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Introduction: Accurate implant impressions are crucial for successful prosthetic rehabilitation. Digital impressions using intraoral scanners (IOS) have emerged as an alternative to conventional techniques. Various factors influence the accuracy of digital implant impressions, including scan body design, scanning protocol, and splinting techniques. Aim and Objective: To evaluate the difference between splinted and nonsplinted scan bodies in the accuracy of digital impressions for single or multiple implants by measuring distance and angular deviations between superimposed digital impressions. Materials and Methods: PRISMA guidelines were followed in this systematic review. Electronic databases were searched for relevant studies published up to January 2024. Inclusion criteria encompassed clinical trials, in vivo and in vitro studies on scan bodies in partially or fully edentulous arches. Two reviewers independently assessed abstracts, titles and full texts. Data extraction included distance deviation, angular deviation, trueness, and precision measurements. Discussion: Most studies found that scan body splinting improved the accuracy of digital implant impressions, particularly for complete-arch cases. Splinting techniques varied, including light-cured resin, pattern resin, dental floss, and custom-made splints. Factors such as the inter-implant distance, number of implants and choice of IOS also influenced accuracy. However, some studies reported no significant improvement or even negative effects of splinting on accuracy. Conclusion: Splinting scan bodies generally improves the accuracy of digital implant impressions, especially for complete-arch cases. It enhances the stitching process in digital workflows and provides more stable reference points. However, the effectiveness may vary depending on the specific clinical situation, scanning protocol, and IOS used. Further research is needed to establish standardized protocols and evaluate long-term clinical outcomes of digitally fabricated implant restorations based on splinted scan body impressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: While limited information is available, it is possible that high or low sub-bandage pressures cause injury with external coaptation. Fiberglass casting tape is a common splinting material that is custom made for the first bandage and reused in subsequent bandage changes. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine sub-bandage pressure changes in canine hindlimbs between initial splint placement and replacement of the bandage by a different person. The hypothesis was that there would be a clinically meaningful change in sub-bandage pressures with reapplication of the splint in at least one location. Sub-bandage pressures were measured at five different anatomic locations on each of 11 canine hind limbs with dogs standing and in lateral recumbency after customizing a fiberglass lateral tarsal splint for each dog. A second clinician then reapplied the bandage, reusing the same fiberglass splint. Second bandages failed if there was a change in pressure of 20 mmHg at any location. Results: Ten of 11 bandages failed (90%). All but one location failed due to increases in pressure. There were significant changes between lateral recumbency and standing pressures, but there was no consistent pattern of these changes among the dogs. Conclusion: There are changes in sub-bandage pressures when the splint is reused in 90% of bandages. In addition, changes in pressure occur unpredictably when transitioning from lateral recumbency to standing. Further study of the relationship of sub-bandage pressures to bandage complications is vital to help establish safe ranges and inform bandaging improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Management of traumatic dental injuries is often challenging due to the complexity in diagnosis, concomitant injuries, and the interdisciplinary treatment planning. As a result, the clinicians are often confused and not confident over important treatment decisions. The guidelines of International Association of Dental Traumatology have improved the standard of dental trauma care globally and provide a roadmap for predictable prognosis. However, there are unique situations that require additional investigations such as the Cone Beam Computed Tomography and customized treatment and follow up protocol. An essential requisite for prevention of adverse late complications of dental injuries is clear understanding of their etiopathogenesis and the changes that occur after an injury. Additionally, it is prudent to understand the basic physiology behind the healing that is expected after a treatment protocol. This review presents the science behind the development of late complications of dental injuries and their management protocols in a simplified and clinical manner. An attempt has been made to highlight the clinical paradigms and decisions that reduce the chances of failures in traumatized teeth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background While limited information is available, it is possible that high or low sub-bandage pressures cause injury with external coaptation. Fiberglass casting tape is a common splinting material that is custom made for the first bandage and reused in subsequent bandage changes. The aim of this preliminary study was to determine sub-bandage pressure changes in canine hindlimbs between initial splint placement and replacement of the bandage by a different person. The hypothesis was that there would be a clinically meaningful change in sub-bandage pressures with reapplication of the splint in at least one location. Sub-bandage pressures were measured at five different anatomic locations on each of 11 canine hind limbs with dogs standing and in lateral recumbency after customizing a fiberglass lateral tarsal splint for each dog. A second clinician then reapplied the bandage, reusing the same fiberglass splint. Second bandages failed if there was a change in pressure of 20 mmHg at any location. Results Ten of 11 bandages failed (90%). All but one location failed due to increases in pressure. There were significant changes between lateral recumbency and standing pressures, but there was no consistent pattern of these changes among the dogs. Conclusion There are changes in sub-bandage pressures when the splint is reused in 90% of bandages. In addition, changes in pressure occur unpredictably when transitioning from lateral recumbency to standing. Further study of the relationship of sub-bandage pressures to bandage complications is vital to help establish safe ranges and inform bandaging improvements.

Purpose: To analyze the biologic and mechanical complications of splinted and nonsplinted implant restorations. Materials and Methods: A total of 423 patients (n = implants: 888) were included in the study. Biologic and mechanical complications that occurred for 15 years were analyzed using the multivariable Cox regression model, and the significant effect of the splinting of prostheses and other risk factors were evaluated. Results: Biologic complications occurred in 38.7% of implants: 26.4% of nonsplinted implants (NS) and 45.4% of splinted implants (SP). Mechanical complications occurred in 49.2% of implants: 59.3% NS and 43.9% SP. Implants splinted with both mesial and distal adjacent implants (SP-mid) had the highest risk of peri-implant diseases. As the number of implants splinted increased, the risk of mechanical complications decreased. Long crown lengths increased the risk of both biologic and mechanical complications. Conclusion: Splinted implants had a higher risk of biologic complications and lower risk of mechanical complications. The implant splinted to both adjacent implants (SP-mid) had the highest risk of biologic complications. The greater the number of implants splinted, the lower the risk of mechanical complications. Long crown lengths increased the risk of both biologic and mechanical complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background & Objective: Although different kinesiotaping (KT) techniques can be applied in the treatment of carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS), to our knowledge, there is no study in the literature showing the superiority of these techniques over each other. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of KT techniques applied to the dorsal surface and palmar surface of the forearm in patients with CTS. Methods: Forty six patients (70 wrists) diagnosed with CTS were randomized into 3 groups. Fabricated night splint was applied to the first group, KT was applied to the palmar surface of the wrist to the second group, and KT was applied to the dorsal surface of the wrist to the third group. Clinical, electrophysiological and ultrasonographic evaluations before treatment and at the end of 3-week treatment were compared. Results: In the comparison pre- and post-treatment, the changes in pain evaluated with Visual Analog Scale, and median motor nerve distal latency were significant in all groups, the change in median nerve sensory conduction velocity was significant in Groups 1 and 2, the change in median motor nerve conduction velocity was significant in only Group 2, the change in The Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ)-Symptom Severity Status was significant in Group 1 and Group 3, the change in BCTQ-Functional Severity Scale and median nerve cross-sectional area was significant in only group 1. When the changes in treatment between the groups were compared, no statistically significant difference was found in any of the parameters. Conclusion: While splinting and different KT methods provided various benefits in CTS patients, they were not statistically superior to each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical indications for the Ti-Zr alloy (Roxolid®) mini-implants (MDIs) in subjects with narrow ridges are still under review. The aim was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area strains dependent on the MDI number, splinting status, loading force, and loading position. Six models were digitally designed and printed. Two, three, or four Ti-Zr MDIs, splinted with a bar or unsplinted (single units), supported mandibular overdentures (ODs), loaded with 50–300 N forces unilaterally, bilaterally, and anteriorly. The artificial mucosa thickness was 2 mm. Strain gauges were bonded on the vestibular and oral peri-implant sides of each MDI, and on the posterior edentulous area under the ODs. Loadings were performed through the metal plate placed on ODs' artificial teeth (15 times repeated). Arithmetic means with standard deviations and the significance of the differences (MANOVA, Sheffe post hoc) were calculated. Different MDI numbers, loading positions, forces, and splinting elicited different peri-implant microstrains. In the two-MDI models, 300 N force during unilateral loading elicited the highest microstrains (almost 3000 εμ on the loaded side), which can jeopardize bone reparation. On the opposite side, >2500 εμ was registered, which represents high strains. During bilateral loadings, microstrains hardly exceeded 2000 εμ, indicating that bilateral chewers or subjects having lower forces can benefit from the two Ti-Zr MDIs, irrespective of splinting. However, in subjects chewing unilaterally, and inducing higher forces (natural teeth antagonists), or bruxers, only two MDIs may not be sufficient to support the OD. By increasing implant numbers, peri-implant strains decrease in both splinted and single-unit MDI models, far beyond values that can interfere with bone reparation, indicating that splinting is not necessary. When the positions of the loading forces are closer to the implant, higher peri-implant strains are induced. Regarding the distal edentulous area, microstrains reached 2000 εμ only during unilateral loadings in the two-MDI models, and all other strains were lower, below 1500 εμ, confirming that implant-supported overdentures do not lead to edentulous ridge atrophy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aims: The recommendations for splinting are well established for the injuries of permanent dentition; however, ambiguity still exists for the injuries in primary dentition. Hence, this study aimed to determine the most appropriate dimensions of stainless steel wire and its extent, for achieving the physiologic mobility in primary dentition. Material and Methods: This study was designed as an in vitro experiment by using a typodont model of primary dentition. The baseline mobility of primary maxillary incisors was calibrated to the physiologic mobility of natural primary incisors by using a Teflon tape wrapped around the roots of resin teeth. Splinting was done using a stainless steel wire of 0.2 mm (Group I), 0.3 mm (Group II), and 0.4 mm (Group III). These groups were subdivided (a, b, and c) on the basis of the extent of the splint, and pre splint mobility (Pre‐PV) and post‐splint mobility (Post‐PV) were tested by Periotest M. The splint effect was calculated by subtracting Post‐PVs and Pre‐PVs. Results: The normal values of mobility in healthy human volunteers ranged from 10.5 to 13. The overall splint effect was higher in Group III irrespective of the extent of the splint, whereas it was found to be the lowest in Group I (b and c). The splint effect increased with the extent of the splint in all the groups. Among all the groups, the splint effect on the anchor teeth was observed to increase with the extent of the splint and the diameter of the wire. Conclusion: The mobility of the injured and anchor teeth splinted with 0.2‐mm stainless steel wire was similar to the pre‐splint and physiologic mobility. The most favorable extension was one tooth adjacent to the injured tooth on each side for both 0.2‐ and 0.3‐mm wires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful re-plantation of avulsed tooth in children demands instantaneous management. This case report emphasizes the efficient treatment of a 09-Year-old boy who suffered an avulsion of the maxillary right central incisor at his school. The patient reported within half an hour of the traumatic dental injury with the avulsed tooth in his hand wrapped in a piece of newspaper. Immediately the tooth was placed in normal saline (0.7%) when the patient arrived and conventional Root Canal Therapy (RCT) was done extra-orally. After the root canal, the tooth was re-planted according to the IADT guidelines and stabilized in place with splinting. Our interpretation suggests that re-plantation of an avulsed tooth as quickly as possible, using appropriate splint and planned root canal therapy, promotes faster periapical healing and yields a better prognosis.

ABSTRACT: Successful re-plantation of avulsed tooth in children demands instantaneous management. This case report emphasizes the efficient treatment of a 09-Year-old boy who suffered an avulsion of the maxillary right central incisor at his school. The patient reported within half an hour of the traumatic dental injury with the avulsed tooth in his hand wrapped in a piece of newspaper. Immediately the tooth was placed in normal saline (0.7%) when the patient arrived and conventional Root Canal Therapy (RCT) was done extra-orally. After the root canal, the tooth was re-planted according to the IADT guidelines and stabilized in place with splinting. Our interpretation suggests that re-plantation of an avulsed tooth as quickly as possible, using appropriate splint and planned root canal therapy, promotes faster periapical healing and yields a better prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT:Audience: This small group session is appropriate for any level of emergency medicine resident physicians.Introduction: Drowning is defined as the process of experiencing respiratory impairment from submersion or immersion in liquid. It is the third leading cause of unintentional injury-related deaths worldwide, accounting for 7% of all injury-related deaths.1 Our group sought to improve resident education regarding the basics of water safety and rescues as an event developed by our wilderness medicine (WM) interest group. With the growing number of WM Fellowships, specialty tracks, interest clubs and the regular inclusion of WM topics in residency didactics, exposure to WM topics has increased greatly.2 There is a large overlap between wilderness medicine and the field of emergency medicine. Both require stabilization, improvisation, and the treatment of environmental/exposure illnesses. It is imperative that emergency medicine physicians understand the complex pathophysiology of drowning, as well as recognize and manage potential associated traumatic injuries including fractures and critical hemorrhage. Our goal is to provide additional curricular instruction on prehospital management of water-related emergencies and related injuries to emergency medicine residents.Educational Objectives: By the end of the session, the learner will be able to: 1) describe the pathophysiology of drowning and shallow water drowning, 2) prevent water emergencies by listing water preparations and precautions to take prior to engaging in activities in and around water, 3) recognize a person at risk of drowning and determine the next best course of action, 4) demonstrate three different methods for in-water c-spine stabilization in the case of a possible cervical injury, 5) evaluate and treat a patient after submersion injury, 6) appropriately place a tourniquet for hemorrhage control, and 7) apply a splint to immobilize skeletal injury.Educational Methods: A group of 16 resident learners received a thirty-minute introduction discussion (with open discussion) regarding water safety, basic water rescue methods, and submersion injury pathophysiology. They then progressed through three stations designed to emphasize select skills and knowledge related to submersion injury management, water rescue, and tourniquet and splint placement.Research Methods: Participants completed a six-item questionnaire after the event designed to help gage participant comfort level of treatment, management, and experience regarding water safety, drowning, and related traumatic emergencies. Each item was ranked from 0 for “strongly disagree” to 10 for “strongly agree.” Total mean scores before and after were compared.Results: Sixteen individuals participated in the sessions and survey. The total mean score for the six-item analysis increased following the workshop (26.3 before versus 46.9 after, p = 0.001). The positive improvement in all categories indicated increased comfort in the topics of the small group sessions, with the largest improvement in the question about comfort in effectively evaluating and treating a patient presenting to the ED after a submersion injury.Discussion: Utilizing discussions and hands-on group sessions increased residents’ perceived learning. This model can be applied to an extensive number of wilderness medicine topics for learners of all levels. For individuals with time-restrictive schedules, this model is an efficient mode of learning and teaching drowning and injury management skills with the potential for further topics and future courses.Topics: Wilderness medicine, water safety, pathophysiology of drowning, in-water rescues, in-water cervical spine stabilization, management of drowning in the ED, splinting, tourniquets.

Abstract Background Without surgical repair, flexor tendon injuries do not heal and patients’ ability to bend fingers and grip objects is impaired. However, flexor tendon repair surgery also requires optimal rehabilitation. There are currently three custom-made splints used in the rehabilitation of zone I/II flexor tendon repairs, each with different assumed harm/benefit profiles: the dorsal forearm and hand-based splint (long), the Manchester short splint (short), and the relative motion flexion splint (mini). There is, however, no robust evidence as to which splint, if any, is most clinical or cost effective. The Flexor Injury Rehabilitation Splint Trial (FIRST) was designed to address this evidence gap. Methods FIRST is a parallel group, superiority, analyst-blind, multi-centre, individual participant-randomised controlled trial. Participants will be assigned 1:1:1 to receive either the long, short, or mini splint. We aim to recruit 429 participants undergoing rehabilitation following zone I/II flexor tendon repair surgery. Potential participants will initially be identified prior to surgery, in NHS hand clinics across the UK, and consented and randomised at their splint fitting appointment post-surgery. The primary outcome will be the mean post-randomisation score on the patient-reported wrist and hand evaluation measure (PRWHE), assessed at 6, 12, 26, and 52 weeks post randomisation. Secondary outcome measures include blinded grip strength and active range of movement (AROM) assessments, adverse events, adherence to the splinting protocol (measured via temperature sensors inserted into the splints), quality of life assessment, and further patient-reported outcomes. An economic evaluation will assess the cost-effectiveness of each splint, and a qualitative sub-study will evaluate participants’ preferences for, and experiences of wearing, the splints. Furthermore, a mediation analysis will determine the relationship between patient preferences, splint adherence, and splint effectiveness. Discussion FIRST will compare the three splints with respect to clinical efficacy, complications, quality of life and cost-effectiveness. FIRST is a pragmatic trial which will recruit from 26 NHS sites to allow findings to be generalisable to current clinical practice in the UK. It will also provide significant insights into patient experiences of splint wear and how adherence to splinting may impact outcomes. Trial registration ISRCTN: 10236011

Abstract Background There is a controversy on the effectiveness of post-operating splinting in patients with carpal tunnel release (CTR) surgery. This study aimed to systematically evaluate various outcomes regarding the effectiveness of post-operating splinting in CTR surgery. Methods Multiple databases, including PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, and Cochrane, were searched for terms related to carpal tunnel syndrome. A total of eight studies involving 596 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The quality of studies was evaluated, and their risk of bias was calculated using the methodological index for non‐randomized studies (MINORS) and Cochrane’s collaboration tool for assessing the risk of bias in randomized controlled trials. Data including the visual analogue scale (VAS), pinch strength, grip strength, two-point discrimination, symptom severity score (SSS), and functional status scale (FSS) were extracted. Results Our analysis showed no significant differences between the splinted and non-splinted groups based on the VAS, SSS, FSS, grip strength, pinch strength, and two-point discrimination. The calculated values of the standardized mean difference (SMD) or the weighted mean difference (WMD) and a 95% confidence interval (CI) for different variables were as follows: VAS [SMD = 0.004, 95% CI (-0.214, 0.222)], pinch strength [WMD = 1.061, 95% CI (-0.559, 2.681)], grip strength [SMD = 0.178, 95% CI (-0.014, 0.369)], SSS [WMD = 0.026, 95% CI (- 0.191, 0.242)], FSS [SMD = 0.089, 95% CI (-0.092, 0.269)], and the two-point discrimination [SMD = 0.557, 95% CI (-0.140, 1.253)]. Conclusions Our findings revealed no statistically significant differences between the splinted and non-splinted groups in terms of the VAS, SSS, FSS, grip strength, pinch strength, and two-point discrimination. These results indicate that there is no substantial evidence supporting a significant advantage of post-operative splinting after CTR.

Palmar burn injuries are common in young children and can result in contracture. A prospective longitudinal study describes outcomes of palm and digit extension splint use following burn in 75 children (83 hands) aged < 5 years and determines whether specific cutaneous functional units (CFUs) are associated with early signs of contracture (ESC). Outcomes were assessed up to 9–18 months following burn. Routine clinical data was collected at therapy reviews. Children were splinted > 12 h/day for a mean of 158 days following burn. The mean time to splint cessation was 264 days following burn. Fourteen hands developed ESC (17%): 12 hands had full ROM restored following conservative management, 2 hands (3%) progressed to contracture. Hands that developed ESC had greater healing time (p = 0.002), greater number of CFUs affected (p < 0.001), and greater number of immediate first webspace and extended first webspace CFUs affected (p = 0.002, p < 0.001 respectively). ESC risk increases for each day to heal (odds ratio [OR] 1.1, 95% CI 1.0–1.2) and each CFU in extended first webspace (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.5–5.0). Early and intensive splinting following palmar burn results in excellent ROM. Burns involving more CFUs or the first webspace are associated with ESC. • Intensive splinting following palmar burn in children has excellent ROM outcomes. • Early signs of palmar contracture are amenable to conservative intervention. • Palmar CFUs can predict early signs of contracture risk and days of splint use. • Burns involving the first webspace are associated with early signs of contracture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The Occupational Therapy Association of South African commissioned a task team to gather evidence that would inform upcoming National Health policies on the role and practice of occupational therapists. This rapid review aimed to identify level 1 and 2 peer reviewed published evidence that describes occupational therapists' practice and intervention in all types of burn injuries, at all levels of care, and for all age groups. Method: Using the South African Department of Health template and the Cochran Rapid Reviews method guide, a search for level 1 and 2 evidence sourced articles from CINAHL (EBSCO), MEDLINE (EBSCO), the Cochrane Library (Wiley) and OTSeeker data bases through the Stellenbosch University library with hand searching of references in the selected articles. Rayyan was used for the screening and selection of articles. The CASP appraisal tool was used for risk bias and quality assessment of the selected articles. Data was captured in Excel and Word, and analysed and synthesised in Microsoft Excel and Taguette. Results were presented in the form of an online workshop to stakeholders and discussions and questions incorporated into the discussion and conclusion of this review. Results: Eleven articles were selected and their quality assessed. Seven categories of evidence of occupational therapy interventions were extracted from selected articles: pain, oedema, scaring and abnormal skin sensations, joints and range of motion, psycho-social and functional impact of burn injuries, the education of burn injury victims and their families, and vocational rehabilitation. All interventions took place in healthcare facilities. Nine articles referred to occupational therapists working in multi-disciplinary teams. Occupational therapist worked with children and adult burn injury victims and with a variety of type of burn injury from acute to post discharge phases. Conclusion: There is level 1 and 2 evidence conderming occupational therapy intervention with burn injury victims with all ages and at all stages of injury within healthcare facilities. None of the evidence found is from the South African context. Such levels of evidence are needed to promote occupational therapy intervention in primary, preventative and community contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents may experience challenges implementing their child's therapeutic treatment following burn. A mixed methods study was conducted to explore the parent experience of intensive splinting following palmar burns in young children (median age 16 months [IQR 14]). Thirteen parents were interviewed after cessation of their child's splinting (mean 12 months [SD 2] following burn). Parent interviews were semi-structured with open-ended questions and conducted one-to-one. Inductive thematic analysis was completed by two researchers with consensus achieved through discussion and agreement from third researcher. Themes were triangulated with quantitative data, including range of motion (ROM), scar, developmental and quality of life outcomes. Children used the splint intensively (>12–24 h/day) for median 179 days (IQR 74) with all splinting ceased by median 275 days (IQR 105). All children had full ROM at scar maturation. Thematic analysis revealed two main themes: parents perceive the impact of splinting to be greater on them than their child and parents perceive outcomes to be more important than burden. Parents described the importance of routine and therapeutic relationships in ongoing engagement with intervention. Parents consider intensive splinting to impact them more than their child with burden of care manageable considering overall outcomes. • Parents perceive intensive splinting to have greater impact on them than child. • Intensive splinting has minimal impact on child's daily activities. • Parents report practical and emotional challenges implementing child's treatment. • Parents perceive outcomes to be more important than burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The prominent ear is a type of congenital ear deformity that can be corrected by a variety of nonsurgical treatments, such as splinting and the taping method. However, there is no objective evaluation method that is universally accepted. The aim of this review is to evaluate objective measurement methods that are used in the available literature to analyze nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears. Methods: A systematic review was performed in the MEDLINE and Embase databases in December 2022 and updated on April 2023 according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematics and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guideline. Any study using objective measurements (continuous variables such as distance and angle) to evaluate the effect of nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears was included. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal for case series was used for quality assessment. Results: A total of 286 studies were screened for eligibility, of which five articles were eligible for inclusion. All of the included studies were case series. The helix mastoid distance (HMD) is the most commonly used parameter to measure treatment outcome. Pinna and cartilage stiffness, length, and width were also used, but without clear statistical relevance. HMD was classified into grading groups (i.e. good, moderate, and poor) to evaluate the treatment's effect. Conclusion: Based on the included studies, objective measurements are rarely used, and when used, they are largely heterogeneous. Although HMD was the most frequent measurement used, all studies used different definitions for the measurement and grouped subsequent outcomes differently. Automated algorithms, based on three-dimensional imaging, could be used for object measurements in the nonsurgical treatment of prominent ears.

The origins of contemporary orthopedics can be traced all the way back to antiquity. Despite the absence of modern imaging techniques, a few bright minds were able to lay the groundwork for understanding these fractures. This historical review will cover the process behind the various treatments for elbow fractures, such as splinting and casting, mobilization, amputation, fracture fixation, arthroplasty, and arthroscopy.

Purpose: Investigate the effects of three different complete-arch digital implant scanning techniques used with a combined healing abutment–scan body (CHA-SB) system on the accuracy (trueness and precision) and scan time. Materials and Methods: A poly(methyl methacrylate) master model simulating an edentulous maxilla was fabricated with four parallelly inserted dental implants. A CHA-SB system was attached to each implant. The model surface was scanned using a structured blue light industrial extraoral scanner to achieve a reference model standard tessellation language file (MRM-STL). Three different scanning techniques—(1) conventional technique with unmodified master model, (2) scan body splinting technique using orthodontic elastic ligatures and plastic splint materials, and (3) land-marking technique using pyramid-shaped glass-ceramic markers—were performed. Fourteen consecutive digital scans were made by using an intraoral scanner (IOS) for each technique, converted to an STL file, and superimposed on the MRM-STL. Trueness and precision were calculated for each technique. The scan time was also recorded. The data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey honest significant difference (HSD) tests (α = .05). Results: Effects of different scanning techniques on the trueness (distance and angular deviations; P < .001) and scan time (P = .002) were statistically significant. For precision, different scanning techniques had only a significant effect on the distance deviation (P < .001). Conclusion: Regarding trueness and precision, none of the scanning techniques was superior to others. The scan body splinting technique led to significantly less scan time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinical indications for the Ti-Zr alloy (Roxolid®) mini-implants (MDIs) in subjects with narrow ridges are still under review. The aim was to analyze peri-implant and posterior edentulous area strains dependent on the MDI number, splinting status, loading force, and loading position. Six models were digitally designed and printed. Two, three, or four Ti-Zr MDIs, splinted with a bar or unsplinted (single units), supported mandibular overdentures (ODs), loaded with 50–300 N forces unilaterally, bilaterally, and anteriorly. The artificial mucosa thickness was 2 mm. Strain gauges were bonded on the vestibular and oral peri-implant sides of each MDI, and on the posterior edentulous area under the ODs. Loadings were performed through the metal plate placed on ODs’ artificial teeth (15 times repeated). Arithmetic means with standard deviations and the significance of the differences (MANOVA, Sheffe post hoc) were calculated. Different MDI numbers, loading positions, forces, and splinting elicited different peri-implant microstrains. In the two-MDI models, 300 N force during unilateral loading elicited the highest microstrains (almost 3000 εμ on the loaded side), which can jeopardize bone reparation. On the opposite side, >2500 εμ was registered, which represents high strains. During bilateral loadings, microstrains hardly exceeded 2000 εμ, indicating that bilateral chewers or subjects having lower forces can benefit from the two Ti-Zr MDIs, irrespective of splinting. However, in subjects chewing unilaterally, and inducing higher forces (natural teeth antagonists), or bruxers, only two MDIs may not be sufficient to support the OD. By increasing implant numbers, peri-implant strains decrease in both splinted and single-unit MDI models, far beyond values that can interfere with bone reparation, indicating that splinting is not necessary. When the positions of the loading forces are closer to the implant, higher peri-implant strains are induced. Regarding the distal edentulous area, microstrains reached 2000 εμ only during unilateral loadings in the two-MDI models, and all other strains were lower, below 1500 εμ, confirming that implant-supported overdentures do not lead to edentulous ridge atrophy.

Abstract Background Splinting is frequently used in the treatment of CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) and is mostly preferred at night. On the other hand, there are some studies suggesting the use of splint throughout the day. However, there is still no consensus. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the effects of day and night splinting in terms of pain, symptom severity, functional status, and quality of life in patients with CTS. Results Seventy wrists of 46 patients with CTS were evaluated. In the day-night splint group, according to without splint group and night-only splint group, a statistically significant improvement was found in terms of pain level assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (p = 0.001, p = 0.015, respectively), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire-Functional Severity Scale (p = 0.004, p = 0.020, respectively), The Nottingham Health Profile-pain (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively), The Nottingham Health Profile-social isolation (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively), and The Nottingham Health Profile-total score (p = 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). In addition, it was found that even the use of splint only at night resulted in a significant reduction in pain compared to the control group (p = 0.018). Conclusions Continuation of splinting as much as possible during the daytime in addition to night splinting is beneficial in terms of pain, nocturnal symptoms, functionality, and quality of life.

Abstract Objectives This clinical report aims to highlight the factors affecting the clinical success of alveolar ridge mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage and provide an overview of the biomechanical versatility of this miniscrew and steps involving the proper technique of its placement. Methods For this clinical report, charts for 295 patients who had temporary anchorage devices (TADs) were screened. Twenty patients [15 females and 5 males: mean age = 38.15 ± 15.10 years] with 50 alveolar ridge mini-screws were assessed. A descriptive summary of the main factors affecting their clinical success and the technique employed for their placement was comprehensively discussed and illustrated, in addition to the presentation of some clinical cases illustrating their potential clinical uses. Results The survival duration (7.32 ± 9.01 months) and clinical success of the alveolar ridge mini-implants that failed (19/50) seem to be affected primarily by 2 factors: splinting; none of the splinted mini-implants failed (0/10) compared to (19/40) of the single mini-implants that failed, and the length of the used mini-implant; the average length of the mini-implants that did not fail was 9.23 mm. Additionally, it appears that these mini-implants are biomechanically robust and durable, those that did not fail had an average survival duration of 35.97 ± 19.79 months. Conclusion Ridge mini-implants offer significant biomechanical versatility in patients with partially edentulous ridges needing complex pre-prosthetic orthodontic movements. The presence of splinting and the length of the used mini-implants are factors that might affect the clinical success of the alveolar ridge mini-implants.

Aim: The objective of this review is to conduct a thorough systematic literature search and evaluate the risks and benefits of replanting avulsed primary teeth, which will aid clinicians in proper decision-making. Materials and Methods: In this review, a systematic search of five electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed-MEDLINE, Scopus, Ovid SP, and Embase) was independently conducted by two reviewers. After following the eligibility criteria, the collated data was uploaded to Zotero and Excel Workbooks. Any disagreement was resolved through adjudication by the third reviewer. For case reports and case series, the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist was used to assess quality. Results: Following the application of the eligibility criteria, 15 papers were deemed eligible for final analysis, and full texts were acquired. Among 26 replanted teeth, adverse effects were seen in 19 primary teeth and 7 permanent successors. The primary teeth that were replanted had the following unfavorable effects: mobility, resorption of the bone, fistula formation, radicular cyst formation, crown discoloration, and pulp necrosis. Similarly, the adverse effects on the permanent successors were impaction, enamel hypoplasia, dilacerations, and infra-occlusion. Conclusions: Following the biological principles, such as the condition of the tooth, the time elapsed since avulsion and age of the child, and replantation of avulsed primary teeth, can be a feasible treatment option. However, the feasibility is case-dependent and cannot be generalized because of the paucity of high-quality research with sufficient sample sizes and long follow-up periods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim: Removing resin composites used for bonding dental trauma splints may result in irreversible damage to the enamel. This in vitro study evaluated the influence of additional violet illumination and different bur types on damage caused to tooth enamel. Materials and Methods: Fifteen maxillary models with four bovine incisor teeth were prepared. All models were scanned using a laboratory scanning system (s600 ARTI; Zirkonzahn). Six experimental groups (n = 10) were generated by two study factors: lighting type (three levels), (1) low‐cost (5–7 US$) violet LED flashlight (LUATEK, LT 408); (2) VALO Cordless light curing unit (Ultradent) with black lens; or (3) without additional illumination; and rotatory instrument (two levels), (1) diamond bur or (2) multifluted tungsten‐carbide bur. New scanning was performed after splint removal, and the generated files were superimposed on the initial scans using Cumulus software. The light emitted by both violet light sources was characterized by using integrating sphere and beam profile. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of enamel damage and two‐way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc was used at an α = 0.05. Results: The use of low‐cost violet flashlight that emitted the violet peak light at 385 nm and VALO Cordless with black lens at 396 nm resulted in significantly lower damage to the enamel surface than those in the groups without additional violet light (p <.001). An interaction between rotatory instruments and lighting was found. When no additional violet lighting was used, the diamond bur presented higher mean and maximum depth values. Conclusions: Fluorescence lighting facilitated the removal of remnant resin composite dental trauma splints, leading to less invasive treatment. The diamond bur resulted in higher enamel damage than that affected by the multifluted bur when no violet lighting was used. A low‐cost violet flashlight is a useful fluorescence‐aided identification technique for removing resin composite dental trauma splints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Following rhinoplasty, external nasal splints are used to reshape the cartilage and reposition the nasal bone. Despite the popularity of using an external nasal splint in rhinoplasty procedures, there is still a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of using the external nasal splint post-rhinoplasty. This systematic literature review aimed to evaluate the evidence regarding the use of external nasal splints following rhinoplasty. Methods: A systematic search of Cochrane, Medline, and Embase databases was conducted in September 2022. The literature was screened independently by two reviewers, and the data were extracted. Our search terms included septorhinoplasty, rhinoplasty, osteotomy, splinting, nasal splinting, and external nasal splinting. Results: Initially, 1617 articles were identified, but only four articles were included in the final review. The included studies were all published between 2016 and 2021. The included studies recruited 2425 patients, 20 of whom used external splints and 2415 did not. Out of 2415 patients who did not use an external nasal splint, there were 151 patients with moderate periorbital edema and ecchymosis. There was a decrease in nasal width in 99% of the patients who did not use external nasal splinting postoperatively. Conclusion: According to our findings, nasal splinting should not be routinely used following rhinoplasty, but only in certain patients. There is no clear evidence that nasal splints reduce complications, and complications occurred among both patients with and without external nasal splints. Further studies need to be conducted to confirm this conclusion. Level of Evidence III: This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) are a relatively frequent occurrence, with roughly a third of adults experiencing a dental trauma at some time in their life.1 TDIs may present to dental professionals working within primary or secondary care settings. Patients presenting at the time of acute injury will require immediate management and careful long term follow up. Patients may also present later reporting a history of TDI, with developing complications and onward management required. To support dental care professionals, the International Association of Dental Traumatology's (IADT) Guidelines are available globally as a standardised tool to aid the assessment, management and follow up of dental trauma. These easy to access guidelines were updated in 2020 with four distinct publications: General Introduction,1 Fractures and Luxations,2 Avulsion of Permanent Teeth,3 and Injuries in the Primary Dentition.4 The current guidelines represent the best evidence based on available literature and expert opinion.1 This paper aims to support dental professionals by specifically highlighting and describing updates in guidance, using the 2020 IADT published guidelines. By incorporating the 2020 guidelines into our everyday practice we aim to provide the most appropriate, standardised care, based on the highest level of available evidence to our patients. The full published guidelines are available free online via the IADT website. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avulsion injuries, though relatively uncommon, are one of the most serious of dentoalveolar injuries. Replantation at the scene of the incident is almost always the treatment of choice whenever possible. This paper outlines a step-by-step approach for the management of avulsion injuries, including a splinting protocol. This aims to support general dental practitioners in feeling more confident with managing these injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Much has been written about the diagnosis and treatment of soft tissue mallet injuries. However, there has been little regarding the characteristics of this injury affecting patients' prognosis. The purpose of this prospective study was to identify factors influencing the outcome of treatment of soft tissue mallet injuries. Methods: Patients diagnosed with soft tissue mallet injuries were enrolled prospectively in a protocol of dorsal splinting for 6 to 12 weeks, followed by weaning over 2 weeks and then evaluated at 6, 9, and ≥ 12 months. Results: Thirty-seven patients (38 digits) completed the study. Treatment success was defined as a final extensor lag of <15° and failure as a final extensor lag of ≥ 15°. Those failing splint treatment were older compared with those successfully treated. Patient compliance was significantly associated with a successful outcome. Factors that did not significantly affect success included time to treatment, initial injury severity, splinting duration, sex, and ligamentous laxity. Disabilities of Arm, Shoulder, and Hand scores >0 were not associated with treatment failure. Radiographic and clinical extension lag were statistically comparable. Conclusions: This study shows strong association between the success of splint treatment, younger patient age, and compliance with the treatment protocol. Despite this finding, most patients did not report any functional limitations, irrespective of the treatment success. In contrast to prior results, time to treatment and initial extensor lag did not significantly affect treatment success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To evaluate the influence of implant splinting on peri-implant marginal bone level and implant failures in completely edentulous patients who have been rehabilitated with mandibular implant overdentures. Method and materials: A literature search of electronic databases (PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL]) was performed, with the last search conducted in July 2019. Randomized controlled trials with at least a 12-month follow-up period were selected. The review and meta-analysis were performed in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Two comparisons were included in the meta-analysis: (1) Two-implant supported ball versus two-implant supported bar mandibular overdenture; (2): Two- versus four-implant supported bar mandibular overdenture. Results: Six randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were included in a quality assessment and meta- analysis. Pooled data revealed a nonsignificant difference in marginal bone level (I2 = 0%; P = 1; mean difference = 0.00; 95% CI -0.37 to 0.37) and implant failures (P = .24; risk ratio = 6.07; 95% CI 0.30 to 121.33) when two-implant ball overdentures were compared to two-implant bar overdentures. Similarly, there was no significant difference in marginal bone level (I2 = 59%; P = .59; mean difference = -0.16; 95% CI -0.73 to 0.41) or implant failures (I2 = 0%; P = .36; risk ratio = 2.03; 95% CI 0.45 to 9.16) when two- versus four-implant bar overdentures were compared. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the meta-analysis, there is no influence of implant splinting on peri-implant marginal bone level and implant failures for completely edentulous patients rehabilitated with mandibular implant overdentures. However, this result should be interpreted with caution due to the limited number of analyzed studies, most of them considered at unclear risk of bias. Well-designed randomized controlled trials with follow-up periods of at least 5 years are highly recommended to establish evidence with regard to the influence of implant splinting on mandibular overdentures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Splinting is frequently used in the treatment of CTS (carpal tunnel syndrome) and is mostly preferred at night. On the other hand, there are some studies suggesting the use of splint throughout the day. However, there is still no consensus. The aim of this randomized controlled study was to evaluate the effects of day and night splinting in terms of pain, symptom severity, functional status, and quality of life in patients with CTS. Results: Seventy wrists of 46 patients with CTS were evaluated. In the day-night splint group, according to without splint group and night-only splint group, a statistically significant improvement was found in terms of pain level assessed by Visual Analogue Scale (p = 0.001, p = 0.015, respectively), Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire-Functional Severity Scale (p = 0.004, p = 0.020, respectively), The Nottingham Health Profile-pain (p = 0.001, p = 0.003, respectively), The Nottingham Health Profile-social isolation (p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively), and The Nottingham Health Profile-total score (p = 0.001, p = 0.012, respectively). In addition, it was found that even the use of splint only at night resulted in a significant reduction in pain compared to the control group (p = 0.018). Conclusions: Continuation of splinting as much as possible during the daytime in addition to night splinting is beneficial in terms of pain, nocturnal symptoms, functionality, and quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This clinical report aims to highlight the factors affecting the clinical success of alveolar ridge mini-implants used for orthodontic anchorage and provide an overview of the biomechanical versatility of this miniscrew and steps involving the proper technique of its placement. Methods: For this clinical report, charts for 295 patients who had temporary anchorage devices (TADs) were screened. Twenty patients [15 females and 5 males: mean age = 38.15 ± 15.10 years] with 50 alveolar ridge mini-screws were assessed. A descriptive summary of the main factors affecting their clinical success and the technique employed for their placement was comprehensively discussed and illustrated, in addition to the presentation of some clinical cases illustrating their potential clinical uses. Results: The survival duration (7.32 ± 9.01 months) and clinical success of the alveolar ridge mini-implants that failed (19/50) seem to be affected primarily by 2 factors: splinting; none of the splinted mini-implants failed (0/10) compared to (19/40) of the single mini-implants that failed, and the length of the used mini-implant; the average length of the mini-implants that did not fail was 9.23 mm. Additionally, it appears that these mini-implants are biomechanically robust and durable, those that did not fail had an average survival duration of 35.97 ± 19.79 months. Conclusion: Ridge mini-implants offer significant biomechanical versatility in patients with partially edentulous ridges needing complex pre-prosthetic orthodontic movements. The presence of splinting and the length of the used mini-implants are factors that might affect the clinical success of the alveolar ridge mini-implants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In occupational therapy, three-dimensional printing is being explored as an alternative design and manufacturing technique to the conventional fabrication of orthotics and assistive devices. The global applications and literature are rapidly growing, but the South African - specific literature is deficient. The Technology Acceptance Model depicts that one's perception of any particular technology is a significant determinant of their acceptance of it, determining whether the technology system is successfully adopted or disregarded. Aim: To determine the perceived acceptance of three-dimensional printing technology amongst occupational therapists in KwaZulu-Natal and whether exposure to the technology system, in the form of a three-dimensional printing workshop, influences their perception of the technology. Method: The study followed a multi-method design consisting of two phases; phase one involved the creation of the intervention tool (workshop), which was developed through a process guided by Design-Based Research. Phase two involved the implementation of the intervention and data collection. Therapists documented their perceptions in a questionnaire before and after exposure; following a pre and post-test design, enabling comparison. The questionnaires were based on the Technology Acceptance Model, including 13 questions scored on a seven-point Likert scale and five open-ended questions. The quantitative data were analysed descriptively, and qualitative data were analysed thematically. Results: All four categories of the Technology Acceptance Model-based questionnaire displayed a significant change (p < 0.05) between the pre and post-test responses, with a medium effect size. Conclusion: Exposure to three-dimensional printing influences therapists' perception of the technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the accuracy of hexed and nonhexed pickup impression copings with and without splinting using polyether (PE) and polyvinyl siloxane (PVS) impression materials in open-tray technique in recording multiple straight and angulated implant positions. Settings and Design: An accurate impression results in an accurate definitive cast, thus minimizing the incidence of prosthesis misfit. The critical aspect is to record the three-dimensional location of the implant in bone rather than reproducing fine surface details. Precise fit of a fixed implant-supported prosthesis depends on the accuracy of the implant analog location within the definitive cast. Factors which affect impression accuracy include implant angulation, impression material, impression copings, technique, and splinting. Materials and Methods: A sample size of 80 study models fabricated from the impression of different groups was included. A reference master model based on All-on-4 implant concept with two parallel (implants 1 and 2) and two angulated (implant 3 at 17° and implant 4 at 30°) was fabricated using implant angulation guide. All impressions were recorded using open-tray impression technique. The groups were divided into two main groups of 40 samples each. Group A used hexed open-tray impression copings and Group B used nonhexed open-tray impression copings. Both the groups involved impression recording using splinted (Subgroup I) and nonsplinted impression copings (Subgroup II). Further, impressions in each subgroup were made using PE (Subsubgroups a) and PVS (Subsubgroup b). A total of eight subsubgroups with ten samples each were included. Impressions were recorded for each group and poured into Type IV die stone for fabrication of study models. After 24 h, the study models and reference master model were fitted with implant abutments for measurement with coordinate measuring machine. Statistical Analysis Used: The mean differences of the interimplant distance R1 (1–2), R2 (1–3), R3 (2–4), and R4 (3–4) between the reference model and sample models in different subsubgroups were calculated and three-way analysis of variance test was applied with Tukey's post hoc tests. Results: No significant difference was found in mean coronal deviations for distance R1, R2, and R3 (P > 0.05) between different study groups. P = 0.02 for R4 (distance between 17° and 30° implants) between impression materials subsubgroups suggested that significantly less distortion was created in location of highly angulated implants (>30°) using PVS impression material. Splinting and type of coping did not have a significant influence on impression accuracy. Increasing angulation decreased the accuracy. Conclusion: PVS was found equivalent in accuracy to rigid PE for recording parallel or angulated implants. Impressions of implants with higher angulations were recorded more accurately with PVS. The study found no difference in accuracy with or without splinting. Furthermore, nonhexed impression copings facilitate easier and accurate recording of multiple angulated implant location in bone.

Rheumatoid arthritis has become one of the most common inflammatory diseases and plays a major role in the disability of the population affected by it. The prevalence of finger deformities in the upper extremity caused by rheumatoid arthritis is increasing day by day, especially in low and middle-income countries such as India. For the management of these finger deformities, the splinting options are either customized or prefabricated. The performance and success of finger splinting depend on several factors, including precision, aesthetics, patient acceptance, comfort, the convenience of usage, effects, price, and side effects. However, to date, customized splints are high-cost and usually fabricated by conventional production techniques, which dominantly work on approximation. This study focused on the development of a novel finger splint through computational optimization and 3D printing for the management of boutonniere and swan neck deformity caused by rheumatoid arthritis. Twenty subjects with finger deformities were recruited, and the performance of the 3D-printed splint was characterized. The results were assessed using the nine-hole peg test and QUEST 2.0, which showed positive effects of the splint, including achievement of corrected joint positions, finger dexterity, and comfort. Such a low-cost and effective splint, with further acceptability testing, is anticipated to be a better line of conservative management for patients affected by rheumatoid arthritis.

Background. Various materials are used for splinting impression copings, the most common of which are auto-polymerizing resins. In this study, a new light-curing pattern resin (Jig-Gel) was investigated and compared with auto-polymerizing resins using two different splinting methods. Methods. After taking impressions with two different materials, a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm was used for splinting and measuring the distances between the external parts of the analogs inside the plaster cast. The accuracy was also compared in five groups as follows; group 1: splinting of impression copings by auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, group 2: cutting the splinting of impres­sion copings with self-polymerizing acrylic resin, group 3: splinting of impression copings with a light-cured resin pattern (Jig-Gel), group 4: splinting of impression copings cut by a light-cured resin pattern, and group 5: impression with no splint. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 17. Statistical significance was set at P

This study aimed to address the stability of orthodontic mini-implants submitted to an immediate orthodontic functional load, in splinted or unsplinted conditions, further characterizing the histomorphometric parameters of the neighboring bone tissue, in an in vivo experimental model. Mini-implants (1.4 × 6.0 mm) were placed in the proximal tibia of New Zealand White rabbits and immediately loaded with a 150 g force. Tissue healing was characterized within 8 weeks. Microtomography was used to assess the mini-implants' tipping and bone histomorphometric indexes. Loaded implants were evaluated in splinted and unsplinted conditions, with data being compared to that of unloaded mini-implants with the Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric test, followed by Dunn's multiple comparison tests. The splinting of mini-implants submitted to immediate orthodontic loading significantly reduced the tipping to levels similar to those of unloaded mini-implants. Immediate loading further increased the histomorphometric indexes associated with bone formation at the peri-implant region, in both splinted and unsplinted conditions, with no significant differences between the tension and compression regions. Accordingly, within this experimental setting, splinting was found to lessen tipping and mini-implants' displacement, without affecting the increased bone formation at the peri-implant region, induced by a functional orthodontic load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the frequency, cause and type of dental injury in patients reporting to Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry. Study design: Cross-Sectional Survey. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Operative Dentistry Armed Forces Institute of Dentistry, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, from Sep 2021 to Sep 2022. Methodology: A questionnaire was filled out for 357 patients reporting dental injury, including the extent of hard and soft tissue injuries. The cause and place of injury occurred; investigations, the treatment provided by the treating dentists ranging from restoration to root canal, type and duration of splint were also recorded. Results: In the current study, 189(52.9%) out of 357 children got injury due to falls to the playground and other places. Maxillary incisors were mostly affected, and 163(45.7%) children had complicated crown fractures. Rigid splinting was done in 39(70.9%) of root fracture cases, while flexible splinting was done in 162(53.6%) patients with complicated crown fracture cases and 81(26.8%) complicated crown fracture cases. In 72(88.8%) cases of uncomplicated crown fracture, indirect pulp capping was done, and in 67(41.1%) cases of complicated crown fracture, root canal treatment were done. Apexification was done in 28(68.3%) of avulsion cases. Conclusion: Our survey showed that most injuries occurred at school and the roadside. Maxillary incisors are primarily involved with complicated crown fractures, which are effectively managed. Keywords: Avulsion, Complicated crown fracture, Dental injury, Splinting.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to gather existing data on the efficacy of tooth splinting (TS) in patients with traumatized primary teeth, evaluating their overall prognosis and reported complications. Methods: Electronic searches were performed in seven databases up to Februray/2023. Clinical studies published in the last two decades and presenting the following characteristics were included: (a) reporting on children with traumatized primary teeth; (b) describing the efficacy of splinting those teeth. Studies describing imobilization of dental avulsion were excluded. Results: A total of 163 potentially relevant studies were initially found. After title/abstract screening, and full-text evaluation, three retrospective studies with moderate to high risk of bias were included. The studies described the outcomes of TS in primary teeth with luxation (intrusion, extrusion, lateral displacement), intra-alveolar root fracture, and/or alveolar fracture. High clinical success rate was observed for teeth with root fracture. Benefits of spliting teeth with lateral luxation were not identified, although it may be a reccomended approach. No study was found evaluating TS for alveolar fracture. Conclusion: Based on a low level of evidence, the findings highlight a better clinical success rate of the use of TS in the management of deciduous teeth with root fractures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]