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The aim of the research is to study the concept of violence, clarify the causes and factors leading to it, identify its types and practices, especially the analysis and interpretation of the concept of symbolic violence in Pierre Bourdieu. The research relied on the analytical-sociological method in the study, analysis and interpretation of the research topic. The research also reached a set of results, the most important of which is that the phenomenon of violence is one of the most distressing social phenomena inherent in human society, and even the most ambiguous and most worrying, because of its negative effects on the individual and societal level as a whole. The research also proved that violence is every cruel and illegal behavior of an individual or a group of individuals with the intent of harming others, verbally, physically or materially, explicit or implicit, direct or indirect, active or passive, and it is a behavior that has its justifications based on excluding the other and not Acknowledging its existence, and with regard to symbolic violence, the research concluded that soft violence is quiet, imperceptible and invisible to its victims themselves, as it is practiced in purely symbolic ways and relies on symbols as tools in control and domination such as: language, image, signs, semantics, and meanings. In the end, the research recommended the need to limit the spread of the phenomenon of violence in all its forms and types at the individual and social level, in addition to enacting laws and tightening penalties for individuals who practice violence against the most vulnerable social groups in society, with the need to activate the political development process in order to raise the level of political and social awareness Regarding the practices of symbolic violence by the most powerful and dominant individuals over the rest of society. The research also called for the need to conduct more research on the phenomenon of societal violence, especially symbolic violence, which is one of the most impor tant types of contemporary violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raising a minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) has generated interest and debate in research and politics, but opposition persists. Up to now, the presentation of impacts focussed on effectiveness (i.e., intended impact); to our knowledge, no literature syntheses focussed on both intended and unintended impacts. A systematic scoping review was conducted in which a search strategy was developed iteratively and literature was obtained from experts in alcohol research and scientific and grey databases. Ninety-one studies were extracted and analysed using formative thematic content analysis. Intended impacts were reported in 119 units of information from the studies (68% positive), forming four paths: implementation, primary and (two) on secondary societal harm and violence. Unintended developments were reported in 43 units of information (30% positive), forming five themes. Only eight studies reported on implementation. Furthermore, a division between primary and secondary paths and the use of a bridging variable (drinking patterns in analyses or methodology) was discovered. These results provide an insight into how well legislation works and can be used to discover or implement new means of curbing underage drinking and alcohol-related violence and harm. They also offer valuable starting points for future research and underline the importance of considering unintended developments.