers and nanocomposite nanofibers have been processed using the thermoplastic, conducting, and thermoset matrices. This review aims to highlight the worth of electrospinning technology for the processing of polymer/nanocarbon nanocomposite nanofibers. In this regard, the design, morphology, physical properties, and applications of the nanofibers were explored. The electrospun polymer/nanocarbon nanofibers have a large surface area and fine fiber orientation, alignment, and morphology. The fiber processing technique and parameters were found to affect the nanofiber morphology, diameter, and essential physical features such as electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, thermal stability, etc. The polymer nanocomposites with nanocarbon nanofillers (carbon nanotube, graphene, fullerene, etc.) were processed into high-performance nanofibers. Successively, the electrospun nanocomposite nanofibers were found to be useful for photovoltaics, supercapacitors, radiation shielding, and biomedical applications (tissue engineering, antimicrobials, etc.). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electromagnetic interference disturbs the working of electronic devices and affects the surroundings and human health. Consequently, research has led to the development of radiation-protection materials. Inherently conducting polymers have been found to be suitable for electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding owing to their fine electrical conductivity properties. Moreover, nanoparticle-reinforced conjugated polymers have been used to form efficient nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Nanoparticle addition has further enhanced the radiation protection capability of conducting polymers. This state-of-the-art comprehensive review describes the potential of conducting polymer nanocomposites for EMI shielding. Conducting polymers, such as polyaniline, polypyrrole, and polythiophene, have been widely used to form nanocomposites with carbon, metal, and inorganic nanoparticles. The EMI shielding effectiveness of conducting polymers and nanocomposites has been the focus of researchers. Moreover, the microscopic, mechanical, thermal, magnetic, electrical, dielectric, and permittivity properties of nanocomposites have been explored. Electrically conducting materials achieve high EMI shielding by absorbing and/or dissipating the electromagnetic field. The future of these nanomaterials relies on nanomaterial design, facile processing, and overcoming dispersion and processing challenges in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a study of microstructures and properties of pure copper and copper–fullerene-soot (Cu-FS) composite materials produced by mechanical milling followed by hot pressing. The electrochemical etching method was successfully applied to reveal the fragmented structure of the specimens produced by high-energy ball milling. It is shown the carbon nanoparticles are involved in the composite microstructure formation. Copper–fullerene-soot composite materials have a complex microstructure with a bimodal grain distribution. Both recrystallized (average 3 μm) and polygonized (155 nm) grains are observed in the microstructure. Thus, in the case of pure copper, due to the absence of carbon nanoparticles, only recrystallized grains are observed in the microstructure. The Cu-FS composite has a hardness up to 160 HV and thermal stability up to 700 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we report on novel polyimide (PI) nanocomposites filled with binary mixtures of metal oxide (either TiO2 or ZrO2) nanoparticles and nanocarbon (either carbon nanofibers (CNFs) or functionalized carbon nanotubes (CNTfs)). The structure and morphology of the materials obtained were comprehensively studied. An exhaustive investigation of their thermal and mechanical properties was performed. We revealed a synergistic effect of the nanoconstituents with regard to a number of functional characteristics of the PIs compared with single-filler nanocomposites, including thermal stability, stiffness (below and above glass transition temperature), yield point, and temperature of flowing. Moreover, the possibility of manipulating the properties of the materials by choosing a proper combination of the nanofillers was demonstrated. The results obtained can become a platform in the design of PI-based engineering materials with tailored characteristics capable of operating in extreme conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porphyrins is a unique heterocyclic molecule with four modified pyrrole rings interconnected at α carbon atoms via methine groups. The potential of porphyrin has been enhanced by developing the linked nanostructures with nanocarbons (carbon nanotube, graphene and fullerene) through physical/covalent electron donor-acceptor interactions. The porphyrin linked nanocarbon nanostructures have been reinforced in the polymeric matrices such as thermoplastic and conjugated polymers using facile approaches. The polymer/porphyrin linked nanocarbon nanocomposite revealed several remarkable characteristics like high surface area, conductivity, optical, thermal, mechanical capacitance, sensing and photocatalytic features. The high-performance nanocomposite nanostructures have been employed in sensor, supercapacitor and solar cell applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aimed to study the thermal and crystalline properties of poly (1,4-phenylene sulfide)@carbon char nanocomposites. Coagulation-processed nanocomposites of polyphenylene sulfide were prepared using the synthesized mesoporous nanocarbon of coconut shells as reinforcement. The mesoporous reinforcement was synthesized using a facile carbonization method. The investigation of the properties of nanocarbon was completed using SAP, XRD, and FESEM analysis. The research was further propagated via the synthesis of nanocomposites through the addition of characterized nanofiller into poly (1,4-phenylene sulfide) at five different combinations. The coagulation method was utilized for the nanocomposite formation. The obtained nanocomposite was analyzed using FTIR, TGA, DSC, and FESEM analysis. The BET surface area and average pore volume of the bio-carbon prepared from coconut shell residue were calculated to be 1517 m2/g and 2.51 nm, respectively. The addition of nanocarbon to poly (1,4-phenylene sulfide) led to an increase in thermal stability and crystallinity up to 6% loading of the filler. The lowest glass transition temperature was achieved at 6% doping of the filler into the polymer matrix. It was established that the thermal, morphological, and crystalline properties were tailored by synthesizing their nanocomposites with the mesoporous bio-nanocarbon obtained from coconut shells. There is a decline in the glass transition temperature from 126 °C to 117 °C using 6% filler. The measured crystallinity was decreased continuously, with the mixing of the filler exhibiting the incorporation of flexibility in the polymer. So, the loading of the filler into poly (1,4-phenylene sulfide) can be optimized to enhance its thermoplastic properties for surface applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural polymers such as cellulose have interesting tribo- and piezoelectric properties for paper-based energy harvesters, but their low performance in providing sufficient output power is still an impediment to a wider deployment for IoT and other low-power applications. In this study, different types of celluloses were combined with nanosized carbon fillers to investigate their effect on the enhancement of the electrical properties in the final nanogenerator devices. Cellulose pulp (CP), microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) were blended with carbon black (CB), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs). The microstructure of the nanocomposite films was characterized by scanning electron and probe microscopies, and the electrical properties were measured macroscopically and at the local scale by piezoresponse force microscopy. The highest generated output voltage in triboelectric mode was obtained from MCC films with CNTs and CB, while the highest piezoelectric voltage was produced in CNF-CNT films. The obtained electrical responses were discussed in relation to the material properties. Analysis of the microscopic response shows that pulp has a higher local piezoelectric d33 coefficient (145 pC/N) than CNF (14 pC/N), while the macroscopic response is greatly influenced by the excitation mode and the effective orientation of the crystals relative to the mechanical stress. The increased electricity produced from cellulose nanocomposites may lead to more efficient and biodegradable nanogenerators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanocarbon materials have become extraordinarily compelling for their significant potential in the cutting-edge science and technology. These materials exhibit exceptional physicochemical properties due to their distinctive low-dimensional structures and tailored surface characteristics. An attractive direction at the forefront of this field involves the spatially resolved chemical functionalization of a diverse range of nanocarbons, encompassing carbon nanotubes, graphene, and a myriad of derivative structures. In tandem with the technological leaps in lithography, these endeavors have fostered the creation of a novel class of nanocarbon materials with finely tunable physical and chemical attributes, and programmable multi-functionalities, paving the way for new applications in fields such as nanoelectronics, sensing, photonics, and quantum technologies. Our review examines the swift and dynamic advancements in nanocarbon chemical patterning. Key breakthroughs and future opportunities are highlighted. This review not only provides an in-depth understanding of this fast-paced field but also helps to catalyze the rational design of advanced next-generation nanocarbon-based materials and devices.