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A tendency towards growing life expectancy in old age can be clearly observed in most countries of the world over the past number of decades. This tendency is also seen in our country. Despite the fact that people started living longer, which would seem to be a good indicator of the country’s socio-economic development, the doctors have encountered a rather difficult challenge to overcome. The question at issue is that health specialists are faced with many somatic diseases due to the fact that people started living longer. When life expectancy was much less, many of them have never encountered such a volume of diseases. Today, the share of the elderly in the population has significantly increased and they live longer, which, accordingly, has an impact on the number of nosological units in the clinical practice of almost any health specialist. This article is focused on the issue of non-decreasing incidence of urinary tract diseases; in particular, the challenges of bladder stone disease (BSD) are considered. According to the latest data, the disease prevalence does not tend to decrease. Moreover, the incidence of BSD in women has increased significantly, although this pathological condition is more typical for men. In light of the fact that female patients spend about a third of their lives in the postmenopausal period, it is worth paying special attention to some features of the woman’s body functioning during this time period due to the likelihood of the formation of an inflammatory process, which often mediates the development of the BSD. Older female patients are often concerned about inflammatory bladder diseases, which can lead to the development of BSD by ascending infection in the future. Therefore, it is crucially important to know what therapeutic capabilities doctors have today to effectively fight the BSD.

Tissue engineering technology and tissue cell-based stem cell research have made great strides in treating tissue and organ damage, correcting tissue and organ dysfunction, and reducing surgical complications. In the past, traditional methods have used biological substitutes for tissue repair materials, while tissue engineering technology has focused on merging sperm cells with biological materials to form biological tissues with the same structure and function as their own tissues. The advantage is that tissue engineering technology can overcome donors. Material procurement restrictions can effectively reduce complications. The aim of studying tissue engineering technology is to find sperm cells and suitable biological materials to replace the original biological functions of tissues and to establish a suitable in vivo microenvironment. This article mainly describes the current developments of tissue engineering in various fields of urology and discusses the future trends of tissue engineering technology in the treatment of complex diseases of the urinary system. The results of the research in this article indicate that while the current clinical studies are relatively few, the good results from existing animal model studies indicate good prospects of tissue engineering technology for the treatment of various urinary tract diseases in the future. Key words: Tissue engineering, kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra

The new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) causes by SARS-CoV-2 virus, which first appeared in Wuhan, China in December 2019, has been declared a global pandemic by WHO. COVID-19 affects people of all age groups. The disease in children is usually asymptomatic or mild compared to adults, and with a significantly lower death rates. Data on kidney damage in children with COVID-19, as well as the effect of coronavirus infection on the course of diseases of the genitourinary system, are limited, the risks of contracting a new coronavirus infection in children with significant health problems, including those with chronic kidney disease, remain uncertain. The pandemic has affected the activities of surgeons treating diseases of the urinary system in children. Since the prospects for the end of the pandemic are vague, it is necessary to formulate criteria for selecting patients who can and should be provided with routine care in the pandemic. The purpose of this review is to highlight the features of the clinical manifestations and treatment of children with COVID-19, occurring against the background of previous renal pathology or complicating its course. (English) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Новая коронавирусная инфекция (COVID-19), вызванная вирусом SARS-CoV-2, впервые поя- вившаяся в Ухане (Китай) в декабре 2019 г., объявлена ВОЗ глобальной пандемией. COVID-19 болеют люди всех возрастных групп. Заболевание у детей обычно протекает бессимптомно или в легкой форме по сравнению со взрослыми и со значимо более низким количеством летальных исходов. Данные по поражению почек у детей при COVID-19, а также влияние коронавирусной инфекции на течение заболеваний мочеполовой системы у них ограниченны, остаются неопре- деленными риски заражения новой коронавирусной инфекцией у детей со значительными про- блемами со здоровьем, в том числе с хроническими заболеваниями почек. Пандемия повлияла на деятельность хирургов, занимающихся лечением заболеваний мочевыделительной системы у детей. Поскольку перспективы завершения пандемии туманны, необходимо формировать критерии отбора пациентов, которым можно и нужно оказывать плановую помощь в условиях пандемии. Цель данного обзора – осветить особенности клинических проявлений и лечения детей с COVID-19-инфекции, протекающей на фоне предшествующей патологии почек или осложняющей ее течение. (Russian) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Pediatriya named after G. N. Speransky is the property of Pediatria, Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) represent heterogeneous population of the microparticles liberated by almost all live cages which are widely investigated recently in various biological and medical areas. They usually consist of two basic types (exosomes and microvesicles) and recently draw the increasing attention in quality mesenges of the cellular alarm system. Really, these vesicles can influence on cages-recipients, transferring and delivering difficult complexes of biomolecules (the lipids, proteins, coagulation factors, antigene, nucleinic acids), protected from enzymatic to degradation in environment. Importance EVs has been shown in pathophysiology several bodies, in particular, in kidneys where various types of cages нефрона allocate EVs which mediate their communication with underlaying cages urinogenous ways. By numerous researches it is established that EVs are involved in cellular communications during the regenerative and pathological processes occurring in a kidney. During the last years also it has been proved that vesicles play an important role in normal physiology of kidneys. Though many mechanisms EVs at illnesses are still studied insufficiently, in particular, in kidneys, opening of a role of additional mechanisms can help to throw light on the biological processes proceeding in kidneys. Eventually, extracellular vesicles, allocated with nephritic cages, collect in urine, becoming, thus, the big resource as markers of illnesses urinogenous a path and the perspective noninvasive diagnostic tool at nephritic illnesses. In the present review we discuss the latest data about a role EVs in pathophysiology of kidneys and their potential prospects in diagnostics and therapy of nephritic illness.

The branch of historical science of numismatics (from the Latin "numisma" - coin) originated in the 19th century and became closely connected with economics, politics, culture and law, it includes a thematic study of coins, medals and plaque. Best of all, the history of uronephrology is illustrated by various forms of medalist educational art (exonum or paranumismatics), and the medal became the prototype of the memorial coin. This work presents a catalog of more than 400 numismatic materials (including some unique, first cited), reflects the stages of development of the study of the structure and function of the kidneys, methods for diagnosing and treating diseases, there are links to significant historical events, brief biographies of physicians who have made an invaluable contribution are mentioned into the formation of this scientific discipline. The work presents a role in the origin of the study of kidney and urinary tract diseases of ancient physicians (Aretea, Aristotle, Galen, Hippocrates, Rufus, Sushruta, Empedocles) and doctors of the Middle Ages (Avicenna, Da Carpi, Panaskerteli, Paracelsus, Sun Simiao).

Aims: Describing the urodynamic parameters of children aged 3 to 5 years with microcephaly related to congenital Zika syndrome and verifying the association with clinical, imaging and neurological characteristics. Methods: From October 2018 to March 2020, children with Zika-related microcephaly underwent urological, ultrasonographic and urodynamic evaluation. In selected cases, complementary exams such as urethrocystography and scintigraphy were performed. The children also underwent a complete neurological evaluation. To compare frequency between groups, we used Pearson’s chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test. Results: This study evaluated 40 children, of whom 85% were 4 years old, and all had abnormalities on the urodynamic study, with low bladder capacity (92.5%) and detrusor overactivity (77.5%) as the most frequent findings. Only three children had ultrasound abnormalities, but no child had cystographic or scintigraphic abnormalities, and the postvoid residual volume was normal in 80% of cases. In spite of a frequency of 67.5% of intestinal constipation, there was no record of febrile urinary tract infection after the first year of life. All children presented severe microcephaly and at least one neurological abnormality in addition to microcephaly. The homogeneity of the children in relation to microcephaly severity and neurological abnormalities limited the study of the association with the urodynamic parameters. Conclusions: Urodynamic abnormalities in children aged 3 to 5 years with Zika-related microcephaly do not seem to characterize a neurogenic bladder with immediate risks for the upper urinary tract. The satisfactory bladder emptying suggests that the voiding pattern is reflex.

Les patologies del tracte urinari son freqüentes en conills de companyia. La radiografia i la ecografia abdominal son les principals probes diagnòstiques que es realitzen, encara que l’anatomia peculiar del tracte digestiu dels conills limita la seva capacitat diagnòstica per la superposició d’òrgans. Les modalitats d’imatge amb contrast incrementen la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari, millorant la categorització de les patologies renals, uretrals i de la bufeta de la orina. La urografia excretora (UE) es una de les tècniques mes utilitzades en medicina de gossos y gats. La UE es basa en realitzar una seqüència d’imatges després de la administració d’un medi de contrast iodat, estèril, soluble en aigua, iònic o no iònic, normalment per via intravenosa. Aquesta proba ens permet avaluar la mida, forma, posició i opacitat del ronyons, urèters y bufeta de la orina. Es poden diferenciar diferents fases durant la UE en funció de la distribució del contrast: la fase vascular, la nefrogràfica (amb les seves subfases corticomedular y medul·lar), la pielogràfica i la cistogràfica. La UE es pot realitzar utilitzant diferents modalitats d’imatge com la radiologia (RUE), la tomografia computeritzada (TCUE), la fluoroscòpia (FUE) o la ressonància magnètica. Existent alguns estudis sobre el seu us en conills en l’àmbit de la experimentació, encara que no s’ha establer el protocol exacte per la seva realització, la dosis recomanada o l’inici de les diferents fases de la UE en aquesta espècie. Els objectius de la present tesis doctoral inclouen: - Estudi 1: avaluar la utilitat i efectivitat de la RUE y TCUE en la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari, determinar el temps d’inici de les fases de la UE, comparant la sensibilitat de detecció amb les diferents modalitats d’imatge, i determinar la duració de les fases nefrogràfica i pielogràfica amb la RUE en conills sans, utilitzant una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudi 2: avaluar la utilitat i efectivitat de la FUE en la visualització de les estructures del tracte urinari i determinar el temps d’inici de les fases de la UE en conills sans, utilitzant una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudi 3: determinar l’efecte de la dosis en l’inici de les diferents fases del urograma, i determinar la mínima dosis necessària per obtenir un urograma de una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent en conills sans, utilitzant dosis de 200, 400 i 600 mgI/kg de iopamidol. aunque la TCUE ofreció un mayor detalle anatómico, especialmente de los riñones. Se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma y su desaparición. En l’estudi de REU i TCUE es van utilitzar 13 conills sans, obtenint una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent en totes les UE realitzades, independentment de la tècnica utilitzada, encara que la TCUE va oferir un millor detall anatòmic, especialment del ronyons. Es va poder determinar l’inici i la desaparició de les fases de la UE. En l’estudi de FUE es van utilitzar 12 conills sans, tots els estudio realitzats van oferir una qualitat diagnòstica bona, podent determinar l’inici de les fases del urograma. En l’estudi comparatiu de dosis, es van utilitzar 6 animals sans, realitzant-se en cada individu tres estudis orogràfics (dosis 200, 400 i 600 mgI/kg), de forma creuada i aleatòria. La opacitat de cada fase va ser variable en funció de la dosis utilitzada i temps en el qual es va realitzar, sense observar-se diferencies significatives en l’inici de les fases del urograma. Les dosis estudiades no van proporcionar una opacitat d’una qualitat diagnòstica excel·lent, considerant-se que la dosis mínima necessària per realitzar urografies en conills sans es de 850 mgI/kg. Las patologías del tracto urinario son frecuentes en conejos de compañía. La radiografía y ecografía abdominal son las principales pruebas realizadas para su diagnóstico, aunque la anatomía particular del tracto gastrointestinal de los conejos limita su capacidad diagnóstica debido a una superposición de órganos. Las modalidades de imagen con contraste incrementan la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario, mejorando la caracterización de las patologías renales, uretrales y de la vejiga de orina. La urografía excretora (UE) es una de las técnicas más utilizadas en medicina de perros y gatos. La UE se basa en la toma secuencial de imágenes después de administrar un medio de contraste yodado, estéril, soluble en agua, iónico o no iónico, normalmente por vía intravenosa. Nos permite evaluar el tamaño, forma, posición, y opacidad de los riñones, uréteres y vejiga de la orina. Se pueden diferenciar diferentes fases durante la UE en función de la distribución del contraste; la fase vascular, nefrográfica (con su subfases corticomedular y medular), pielográfica y cistográfica. La UE se puede realizar utilizando diferentes modalidades de imagen, como radiografía (RUE), tomografía computarizada (TCUE), fluoroscopia (FUE) o resonancia magnética. Existen algunos estudios sobre su uso en conejos, aunque no se ha establecido el protocolo exacto, la dosis recomendada o el inicio de las diferentes fases de la UE en esta especie. Los objetivos de la presente tesis doctoral incluyen: - Estudio 1: evaluar la utilidad y efectividad de la RUE y TCUE en la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario, determinar el tiempo de inicio de las fases de la UE, comparando la sensibilidad de detección con las diferentes modalidades de imagen, y determinar la duración de la fase nefrográfica y pielográfica con la RUE en conejos sanos, utilizando una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudio 2: evaluar la utilidad y efectividad de la FUE en la visualización de las estructuras del tracto urinario y determinar el tiempo de inicio de las fases de la UE en conejos sanos, utilizando una dosis de 850 mgI/kg de iopamidol. - Estudio 3: determinar el efecto de la dosis en el inicio de las diferentes fases del urograma y determinar la mínima dosis necesaria para obtener un urograma de excelente calidad diagnóstica en conejos sanos, utilizando dosis de 200, 400 y 600 mgI/kg de iopamidol. En el estudio de RUE y TCUE se utilizaron 13 conejos sanos, obteniendo una calidad diagnóstica excelente en todas las UE realizadas, independientemente de la técnica utilizada, aunque la TCUE ofreció un mayor detalle anatómico, especialmente de los riñones. Se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma y su desaparición. En el estudio de FUE se utilizaron 12 conejos sanos, todos los estudios realizados obtuvieron una calidad diagnóstica buena, y se pudo determinar el inicio de las fases del urograma. En el estudio comparativo de dosis de contraste, se utilizaron 6 animales sanos, realizándose en cada individuo 3 estudios urográficos (dosis 200, 400 y 600 mgI/Kg), de forma cruzada y aleatoria. La opacidad fue variable en función de la dosis utilizada y tiempo, sin observarse diferencias significativas en el inicio de las fases. Las dosis estudiadas no proporcionaron una opacificación excelente, considerándose que la dosis mínima necesaria para obtener un urograma de excelente calidad diagnóstica es de 850 mgI/kg en conejos sanos. Urinary tract diseases are common in pet rabbits. Abdominal radiography and ultrasound are useful diagnostic techniques, although the rabbits’ gastrointestinal tract anatomy can limit its diagnostic capacity due to superimposition. Contrast imaging modalities increase visualization of urinary tract structures, improving characterization of renal, ureteral, and urinary bladder pathologies. Excretory urography (UE) is one of the most used contrast techniques in dogs and cats. Excretory urography is based on sequential imaging after the administration of sterile, water-soluble, ionic or non-ionic iodinated contrast media, usually intravenously. It allows evaluation of size, shape, position, and opacity of the kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder. Different phases can be observed during EU based on contrast distribution: vascular phase, nephrographic phase (with its corticomedullary and medullary subphases), pyelographic phase and cystrographic phase. Excretory urography can be performed using different imaging modalities, such as radiography (RUE), computed tomography (CTUE), fluoroscopy (FUE), or magnetic resonance. There are few experimental studies on its use in rabbits, although the exact protocol, the recommended dose, or the initiation of the urographic phases have not been established in rabbits. The objectives of this thesis include: - Study 1: evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of RUE and TCUE in visualization of the urinary tract anatomy, determine the time of initiation of the UE phases, comparing the sensitivity with the different imaging modalities; and determine the duration of the nephrograhic and pyelographic phases with RUE in healthy rabbits, using a dos of 850 mgI/kg of iopamidol. - Study 2: evaluate the usefulness and effectiveness of FUE in visualization of the urinary tract anatomy, determine the time of initiation of the UE phases in healthy rabbits, using a dose of 850 mgI/kg of iopamidol. - Study 3: determine the effect of the dose with the initiation of urographic phases and determine the minimum dose required to obtain an urogram of excellent diagnostic quality in healthy rabbits, using doses of 200, 400 and 600 mgI/kg of iopamidol. In the RUE and CTUE study, 13 healthy rabbits were used, obtaining an excellent diagnostic quality in all the UE performed, regardless of the technique used, however CTUE studies provided a better detail of the renal parenchyma. The initiation and disappearance of urographic phases could be determined. In the FUE study, 12 healthy rabbits were used, obtaining a good diagnostic quality, and determining the urographic phases initiation. In the comparative study of contrast doses, 6 healthy rabbits were used, performed 3 urographic studies on each (200, 400 and 600 mgI/kg) in a crossover and random fashion. Opacity was variable depending on the dose used and time, with no significant differences observed at the phases’ initiation. The doses studied did not provide an excellent opacification, considering that the minimum dose required to perform an REU in healthy rabbits is 850 mgI/kg. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona. Programa de Doctorat en Medicina i Sanitat Animals

Thyroid diseases are rarely diagnosed in pet rabbits and very little is known about the effects of systemic illnesses on thyroid hormone levels in this species. This brief communication compares the results of total thyroxine (T4, n = 44) and free T4 (n = 26) measurements in sick rabbits with total T4 (n = 56) and free T4 (n = 28) measurements from apparently healthy animals. Mean values of total and free T4 were significantly lower in sick animals, indicating nonthyroidal illness syndrome in the pet rabbit. Unlike in the dog, total and free T4 were both decreased to a similar degree in diseased rabbits. Rabbits with fractures and presumed obstructive ileus had particularly low total T4 levels. Total T4 values of rabbits suffering from urinary tract diseases were affected to a lesser extent. The effect of different diseases on free T4 values could not be evaluated on account of the small sample size. This study suggests that, similar to other species, total and free T4 measurement alone might not be sufficient to diagnose hypothyroidism in the pet rabbit due to the existence of nonthyroidal illness syndrome.

La urolitiasis es una enfermedad del tracto urinario que afecta a ovinos y caprinos siendo más frecuente en producciones intensivas y semi-intensivas. Clínicamente se caracteriza por depresión, letargia, rechinar de dientes, inapetencia, oliguria, goteo de orina en casos de obstrucción parcial, deshidratación, hinchazón prepucial, distención abdominal, renuencia a moverse y muerte. Los cálculos más comunes son los de sílica, estruvita, oxalatos y fitoestrógenos y en su génesis se involucra a factores nutricionales, ambientales, de manejo y los de tipo fisiológicos y relacionados al animal, como la edad, la raza y la castración. Existen tratamientos médicos a base de sedantes y relajantes musculares, antinflamatorios, antibióticos, diuréticos y acidificantes de la orina, que aplicados en etapas tempranas de la enfermedad son efectivos. Es necesario profundizar la investigación en cuanto a la patogenia de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo, ya que son herramientas clave en el diagnóstico temprano, el control y prevención de la urolitiasis en pequeños rumiantes. Urolithiasis is a disease affecting the urinary tract of sheep and goat, being most frequent in intensive and semi-intensive breeding systems. Clinically, it is characterised by depression, lethargy, teeth grinding, inappetence, oliguria, leakage of urine in cases of partial obstruction, dehydration, prepucial swelling, bloating, reluctance to move and death. The most common calculi are those of silica, struvite, oxalates and phytoestrogens, and their genesis involves nutri-tional, environmental, management factors and physiological factors related to animals, like de age, breed and castration. There are medical treatments based on sedatives, muscle relaxants, anti-inflammatories, antibiotics, diuretics and urine acidifyiers, that in early stages of the disease are effective. It is necessary to deepen research regarding the pathogenesis of the disease and risk factors, since they are key tools in the early diagnosis, control, and prevention of uro-lithiasis in small ruminants. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche Fil: Ramirez Soria, María Angélica. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México; Mexico Fil: Martinez, Agustin. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Área Producción Animal. Grupo Sanidad Animal; Argentina Fil: Robles, Carlos Alejandro. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA). Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Bariloche. Area de Produccion Animal. Grupo de Sanidad Animal; Argentina

The main priorities of the health care system is to strengthen the health of pregnant women and child. Currently, risk factors pregnancy include age, first pregnancy, multiple pregnancies, genetic factors, endocrine system pathology, social aspects, occupational hazards etc. The purpose of our study is to study the prevalence of extragenital pathology in pregnant women in the southern regions of Kazakhstan. Methods: As part of the study, the facilities were obstetric services in Almaty, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda, South Kazakhstan oblasts and the city of Almaty. The subject of the study was the indicators of the activities of obstetrical health organizations in the southern regions of the country from 2012 to 2016. The materials of the study were dynamic indicators of the activities of inpatient obstetric health care organizations (frequency of preterm labor, bleeding, surgical interventions, etc.) for 2012 to 2016. Statistical data processing was carried out using Excel. Results: Comparative studies have shown that the incidence of kidney and urinary tract diseases is the highest among all extragenital diseases accompanying pregnancy. The results may indicate a lack of female consultations to identify and treat major endocrine diseases before pregnancy, early pregnancy, and the need for more intensive monitoring of compliance with clinical protocols for pregnancy management aimed at limiting perinatal risks for the mother and fetus. Conclusion: There is a need to strengthen the work of the primary link to the issues of early detection, comprehensive diagnosis and quality treatment to minimize perinatal risks for pregnant women and the fetus.

The microscopic urine sediment examination is a crucial part in the evaluation of renal and urinary tract diseases. Recently, there are emerging CNNs-based detectors to detect the urine sediment particles in an end-to-end manner. However, it is not very compatible to transfer CNNs-based detector directly from natural images application to microscopic images, especially in which small objects are in majority. This paper proposes a bidirectional context propagation network called BCPNet for urine sediment particle detection. In BCPNet, spatial details encoded by shallow convolutional layers are propagated upward to improve the localisation ability of deep features. On the contrary, high semantic information encoded by deep convolutional layers is propagated downward to enhance the distinctiveness of shallow features. With the refinement by convolutional block attention modules, the enriched features are more powerful to both localisation and classification. Experimental results on urine sediment particle dataset USE demonstrate effectiveness of the proposed BCPNet.

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common infectious diseases, primarily caused by bacteria present in the intestinum, affecting the entire urinary tract or only a part of it. If the urinary bladder and urethra are affected then they are considered ?lower? urinary tract infections, and the affected kidneys and ureter are considered ?upper? urinary tract infections. There is a division into uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. Approximately 15% of all prescribed antibiotics in the United States are prescribed as therapy of UTIs. The UTI data from other countries are similar. The costs incurred in the treatment of these infections are significant - in the United States, the direct costs of UTI treatments are estimated at $ 1.6 billion per year.

Objectives The aim of this study was to evaluate and quantify the changes in neurological status in cats after perineal urethrostomy performed in dorsal and ventral recumbency. Methods This was a prospective, randomised study. Twenty male castrated cats with feline lower urinary tract disease presented for perineal urethrostomy were enrolled in this study. Surgery was performed in either dorsal recumbency (group A) or ventral recumbency (group B). Motor response of patellar tendon, gastrocnemius muscle, pelvic limb withdrawal and perineal reflexes, as well as the presence of spinal pain in the lumbosacral region, motor function of the tail and faecal continence, were examined before surgery, and 24 h and 14 days after surgery. Results The animals had a mean weight of 5.07 ± 1.08 kg, with a mean age of 6.12 ± 1.85 years. Weight and age were not significantly different between groups A and B (both P = 0.897). All tested parameters of the neurological examination performed prior to surgery were considered normal in both groups ( P = 1). The comparison between neurological examinations (perineal reflex and spinal pain) before and 24 h after surgery revealed a significantly decreased briskness of the perineal reflex and an increased occurrence of spinal pain 24 h after surgery ( P = 0.043 and P = 0.031, respectively). However, the changes of aforementioned parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 0.249 and P = 0.141) between groups A and B. The other parameters (patellar tendon, pelvic limb withdrawal and gastrocnemius muscle reflexes, motor function of the tail and faecal continence) were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 24 h after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 24 h after surgery. Results of all tested parameters were statistically insignificant ( P = 1) before surgery and 14 days after surgery, as well as between groups A and B 14 days after surgery. Conclusions and relevance The briskness of the perineal reflex was significantly decreased and the occurrence of spinal pain significantly increased 24 h after surgery. A parallel with a low-grade positioning-dependent nerve injury as described in human medicine may be drawn. However, no positioning method was proven to be superior to the other.

Calisma, Hasmer koyunlarinda renal arterlerin varyasyonlarini arastirmak amaciyla yapildi. Arastirmada alti adet hayvan kullanildi. Renal arter ve segmentleri standart korozyon kast teknikleri kullanilarak hazirlandi ve incelendi. Renal arterlerin uzunluk ve cap olcumleri icin elektronik kalibrator kullanildi. Arteria renalis’lerin, aorta abdominalis’ten sagli ve sollu olarak orijin aldiktan sonra dorsal ve ventral iki dala ayrildigi tespit edildi. Sol renal arterin, sag renal arterden daha uzun oldugu belirlendi. Renal arterler dorsal ve ventral iki dala ayrilmaktaydi. Dorsal ve ventral dallar sirasiyla; interlobar, arcuate ve interlobuler arterlere ayrildigi gozlendi. Ayrica, her iki bobregin ventral kolundan orijin alan bir interlobar arterin, bobregin hem dorsal hem de ventral yuzunu besledigi belirlendi. Materyallerin hicbirinde anastomoz gorulmedi. Sonuc olarak; Bu tur calismalar bobrek transplantasyonlari, bobreklerin cerrahi operasyonlari ve uriner hastaliklar gibi arastirmalara isik tutabilir.

Heracleum persicum Desf. ex Fisch is used in Iranian traditional medicines, for the treatment of various diseases including neurological, gastrointestinal, respiratory, rheumatological and urinary tract diseases. In phytochemical analysis of H. persicum, several classes of natural chemicals including volatile (aliphatic esters, carbonyls, phenyl propenes and terpenes) and nonvolatile (flavonoids, furanocoumarins, tannins and alkaloids) constituents as well as different minerals have been identified. Scientific studies on H. persicum proved that it has a wide range of biological and pharmacological activities. This article has provided comprehensive information on Iranian traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of H. persicum.

The conducted analysis of modern literature shows that most of the establishednormative parameters of the placement of kidneys in healthy people have not beensufficiently studied, with researchers practically do not take into account the constitutionalfeatures of the organism. The purpose of the study was to determine the topographicanatomical position of the kidneys in the frontal, sagittal and horizontal planes on thebasis of MRI in patients of different somatotypes without any kidney and urinary tractdiseases. Complex examination of 65 patients of the first and second mature age ofdifferent somatotypes, which did not have kidney and urinary tract diseases, wasperformed. To determine the somatotype, we used the mathematical scheme forB.Heath and J.Carter (1990), with the definition of the endomorphic, mesomorphic andectomorphic components of the somatotype. The renal topography was conducted ona Philips Intera-1.5T magnetic resonance imaging (standard magnetic resonance protocolincluded scanning in sagittal, frontal, and axial projections to obtain T1 weighted imaging).The angles of inclination were measured in the frontal, sagital and horizontal planes tomeasure spatial position of the kidneys. The statistical analysis of the obtained resultswas carried out using the "STATISTICA 5.5" program, using parametric and non-parametricmethods for evaluating the obtained results. It was established that the angle ofinclination of the kidney on the right side in the frontal and sagittal planes was greater in1.23-1.41 times than in men and in women of representatives of all somatotypes. Theangle between the axis and the line drawn through the middle of the vertebral bodiesdid not statistically significantly change, depending on the somatotype, sex and on theside of the study in a horizontal plane. The angles of inclination of the kidney axis aredefined in three planes: the frontal, horizontal, and sagittal in the patients, with thekidney axis directed downwards outward and forward. Representatives of allsomatotypes differed statistically significantly the angles of inclination of the left axisfrom the right kidneys in the frontal and sagittal planes

WOS: 000416989900011, The aim of this study was to evaluate lower urinary tract diseases of cats with plain radiography, ultrasonography and contrast cystography retrospectively and assess the most appropriate imaging method for each disease. In the study, 134 cats with different age, sex and breed were presented with one or more clinical signs of lower urinary tract diseases (LUTD). All cats were evaluated by radiography and ultrasonography, and contrast radiography had been performed on cats, in which plain radiography and ultrasonography were inadequate for diagnosing LUTD. LUTD included cystitis (n=20), urinary crystals (n=35), urinary crystals with cystitis (n=51), bladder calculi (n=6), bladder polyps (n=8), blood clots (n=9), bladder rupture (n=1) and idiopathic obstructions (n=4). The present study confirms that ultrasonography is an efficient imaging method for examination of lower urinary tract, but radiography and contrast cystography are still useful for diagnosing calculi, bladder ruptures, suspected urethral obstructions, and chronic cystitis which can not be evaluated by ultrasonography.

Cystinuria is a condition caused by defects in amino acid transport within the kidneys and small intestines. It has been reported in humans, dogs, domestic cats, ferrets, nondomestic canids, and nondomestic felids, including servals ( Leptailurus serval). Genetic mutations have been identified in dogs, humans, and domestic cats. Cystinuria usually follows an autosomal recessive inheritance, although it can be autosomal dominant and sex linked. The primary objective of this study was to screen urine samples dried on filter paper from captive servals in the United States for cystinuria by using the cyanide-nitroprusside screening test. A second objective was to determine whether cystinuria is inheritable in servals. Servals were initially recruited for the study by survey. Owners and institutions interested in participating were sent a second survey and filter paper for collecting urine samples. Samples were collected from 25 servals. One additional serval with confirmed cystine urolithiasis was added for a total sample size of 26 servals. Twenty-seven percent (7/26) were positive, 54% (14/26) were weakly positive, and 19% (5/26) were negative. Sex, reproductive status, and urine collection method had no significant association with test results. This condition is likely underreported in servals and should be ruled out in any serval with nonspecific signs of illness; neurologic signs such as lethargy, ataxia, or seizures; ptyalism; or signs of lower urinary tract disease such as dysuria, hematuria, stranguria, pollakiuria, or urethral obstructions.

Ureterocele is a dilation of the final portion of the ureter, which results from an embryological failure of unknown cause. This article describes the case of a three-month-old female poodle with complaints of urinary incontinence. Imaging exams helped establish the diagnosis by disclosing an orthotopic cystic dilation. The surgical technique employed to treat the condition was resection of the ureterocele with marsupialization of the edges. Complete remission of clinical signs was achieved two months post-surgery; the dog remains continent two years after the procedure.

BackgroundUrinary tract stones are the third most common urinary tract diseases after urinary tract infections and prostate pathological conditions. An accurate assessment for appropriate medical treatment and lifestyle changes is important in reducing the recurrence of urinary stones.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine nutritional habits of patients with urinary tract stones referring to the Imam Reza Hospital.MethodsThis descriptive study was performed on 150 patients referred to the Urology Clinic who had been given a definite stone diagnosis. The data collection tool was a three-part questionnaire.ResultsThe mean age of patients was 41.34 (± 11.98) years. The history of kidney stones in the first-degree relatives of patients was 65.3%. One-third of the patients had fewer than 4 hours of physical activities. Forty per cent of patients drank 3 - 5 glasses of tea daily, 65.3% of them consumed at least one glass of carbonated drinks per week and a quarter of them added salt to food before tasting it.ConclusionsDietary habits of patients with urinary tract stones seems to be not appropriate prior to the diagnosis of the diseases. Therefore, the diet should be given more attention to prevent kidney stones.

This review reported notable advances in pediatrics that have been published in 2018. We have highlighted progresses in allergy, cardiology, critical care, endocrinology, hereditary metabolic diseases, gastroenterology, infectious diseases, neonatology, nutrition, respiratory tract disorders and surgery. Many studies have informed on epidemiologic observations. Promising outcomes in prevention, diagnosis and treatment have been reported. We think that advances realized in 2018 can now be utilized to ameliorate patient care.

RESUMO O stent endovascular autoexpansível pode ser utilizado como forma de tratamento para estenose uretral em cães. O stent de nitinol é composto por uma liga de níquel e titânio que permite mudanças em suas estruturas sob a influência da temperatura corporal e tem excelente biocompatibilidade na uretra canina. Este estudo relata o caso de um cão, sem raça definida, 14 anos de idade, com histórico de disúria há duas semanas, diagnosticado com grande quantidade de cálculos e microcálculos na bexiga, no colo vesical e na uretra prostática, também cistite e hiperplasia prostática. Depois de tratamento para cistite, orquiectomia e cistotomia para retirada dos cálculos, porém sem melhora clínica após 30 dias de acompanhamento, com o paciente apresentando disúria, foi realizada uretrocistografia retrógrada, que evidenciou estenose da uretra prostática. Esse paciente foi encaminhado para procedimento de implantação de um stent de nitinol na uretra prostática. Imediatamente após o procedimento e até o presente momento, o paciente apresenta micção espontânea, sem qualquer sinal de disúria, sendo este o primeiro relato no Brasil do uso dessa técnica. ABSTRACT The endovascular stent is used for treatment of urethral stricture in dogs. The nitinol stent is composed by nickel and titanium alloy that allows changes in its structures under the influence of body temperature and has excellent biocompatibility in the canine urethra. This study aims to report a case of a 14 - year - old male dog without defined breed with dysuria for two weeks. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed microcalculi and calculi in bladder, prostatic urethral obstruction and prostatic hyperplasia. Cystotomy was performed to remove uroliths, but after 30 days of hospitalization there was no clinical improvement. A double-contrast retrograde urethrocystography was performed and showed persistence of prostatic urethral obstruction. The pacient was submitted to a new surgery to place a self-expanding nitinol stent and presented spontaneous urination after the procedure. This is the first report of this technique in Brazil.