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Countries worldwide consider solid waste collection and recycling necessary due to the recent emphasis on conservation of resources and environmental protection. Due to the constraints from resource depletion and the need for sustainable economic growth, solid waste recycling has become a critical issue in China. Several indigenous researchers in China have studied the potential benefits of solid waste recycling. However, most studies limited the environmental assessment of solid waste recycling to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and considered only one type of solid waste (paper or plastic). Therefore, the present study analyzed the energy (electricity) and environmental (GHG and air pollutant emissions) benefits of recycling steel, nonferrous metal, plastic, and paper wastes from 2005 to 2017 in China. The study used the formulation of model equations method to estimate the electrical energy and environmental benefits. Prominent findings show that the total amount of electricity saved by recycling solid waste from 2005 to 2017 was 3743.3 Mtce. On average, solid waste recycling during the period led to a 43.2% saving on electricity. Solid waste recycling avoided 4765.9 billion kg of carbon dioxide emission and 22.502 billion kg of methane emission. It was also found that the recycling of solid waste saved a total amount of 10,669.8 M kg of NO X emission but had a burden of −6263.2 M kg of VOCs emission on the environment. Solid waste recycling avoided the emission of CO 2 , CH 4 , NO X , and SO X, but the recycling of steel, plastics, and paper waste had negative impacts on the environment in terms of VOCs and PM emissions. Proper measures such as installing air pollution control devices should be put in place to minimize the emission of pollutants during the recycling of these solid wastes. • The energy and environmental benefits of solid waste recycling is assessed. • The formulation of model equations method was used for the assessment. • On average, the recycling of solid waste saved 43.2% of electricity. • Recycling of waste avoided a significant amount of GHG and air pollutant emissions. • Solid waste recycling had no essential benefit on the emission of VOCs and PM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper utilized the hydrothermal method and freeze-drying technology to prepare the macroscopic aerogel structure and powder structure of MOF-808/RGO. Through comparative analysis of aspects such as photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance, electron transfer efficiency, macroscopic structure, and microstructure, it has been discovered that aerogel structure can provide favorable conditions for mass transfer of CO 2 and water molecules, and light propagation. The introduction of RGO successfully captures electrons and the reduction reaction occurs on the surface of the material. [Display omitted] • Macroscopic aerogel and powder structures of the MOF-808/RGO composite photocatalysts were fabricated separately and used for comparison. • The photocatalytic performance of the MOF-808/RGO macroscopic aerogels in reducing CO 2 to CO was approximately 16 times that of MOF-808 and 12 times that of RGO. • The aerogel structure provides an abundance of pore structures within the material. • The presence of the aerogel structure successfully enhanced the photothermal and photoelectric conversion efficiencies of the composite photocatalysts. Three-dimensional (3D) macroscopic aerogels have emerged as a critical component in the realm of photocatalysis. Maximizing the integration of materials can result in enhanced efficiency and selectivity in photocatalytic processes. In this investigation, we fabricated MOF-808/reduced graphene oxide (RGO) 3D macroscopic aerogel composite materials employing the techniques of hydrothermal synthesis and freeze-drying. The results revealed that the macroscopic aerogel material exhibited the highest performance in CO 2 reduction to CO, particularly when the concentration of RGO was maintained at 5 mg mL−1. In addition, we synthesized powder materials of MR-5 composite photocatalysts and conducted a comparative analysis in terms of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance and electron transfer efficiency. The results show that the macroscopic aerogel material boasts a high specific surface area, an abundant internal pore structure, and increased active sites. These attributes collectively enhance light energy utilization, and electron transfer rates, thereby, improving photothermal and photoelectric conversion efficiencies. Furthermore, we conducted in-situ FT-IR measurements and found that the M/R-5 aerogel exhibited the best CO 2 adsorption capacity under a CO 2 flow rate of 10 mL min−1. The density functional theory results demonstrate the correlation between the formation pathway of the product and the charge transfer pathway. This study provides useful ideas for realizing photocatalytic CO 2 reduction of macroscopic aerogel materials in gas–solid reaction mode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insufficient active sites at the hydrophilic grassy CuO electrode tend to produce H 2 in electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction. To enhance the intrinsic catalytic activity, a metal-oxide heterogeneous interface was created via interfacial engineering modulation by loading Pd on CuO. The CuO/Pd electrode exhibited excellent electrochemical CO 2 reduction performance, with 54% Faraday efficiency at −0.65 V for CH 3 OH. [Display omitted] • The active site of the grass-like hydrophilic CuO electrode was verified to be oxide-derived Cu by the transition in wettability. • Pd loading on CuO by interfacial engineering both satisfies the reduction of CuO to Cu and also contributes to the increase of active sites. • The interfacial effect between CuO and Pd appreciably reduces the work function of CuO to promote CO 2 reduction. • The FE of CH 3 OH reach up to 54 % at −0.65 V over CuO/Pd-2. Copper-based catalysts have been extensively investigated in electrochemical carbon dioxide (CO 2) reduction to promote carbon products generated by requiring multiple electron transfer. However, hydrophilic electrodes are unfavourable for CO 2 mass transfer and preferentially hydrogen (H 2) evolution in electrochemical CO 2 reduction. In this paper, a hydrophilic cupric oxide (CuO) electrode with a grassy morphology was prepared. CuO-derived Cu was confirmed as the active site for electrochemical CO 2 reduction through wettability modulation. To enhance the intrinsic catalytic activity, a metal-oxide heterogeneous interface was created by engineering modulation at the interface, involving the loading of palladium (Pd) on CuO (CuO/Pd). Both the electrochemically active area and the electron transfer rate were enhanced by Pd loading, and significantly the reduced work function further facilitated the electron transfer between the electrode surface and the electrolyte. Consequently, the CuO/Pd electrode exhibited excellent excellent performance in electrochemical CO 2 reduction, achieving a 54 % Faraday efficiency at −0.65 V for methanol (CH 3 OH). The metal-oxide interfacial effect potentially improves the intrinsic catalytic activity of hydrophilic CuO electrodes in electrochemical CO 2 reduction, providing a conducive pathway for optimizing hydrophilic oxide electrodes in this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Co 2 N C with diatomic pair sites was successfully prepared. • Co 2 N C exhibited much faster degradation kinetic rate than Co 1 N C. • More ROS were generated by the catalysis of Co 2 N C. • DFT calculation further revealed the enhanced activity of Co 2 sites. A novel strategy for better catalytic performance in terms of precisely tuning the metal atom number of active centers is gradually getting attention. In this paper, the Co atom pair sites on N -doped porous carbon was engineered. The binuclear Co 2 site structure was identified by aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. As expected, the Co 2 N C display an outstanding Fenton-like catalysis activity in tetracycline degradation with turnover frequency exceeding 0.91 min−1 that is approximately 4 times higher than the conventional CoN 4 site. The EPR tests indicated that the ROS strength stimulated by the binuclear site was much stronger than that of single site. Theoretical density functional theory calculations reveal that the optimized adsorption configuration is the O1 of peroxymonosulfate (PMS) interacting with two Co atoms, leading to stronger interaction effect and electron transfer for PMS comparing to single atom sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The adsorption energies of CO 2 on the surface oxygen vacancies of different crystalline In 2 O 3 were calculated using DFT. • The effect of the spatial distributions of two active components on the CO 2 hydrogenation to aromatics was studied. • The acidity of catalyst under different spatial distributions was studied through NH 3 -TPD. In tandem catalysts, not only good synergy between the two active components is required, but also the precise control of the spatial distribution between the two active components of metal oxides and zeolite is crucial for the migration and conversion of reaction intermediates in the direct conversion of CO 2 to hydrocarbons. The correlation between the metal and the acidic site of zeolite has traditionally been simplified as "the closer, the better". However, it should be noted that this principle only holds true for a portion of tandem catalysts. Therefore, this paper studied the effect of different crystalline In 2 O 3 (cubic phase, hexagonal phase, and mixed cubic/hexagonal phase) and sheet HZSM-5 zeolite tandem catalysts on the activity of CO 2 hydrogenation reaction under different spatial distribution. The generalized gradient approximation (GGA) of density functional theory (DFT) were used to simulate the adsorption energy of CO 2 by oxygen vacancy on c-In 2 O 3 (1 1 1) and h-In 2 O 3 (1 0 4) planes, it was found that O v1 on c-In 2 O 3 (1 1 1) and O v4 on h-In 2 O 3 (1 0 4) had the strongest adsorption energy for CO 2. In addition, it has been observed that the proximity of the two active components (e.g., during mortar mixing) results in decreased catalytic performance. This is due to the migration of metal In, which neutralizes the acid sites of zeolites and leads to inefficient conversion of methanol reaction intermediates to aromatics. As a result, CO 2 conversion and aromatic selectivity are decreased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Designed hexagonal ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheets wrapped oxygen deficient blue TiO 2 (B) catalyst for highly stable and selective CO 2 Photoreduction into CO and CH 4. The advanced photoactivity is attributed due to improved CO 2 absorption capacity, electron mobility, and visible light accessibility, resulting in effective charge carrier separation and transfer process. [Display omitted] • Simple approaches were used to develop nanocavity assisted oxygen deficient blue TiO 2 (B) nanorods (BT) and ZnIn 2 S 4 nanosheets. • Exfoliating bulk ZnIn2S4 nanosheets into a few layers (ZIS) and integrating them on BT generates a BT/ZIS composite. • The integration of BT on ZIS accelerates charge separation and migration due to high absorption capacity and well-matched band potentials. • The optimized BT/ZIS has a high CO 2 conversion rate into CO and CH 4 , as well as great selectivity and durability. Developing new and highly stable efficient photocatalysts is crucial for achieving high performance and selective photocatalytic CO 2 conversion. In this paper, we designed a one-dimensional oxygen-deficient blue TiO 2 (B) (BT) catalyst for improved electron mobility and visible light accessibility. In addition, hexagonal ZnIn 2 S 4 (ZIS) nanosheets with a low bandgap and great visible light accessibility are employed to produce effective heterostructures with BT. The synthesized materials are tested for photocatalytic conversion of CO 2 into solar fuels (H 2 , CO and CH 4). The optimized composite yields 71.6 and 10.3 μmol g−1h−1 of CO and CH 4 , three and ten times greater than ZIS, respectively. When ZIS nanosheets are combined with a one-dimensional oxygen-deficient BT catalyst, improved electron mobility and visible light accessibility are achieved, charge carriers are effectively segregated, and the transfer process is accelerated, resulting in efficient CO 2 reduction. The photocatalytic CO 2 conversion activity of the constructed BT/ZIS heterostructures is very stable over a 10-day (240-hour) period, and CO and CH 4 production rates increase linearly with time; however, as time goes on, the rates of H 2 production decrease. Further, a five-time recycling test confirmed this, revealing essentially equal activity and selectivity throughout the experiment. As a result, CO 2 to CO and CH 4 conversion has high selectivity and longer durability. The band structure of the BT/ZIS composite is determined using Mott-Schottky measurement, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and valence band X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This research demonstrates a novel approach to investigating effective, stable, and selective photocatalytic CO 2 reduction systems for solar-to-chemical energy conversion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The Zn-In-O catalyst exhibits FE HCOO− (94.25 %) at −1.16 V RHE. • Rich interface effects improve the catalytic performance of Zn-In-O. • In 2 O 3 active center of Zn-In-O is protected from reducing by sacrificing ZnO phase. Electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) is considered an efficient approach to produce value-added chemicals and fuels. In this paper, a series of MOF-derived composite catalysts with coexisting In 2 O 3 and ZnO are fabricated using a simple process for eCO 2 RR to produce formate. The Zn-In-O/800 catalyst achieves a formate Faradaic efficiency (FE HCOO−) of 94.25 % at −1.16 V vs. RHE, which can maintain over 89 % after 30 h in a stability test. The electrochemical evidence and density functional theory analysis show that the strong interface effect between In 2 O 3 and ZnO can enhance the CO 2 adsorption and activation, and promote the conversion of CO 2 to formate. In addition, the ZnO phase can protect In 2 O 3 , as the main active site, from being reduced to a certain extent for a long time under negative potential, which ensures the high stability of the composite catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic respirometry, which involves measuring the carbon dioxide (CO 2) evolved during decomposition, is an invaluable metric for evaluating biomass decomposability, characterising compost feedstocks, and studying decomposition dynamics over time. However, respirometric systems and CO 2 sampling methods can be expensive, operationally cumbersome, and produce temporally low-resolution data. This paper details the technical development and validation of an automated, multi-vessel respirometric system using off-the-shelf microcontrollers and miniature non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) CO 2 sensors to produce temporally high-resolution and accurate CO 2 data generated from decomposing biomass. The accuracy of the NDIR CO 2 sensors, as given by the cumulative CO 2 (g), was validated through an acetic acid-sodium bicarbonate reaction test. In this test, a mean cumulative CO 2 evolution of 0.99 g (n = 8) was measured with the sensors from an expected stoichiometric yield of 1 g CO 2 , with a standard deviation of ±0.137 g. The operation, reliability, and reproducibility of the system were tested through a series of biomass decomposition experiments. Through these experiments, an airflow rate of 0.25 L min−1 was found to be most effective at preventing the excessive drying of biomass at an initial moisture content of 50%. The system sensed, per 5-s sampling event, a peak CO 2 concentration of ∼28,000 ppm at a temperature of 35 °C, which resulted in the largest mean cumulative CO 2 evolution of 27.93 g from 200 g dry biomass. As indicated by the CO 2 curves, the system can produce reliable and high-resolution CO 2 datasets on an individual vessel basis, making it a useful tool for respirometric studies. • An aerobic respirometric system with high-resolution CO 2 sampling was developed. • The reproducibility of the data in organic matter decomposition trials was high. • Accuracy of the CO 2 sensors was shown through acetic acid-sodium bicarbonate test. • The system produced reliable CO 2 data for aerobic decomposition of organic waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 to high-energy products is an effective way to utilize solar energy and mitigate the greenhouse effect. In this paper, a series of CQDs/Bi 12 O 17 Cl 2 /NiAl-LDH (C/BOC/LDH) photocatalysts were prepared via a one-pot hydrothermal method, demonstrated excellent photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance. In the case of only water without any photosensitizer and sacrificial agent, the CO production rate on C/0.3BOC/LDH reached 16.4 μmol·g-1h−1, which is 6.7 times higher than that of the original LDH. The construction of Z-scheme heterojunctions inhibited the recombination of electrons with holes. The unique up-conversion PL behavior of CQDs benefitted the absorption of energy in the NIR by the photocatalyst. This study provides meaningful assistance for the design and construction of a ternary photocatalytic system with Z-scheme heterojunction and carbon-based co-catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions constitute the primary contribution to global climate change. Synthetic CO 2 fixation represents an exceptionally appealing and sustainable method for carbon neutralization. Unlike the limitations of chemical catalysis, biological CO 2 fixation displays high selectivity and the ability to operate under mild conditions. The superfamily of amidohydrolases has demonstrated the ability to synthesize a range of aromatic monocarboxylic acids. However, there is a scarcity of reported carboxylases capable of synthesizing aromatic dicarboxylic acids. Among these, 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid holds significant potential for applications across various fields, yet no enzyme has been reported for its synthesis. In this study, we developed for the first time that exhibits starting activity in fixing CO 2 to synthesize 4-hydroxyisophthalic acid. Furthermore, we have devised a computational strategy that effectively enhances the catalytic activity of this enzyme. A focused library comprising only 13 variants was generated. Experimental validation confirmed a threefold improvement in the carboxylation activity of the optimal variant (L47M). The computational enzyme design strategy proposed in this paper demonstrates broad applicability in developing carboxylases for synthesizing other aromatic dicarboxylic acids. This lays the groundwork for leveraging biocatalysis in industrial synthesis for CO 2 fixation. • Demonstration that carboxylase can synthesize aromatic dicarboxylic acid by fixing CO 2. • 5-Carboxyvanillate carboxylase was found to catalyze the synthesis of 4-HIPA. • Develop an enzyme design strategy combing energy optimization and MD simulation. • The designed variant exhibited a 3-fold increase in carboxylation activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we propose a multi-RREH (Remote Renewable Energy Hub) based optimization framework. This framework allows a valorization of CO 2 using carbon capture technologies. This valorization is grounded on the idea that CO 2 gathered from the atmosphere or post combustion can be combined with hydrogen to produce synthetic methane. The hydrogen is obtained from water electrolysis using renewable energy. Such renewable energy is generated in RREH, which are locations where RE is cheap and abundant (e.g., solar PV in the Sahara Desert, or wind in Greenland). We instantiate our framework on a case study focusing on Belgium and 2 RREH, and we conduct a techno-economic analysis under uncertainty. This analysis highlights, among others, the interest in capturing CO 2 via Post Combustion Carbon Capture (PCCC) rather than only through Direct Air Capture (DAC) for methane synthesis in RREH. By doing so, a notable reduction of 10% is observed in the total cost of the system under our reference scenario. In addition, we use our framework to derive a carbon price threshold above which carbon capture technologies may start playing a pivotal role in the decarbonation process of our industries. • We demonstrate PCCC technology potential for reducing RREH's CH4 production cost. • We derive a carbon price threshold for crucial industrial decarbonization. • An uncertainty analysis has been carried out on the reference scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring whether informal environmental regulations (INER) can achieve carbon reduction in the context of pollution reduction and carbon reduction, as well as how to achieve carbon reduction, can help solve the dual failures of the market and government in environmental protection. Based on the polycentric governance theory and considering the characteristics of social subject environmental participation, the Stackelberg game is used to demonstrate the impact mechanism of INER on CO 2. In addition, using the panel data of China's 30 provinces from 2003 to 2018, this paper validates the effectiveness of INER by Pooled Ordinary Least Square (POLS) and threshold panel model. Then, the mediating effect model is used to test the mechanism of INER's effect on carbon reduction. The results show that corruption is not conducive to CO 2 reduction. The reduction effect of INER on CO 2 exhibits heterogeneity with changes in other non-greenhouse gas pollutants. While INER effectively reduces local corruption, its more substantial indirect impact on CO 2 reduction is prominent when levels of other pollutants are lower. Comparative analysis reveals that there are still biased governance behaviors to cope with INER's pressure in some regions nowadays. The findings show that for countries facing the dual task of pollution control and carbon reduction, the key to leveraging the supervisory role of INER should be focused on mitigating information asymmetry caused by the characteristics of CO 2. Therefore, in the process of environmental protection, the public environmental participation system should be improved, and the process of disclosing polluters' carbon information should be accelerated. • Polluters may adopt strategic carbon reduction behaviors. • Other pollutants influence the impact of INER on CO 2. • When other pollutants are low, INER significantly reduce CO 2 by constraining corruption. • Some regions still have biased governance behaviors to cope with INER's pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper compared, through life cycle assessment (LCA), the production of aviation biofuel from two hydrothermal routes of microalgae cultivated in wastewater. Hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) and gasification followed by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (G + FT) were compared. Both routes included biomass production, hydrotreatment for biofuel upgrading, and product fractionation. Secondary data obtained from the literature were used for the cradle-to-gate LCA. G + FT had a higher impact than HTL in the 18 impact categories assessed, with human carcinogenic toxicity exerting the most harmful pressure on the environment. The catalysts were the inputs that caused the most adverse emissions. The solvent used for bio-oil separation also stood out in terms of impacts. In HTL, emissions for global warming were −51.6 g CO 2 eq/MJ, while in G + FT, they were 250 g CO 2 eq/MJ. At the Endpoint level, HTL resulted in benefits to human health and ecosystems, while G + FT caused environmental damage in these two categories, as well as in the resources category. In the improvement scenarios, besides considering solid, aqueous, and gaseous products as co-products rather than just as waste/emissions, a 20% reduction in catalyst consumption and 90% recovery were applied. Thus, in HTL, 39.47 kg CO 2 eq was avoided, compared to 35.44 kg CO 2 eq in the base scenario. In G + FT, emissions decreased from 147.55 kg CO 2 eq to the capture of 8.60 kg CO 2 eq. [Display omitted] • Gasification + Fischer-Tropsch caused more impacts than liquefaction. • The environment has suffered more harmful pressure on human carcinogenic toxicity. • The catalysts used were the inputs that most caused adverse emissions. • Liquefaction route captured 39.47 kg CO 2 eq with improvement scenario. • Gasification + Fischer-Tropsch captured 8.6 kg CO 2 eq with the improvement scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural tractors may idle from 10 to 43% of their entire operating life and this inoperative time must be minimised because it is detrimental to the environment, public health, fuel economy, and engine lifespan (Perozzi et al., 2016). On passenger cars, start and stop (SS) systems have been extensively used, but they are not currently installed in any commercial tractor. Studies show that for very short idling stops SS systems might be ineffective for the additional energy required for re-starting the engine. This study aims to investigate the potential advantages of SS systems on agricultural tractors. To this aim, the energy required for engine start-up and the subsequent emissions were measured and then compared with the energy and the emissions during idling. Moreover, a predefined control strategy of the SS system was developed, and its potential fuel and emission savings were estimated using real-world data. In terms of fuel consumption and CO emission, turning off the engine is recommended for stops longer than 4 s and 134 s, respectively. From the collected real-world data, the tractor was run on idle for 21.7% of the entire operating duration. The results obtained with the SS control strategy developed in this paper applied to the US area, where there are 1.2 million tractors of the same power level of the tractor used in this study with a yearly usage up to 850 h, would permit to save 285.6 million litres of fuel, and, respectively of 16.5 and 754 tons of CO and CO 2. • Turning off the engine for idling stops longer than 4 s leads to fuel savings. • Turning off the engine for idling stops longer than 134 s leads to CO savings. • 45% of idling time could be avoided by farmers. • Start and Stop systems are an effective way for saving fuel and emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SrTiO 3-x nanosheets were synthesized by simple hydrothermal method; • Sr atom on the SrTiO 3-x surface is the active site of CO 2 adsorption and activation; • COO– and COOH are important intermediates in photocatalytic CO 2 reduction; Converting CO 2 into chemical energy by using solar energy is an environmental strategy to achieve carbon neutrality. In this paper, two dimensionality (2D) SrTiO 3-x nanosheets with oxygen vacancies were synthesized successfully. Oxygen vacancies will generate defect levels in the band structure of SrTiO 3-x. So, SrTiO 3-x nanosheets have good photocatalytic CO 2 reduction performance under visible light. In order to further improve its photocatalytic efficiency, Bi was used to dope Sr site and Ti site in SrTiO 3-x nanosheets respectively. It is found that Sr site is the adsorption site of CO 2 molecules. When Bi replaced Sr, CO 2 adsorption on the surface of SrTiO 3-x nanosheets was weakened. When Bi replaced Ti, there has no effect on CO 2 adsorption. Due to the synergistic effect of Bi doping, oxygen vacancies, and Sr active site, the 1.0% Bi-doped Ti site in SrTiO 3-x (1.0% Bi-Ti-STO) had the best photocatalytic performance under visible light (λ ≥ 420 nm). CO and CH 4 yields were 5.58 umol/g/h and 0.36 umol/g/h. Photocatalytic CO 2 reduction path has always been the focus of exploration. The in-situ FTIR spectrum proved the step of photocatalytic CO 2 reduction and COO– and COOH are important intermediates in the photocatalytic CO 2 reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid economic growth and human activities have seriously damaged the environment and hindered the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Hence, this study aims to explore the impact of economic complexity, uncertainty, and remittance on environmental degradation in 134 countries from 2000 to 2022. In addition, it examines whether uncertainty moderates the relationship between remittance and environmental degradation. Two proxies (ecological footprint and CO 2) were used to measure environmental degradation. The analysis was conducted using a cross-sectional dependency test, second-generation unit root test, and panel quantile regression. The results revealed that economic complexity significantly and positively impacted environmental degradation, while uncertainty and remittance significantly and negatively impacted environmental degradation. Furthermore, uncertainty weakened the negative relationship between remittance and environmental degradation. Accordingly, this paper discusses various recommendations and policy implications regarding economic complexity, uncertainty, remittance, and environmental degradation. • We examined the impact of economic complexity, uncertainty, and remittance on environmental degradation in 134 countries. • Ecological footprint and CO 2 were used to measure environmental degradation. • Economic complexity significantly and positively impacted environmental degradation. • Uncertainty and remittance significantly and negatively impacted environmental degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dwarf planets Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar are interesting in being somewhat smaller than the methane-rich bodies of the Kuiper Belt (Pluto, Eris, Makemake), yet large enough to be spherical and to have possibly undergone interior melting and differentiation. They also reside on very different orbits, making them an ideal suite of bodies for untangling effects of size and orbit on present day surface composition. We observed Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar with the NIRSpec instrument on the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). All three bodies were observed in the low-resolution prism mode at wavelengths spanning 0.7 to 5.2 μm. Quaoar was additionally observed at 10× higher spectral resolution from 0.97 to 3.16 μm using medium-resolution gratings. Sedna's spectrum shows a large number of absorption features due to ethane (C 2 H 6), as well as acetylene (C 2 H 2), ethylene (C 2 H 4), H 2 O, and possibly CO 2. Gonggong's spectrum also shows several, but fewer and weaker, ethane features, along with stronger and cleaner H 2 O features and CO 2 complexed with other molecules. Quaoar's prism spectrum shows even fewer and weaker ethane features, the deepest and cleanest H 2 O features, a feature at 3.2 μm possibly due to HCN, and CO 2 ice. The higher-resolution medium grating spectrum of Quaoar reveals several overtone and combination bands of ethane and methane (CH 4). Spectra of all three objects show steep red spectral slopes and strong, broad absorptions between 2.7 and 3.6 μm indicative of complex organic molecules. The suite of light hydrocarbons and complex organic molecules are interpreted as the products of irradiation of methane. We infer that the differences in apparent abundances of irradiation products among these three similarly-sized bodies are likely due to their distinctive orbits, which lead to different timescales of methane retention and to different charged particle irradiation environments. In all cases, however, the continued presence of light hydrocarbons implies a resupply of methane to the surface. We suggest that these three bodies have undergone internal melting and geochemical evolution similar to the larger dwarf planets and distinct from all smaller KBOs. The feature identification presented in this paper is the first step of analysis, and additional insight into the relative abundances and mixing states of materials on these surfaces will come from future spectral modeling of these data. • New JWST NIRSpec infrared spectral observations of Sedna, Gonggong, and Quaoar. • Absorptions due to C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 2 , and C 2 H 4 indicate active irradiation chemistry. • Differences among the three bodies are likely due to different orbits. • The spectra are distinct from those of smaller KBOs. • These bodies may have undergone internal melting and geochemical evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Livestock is one of major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in China. Clarifying spatiotemporal characteristics of GHG emissions from livestock and exploring influencing factors can provide reference for grasping regional changes of GHG emission and formulate strategies of carbon reduction for livestock industry. However, existing literatures considered both spatial and temporal impacts and dynamic evolution trend of these factors seldomly. This paper used the life cycle assessment (LCA) method to estimate GHG emissions of livestock in 114 cities of the YRB from 2000 to 2021. On this basis, spatiotemporal heterogeneity of influencing factors was analyzed by using geographically and temporally weighted regression (GTWR) model. Finally, future evolution trend of GHG emissions from livestock was predicted by combining traditional and spatial Markov chain. Four main results were listed as follows. Firstly, GHG emission in the life cycle of livestock industry increased from 57.202 million tons (Mt) carbon dioxide equivalent (CO 2 e) in 2000 to 77.568 Mt CO 2 e in 2021. Secondly, structure of livestock industry, labor flow and mechanization were vital factors that led to increase of GHG emissions from livestock. Positive effects of labor flow and mechanization were increasing year by year, while negative effect of urbanization and positive effect of economic development were decreasing year by year. Markov chain analysis shown that probability of keeping high level of GHG emissions of livestock in the YRB unchanged were 96% (T = 1) and 90% (T = 5), and there also existed a Matthew effect. In addition, probability of level transfer of GHG emission in urban livestock was spatially dependent. Government should formulate strategies for livestock development and optimize low-carbon transformation of energy structure for livestock and poultry husbandry based on local conditions and key driving factors in the future. Meanwhile, boundaries of administrative divisions should be broken to promote reduction of GHG emissions in livestock comprehensively. • GHG emissions from livestock in cities of the YRB continued to rise from 2000 to 2021. • GHG emissions per unit of GDP of livestock shown a downward trend. • Analyzing parameter of factors from spatiotemporal aspect by using GTWR model. • Probability of GHG emission transfer in urban livestock was spatially dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Onsite sanitation systems (OSS) are significant sources of greenhouse gases (GHG) including carbon dioxide (CO 2), methane (CH 4) and nitrous oxide (N 2 O). While a handful of studies have been conducted on GHG emissions from OSS, systematic evaluation of literature on this subject is limited. Our systematic review and meta-analysis provides state-of-the- art information on GHG emissions from OSS and identifies novel areas for investigation. The paper analyzes GHG emission rates from different OSS, the influence of various design, operational, and environmental factors on emission rates and proffers mitigation measures. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, we identified 16 articles which quantified GHG emissions from OSS. Septic tanks emit substantial amounts of CO 2 and CH 4 ranging from 1.74 to 398.30 g CO 2 /cap/day and 0.06–110.13 g CH 4 /cap/day, respectively, but have low N 2 O emissions (0.01–0.06 g N₂O/cap/day). CH 4 emissions from pit latrines range from 0.77 to 20.30 g CH 4 /cap/day N 2 O emissions range from 0.76 to 1.20 gN 2 O/cap/day. We observed statistically significant correlations (p < 0.05) between temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, storage period, and GHG emissions from OSS. However, no significant correlation (p > 0.05) was observed between soil volumetric water content and CO 2 emissions. CH 4 emissions (expressed as CO 2 equivalents) from OSS estimated following Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) guidelines were found to be seven times lower (90.99 g CO 2 e/cap/day) than in-situ field emission measurements (704.7 g CO 2 e/cap/day), implying that relying solely on IPCC guidelines may lead to underestimation of GHG emission from OSS. Our findings underscore the importance of considering local contexts and environmental factors when estimating GHG emissions from OSS. Plausible mitigation measures for GHG emissions from OSS include converting waste to biogas in anaerobic systems (e.g. biogas), applying biochar, and implementing mitigation policies that equally address inequalities in sanitation service access. Future research on GHG from OSS should focus on in-situ measurements of GHGs from pit latrines and other common OSS in developing countries, understanding the fate and transport of dissolved organics like CH 4 in OSS effluents and impacts of microbial communities in OSS on GHG emissions. Addressing these gaps will enable more holistic and effective management of GHG emissions from OSS. [Display omitted] • Onsite sanitation systems (OSS) are major sources of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in the environment • Emissions from septic systems vary between 1.74 and 398.30 g/cap/day for CO 2 , and 0.06 and 110.13 g/cap/day for CH 4. • CH 4 emissions from OSS estimated following IPCC guidelines are seven times lower than field-measured emissions. • Local contexts and environmental factors should be considered when assessing GHG emissions from OSS. • Future GHG research on OSS should prioritize in-situ measurements of pit latrines and other OSS in developing nations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The persistent combustion of fossil fuels has resulted in a widespread greenhouse effect attributable to the continual elevation of carbon dioxide (CO 2) levels in the atmosphere. Recent research indicates that utilizing CO 2 as a pyrolysis gasification medium diminishes CO 2 emissions and concurrently augments the value of the resultant pyrolysis gasification products. This paper reviews recent advancements in the pyrolysis gasification of organic solid wastes under a CO 2 atmosphere. Meanwhile, the mechanisms of CO 2 influence in the pyrolysis and gasification processes were also discussed. In comparison to noble gases, CO 2 exhibits reactivity with char at≥710 °C, resulting in additional mass loss of the sample. In addition, CO 2 was able to increase the specific surface area and stability of biochar and reduce biooil toxicity by lowering the content of cyclic compounds in the biooil, while CO 2 was able to react with GPRs with some volatile products (e.g., light hydrocarbons) to increase biogas yield. Finally, CO 2 also prevents catalyst deactivation by reducing secondary coke formation. We also recommend directing future attention toward utilizing unpurified CO 2 in pyrolysis and gasification. This review aims to expand the utilization of CO 2 and advocate for applying pyrolysis gasification products. [Display omitted] • An overview of recent studies on pyrolysis gasification in CO 2 atmosphere. • The effect of CO 2 on the pyrolysis behavior as well as on the catalyst is illustrated. • The mechanism of the effect of CO 2 on pyrolysis products is described in detail. • In the future, CO 2 and waste heat from industrial flue gases should be utilized directly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous experimental work has systematically investigated the radiolytic sulphur chemistry arising as a result of the implantation of reactive sulphur ions into various oxygen-bearing molecular ices (e.g., H 2 O, CO 2) so as to better understand the surface chemistry of the Galilean moons of Jupiter, where sulphur ions are sourced from the giant Jovian magnetosphere. However, significantly less attention has been paid to analogous sulphur chemistry occurring under conditions relevant to the Kuiper Belt, where sulphur ions supplied by the solar wind may implant into the surfaces of icy bodies that are rich in volatile oxygen-bearing molecular ices such as O 2 , CO, or CO 2. This paper presents the results of a study on the implantation of 290–400 keV S+ ions into pure O 2 , CO, and CO 2 ices under temperature, pressure, radiation dose, and ice deposition conditions relevant to the Kuiper Belt, with a particular focus on the potential synthesis of simple inorganic sulphur-bearing molecules (e.g., SO 2 , OCS, CS 2). Experiments involving CO 2 ices were also performed at higher temperatures more typically associated with the Galilean moon system so as to determine whether there exist any differences in the chemistry resulting from the implantation of reactive sulphur ions in these two regions of the Solar System. Our results constitute the first systematic investigation of solid-phase sulphur chemistry in the Kuiper Belt mediated by the sulphur ion component of the solar wind, and thus represent an important step forward in our understanding of the astrochemical processes occurring in the outermost depths of the Solar System. [Display omitted] • S+ ions were implanted into CO, CO 2 , and O 2 ices up to a fluence of 1016 ions cm−2. • S+ ion implantation into O 2 ice yielded SO 2. • No sulphurous molecules were unambiguously detected after implantation into CO ice. • SO 2 was observed after implantation into CO 2 ice at 20 K, but not at 70 K. • Other sulphurous species (e.g., OCS, CS 2) were not observed after ion implantation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fits to a solar occultation spectrum measured at 21.7 km tangent altitude from balloon above Esrange, Sweden in Dec. 1999 (Black points). The residual trace represents the difference of the measured and calculated transmittances. Colored lines represent the contributions of individual gases (Red: HNO 3 ; Yellow: CO 2 ; Green: H 2 O; Blue: Other). The HITRAN 2020 line list was used to represent the non-HNO 3 absorptions -- mainly CO 2 and H 2 O. For the HNO 3 line list we used: (a) HITRAN (i.e., none), (b) ExoMol computed for 220K, (c) the JPL empirical pseudo-line-list, and (d) the HNO 3 line list from this work. Each panel shows improved spectral fits compared with the previous panel, from 8.84% RMS in panel (a) to 1.77% RMS in panel (d). [Display omitted] • Validation of the linelist generated for HNO 3 at 2.8 μm (ν 1 cold band at 3551.7 cm−1 and the hot band) and at 3.2 μm (ν 1 -ν 9), 2.5 μm (ν 1 + ν 9) and 2.4 μm (ν 1 + ν 7); Comparison with the Pacific National Northwest Laboratory cross sections for HNO 3 ; Comparison with high resolution spectra recorded in laboratory conditions (SOLEIL synchrotron); Comparison with high resolution stratospheric solar occultation spectra recorded by the MkIV balloon-borne instrument of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Similar inter-comparisons performed using the pseudo-line list generated by the JPL laboratory and the ab initio ExoMol list calculated by the University College of London. This is the second of two back-to-back works, whose goal is to generate line lists for the ν 1 band (3551.766 cm−1) and for the ν 1 +ν 9 -ν 9 and ν 1 +ν 7 -ν 7 hot bands for HNO 3 in the 2.8 μm region. Also, we computed line lists for the weaker ν 1 -ν 9 , ν 1 +ν 9 , and ν 1 +ν 7 bands, centered at 3093.53 cm−1, 4006.97 cm−1 and 4127.78 cm−1, respectively. While the first paper (Ref. [1] , the preceding article in this issue), here labeled as "Part-1", was devoted to the description of the determination of the needed spectroscopic parameters in term of line positions and intensities, this paper describes the resulting line lists and the validation process. For this task, we use laboratory spectra recorded at high resolution and described in Part-1, together with the cross-sections established by the Pacific Northwest Laboratory at low resolution. Also, we use high resolution stratospheric solar occultation spectra recorded by the MkIV balloon-borne instrument of the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). Similar inter-comparisons with laboratory or atmospheric spectra are also performed using the pseudo-line-list generated at JPL in 2005 and with the ab initio ExoMol list calculated by the University College of London. It proves that the line list generated during this work provides significant better agreements between observed and computed spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Atomically dispersed Ru/Mg-CeO 2 catalyst was prepared and possessed excellent catalytic performance for photo-thermal catalytic CO 2 methanation reaction. • The photo-electron excitation/migration path and the surface structure changes induced by light were systematically characterized by operando experiments. • All potential micro-reaction steps and light intensification steps were determined by in situ DRIFTs experiments. • The reversible dynamic structural evolution between Ru-O-Ce structure and Ru-O v -Ce structure could be induced by light. It is a promising green technology to reduce CO 2 to CH 4 by using renewable solar energy driving photo-thermal catalysis route. However, the efficiency of photo-thermal catalytic CO2 methanation remained to be improved, and the mechanism of this reaction still required further investigation. In this paper, a Ru/Mg-CeO 2 catalyst was designed based on the concepts of single atom catalyst and photo-thermal catalysis concept. The catalyst achieved the CH 4 formation rate of 469 mmol·gcat−1·h−1 at 400 °C under photo-thermal conditions with good catalytic stability. Besides, the superiority of the single-atom of Ru, Ru-O-Ce structure and doping of alkaline metals in catalytic process was proved by a series of physicochemical and optical characterization, and electron migration direction from Ce and Mg elements to Ru sites through Ru-O-Ce and Ru-O-Mg path under photo-thermal catalysis was determined by ISI-XPS experiment. Finally, the comprehensive reaction mechanism and reversible dynamic structural evolution process between Ru-O-Ce and Ru-O v -Ce structures were investigated by in situ DRIFTs experiments, and the source of the excellent performance and structure-function relationship of the catalyst was explored, which provided the theoretical and practical basis for the development of catalyst and industrial application of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By introducing functional groups into the isophthalate ligand to decorate the pore of the MOFs, gas adsorption and separation performance can be tunable. In this paper, two isostructural 2D Co-MOFs, [Co(5-MIA)(bpy)]·H 2 O (1) and [Co(5-EIA)(bpy)]·H 2 O (2) (5-H 2 MIA = 5-methoxyl-isophthalic acid; 5-H 2 EIA = 5-ethyoxyl-isophthalic acid; bpy = 4,4′-bipyridine), with different functionalized pore surfaces and channel sizes were designed and constructed. The structures and performance of the two Co-MOFs were analyzed by SCXRD, PXRD, IR, TGA, and gas sorption (CO 2 , C 2 H 2 , CH 4 , CO, and N 2). Attributed to the methoxyl of isophthalate skeleton, 1a (activated 1) shows enhanced CO 2 uptake over other gases. In spite of decreased pore sizes (3.49 Å) compared with 2a (4.38 Å), the CO 2 uptake of 1a (43.41 cm3 g−1) is larger than that of 2a (22.39 cm3 g−1) at 298 K and 100 kPa. Compound 1 incorporates methoxyl groups into the narrow channel, and exhibits the cooperative effect of CO 2 -preferential due to adsorbent-adsorbate coactions and size sieving. GCMC simulation has been used to explore the adsorption coactions of CO 2 and 1 , and the results confirmed that the methoxyl groups in the channel are the main binding sites of CO 2. At ambient temperature and 100 kPa, the IAST selectivities of CO 2 /C 2 H 2 (1:1), CO 2 /CH 4 (1:1), C 2 H 2 /CH 4 (1:1), CO 2 /CO (1:2) and CO 2 /N 2 (15:85) on 1a were 2.6, 39.3, 13.3, 282 and 1433, respectively. The easy activation and regeneration, excellent thermal and humidity stability, and good reusability, make 1 a hopeful adsorbent for adsorption and separation of CO 2. By introducing functional groups into the isophthalate ligand to decorate the pore of the MOFs, gas adsorption and separation performance can be tunable. Two isostructural 2D Co-MOFs with different functionalized pore surfaces and channel sizes were constructed and show different C 2 H 2 /CH 4 and C 2 H 2 /CO 2 gas separation properties. [Display omitted] • Title compound represent the first example of 3D MOF based on 5-H 2 MIA and bpy. • 1a (activated 1) shows enhanced CO 2 uptake over C 2 H 2 , CH 4 , CO and N 2. • 1a shows an excellent reuse performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reducing the environmental footprint of the global food system significantly depends on shifting to more plant-based diets. However, deep-rooted eating habits and a general lack of awareness about food-related emissions hinder large-scale dietary shifts. Demand-side food policies can accelerate this transition towards plant-based diets. One policy instrument that may increase awareness of diet-related emissions and facilitate climate-friendly food consumption choices is a CO2 food label. The success of such demand-side food policies depends on socio-political and market acceptance. However, there is a lack of empirical evidence regarding the socio-political (i.e., feasibility) and market acceptance (i.e., effectiveness at changing behavioral intentions) of CO2 food labels. We also require more knowledge about the potential spillover effects of CO2 food labels on support for more ambitious demand-side food policies. The paper presents evidence from a survey experiment with a sample of Swiss residents (N = 2372) who were randomly provided with information about an established CO2 food label. The survey experiment was embedded in a cooperation throughout a larger long-term project with the second-largest Swiss retailer, which launched one of the world's first CO2 food labels in 2021. Findings show that providing information on a CO2 food label strengthens individuals' behavioral change intentions and support for a mandatory governmental CO2 food label. However, no spillover effect on support for other food policy instruments is identified, which also means that the study finds no crowding out effect by voluntary CO2 labelling initiatives on the support of governmental food policy measures. The results imply that a CO2 food label enjoys high market and socio-political acceptance. • Information on a CO2 label strengthens attitudes and behavioral change intentions. • Information on a CO2 label strengthens support for mandatory CO2 food labels. • A CO2 label enjoys high market and socio-political acceptance. • There is no spillover effect on the support of other more stringent food policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the impact of geopolitical risk on carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions inequality in the panel dataset of 38 developed and developing economies from 1990 to 2019. At this juncture, the empirical models control for the effects of globalisation, capital-labour ratio, and per capita income on CO 2 emissions inequality. The panel cointegration tests show a significant long-run relationship among the related variables in the empirical models. The panel data regression estimations indicate that geopolitical risk, capital-labour ratio, and per capita income increase CO 2 emissions inequality. However, globalisation negatively affects CO 2 emissions inequality in the panel dataset of 38 developed and developing countries. The pairwise panel heterogeneous causality test results align with these benchmark results and indicate no reverse causality issue. Potential policy implications are also discussed. • Geopolitical risk, capital-labour ratio, and income increase CO 2 emissions inequality. • Globalisation negatively affects CO 2 emissions inequality. • Long-run relationship exists among Geopolitical risk, capital-labour ratio, income, and CO 2 emissions inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comprehensive study on polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) production from sewage sludge. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions were monitored for the first time to assess the impact of climate change and environmental sustainability. The pilot plant was composed of a fermenter with a membrane and two biological reactors (namely, selection and accumulation). Results showed that despite a low organic loading rate (namely, 0.06 kg BOD kg SS−1 day−1), a good PHA yield was obtained (namely, 0.37 g PHA/g volatile fatty acids), confirming that sewage sludge can be a suitable feedstock. GHG emissions were 3.85E-04 g CO 2 eq/g and 32.40 g CO 2 eq/g, direct and indirect, respectively. Results provided valuable insights in view of finding a trade-off between PHA production and GHG emissions to prove the PHA production process as an effective solution for biosolids disposal at a low carbon footprint. [Display omitted] • Sewage sludge acidogenic fermentation at low carbon footprint was performed. • High COD, ammonia and phosphate removal was achieved. • Final PHA concentration of 0.37 g PHA/g VSS was obtained. • N 2 O emission factor accounted for less than 1 % of total nitrogen. • N 2 O direct and indirect emissions were 3.85E-04 and 32.40 g CO2eq/g treated sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important challenges in the fabrication of Cu x O microstructures via the electrochemical method is formation of long, regular and well-packed microwires with good adhesion on the Cu substrate and to achieve better photoelectrochemical properties, which can be potentially applied in solar-driven water splitting and CO 2 conversion to light hydrocarbons. In this paper, Cu 2 O photoelectrode has been fabricated by direct anodization of the Cu foil, then CuO microwires (MWs) was formed by calcination process. The effect of the applied potential (10–40 V), sodium fluoride content in the electrolyte (0.2–0.5% wt.) as well as calcination conditions (400–500 °C, 60–360 min) on the morphology, phase composition, optical and photoelectrochemical properties was investigated. The highest photocurrent response was −0.71 mA cm−2 for the sample 0.35%_10V_400 °C_60min with 0.83 μm length and 154 nm diameter. The mechanism of the photocurrent generation process in the presence of Cu x O/Cu under UV–Vis irradiation was proposed. Thin films of CuO MWs/Cu 2 O were produced on the surface of Cu plates by anodic oxidation. A tendency of increase in the number and length of microwires was observed with the increase in NaF concentration and the increase in the voltage applied during anodization. A mechanism for the synthesis and photoexcitation of the obtained samples was also proposed. [Display omitted] • Optimization of the Cu anodization - voltage (10–40 V); NaF conc. (0.2–0.5% wt.); calcination (400–500 °C, 60–360 min). • Tendency to increase the length and number and decreasing diameter of the microwires with increasing NaF conc. and voltage. • Increasing the photocurrent response 1.65 timer comparing to calcinated pristine Cu plate. • Proposed mechanism of the photocurrent generation process in the presence of Cu x O/Cu under the UV–Vis irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Constructing and adopting a county-level panel dataset containing carbon emission (CO 2) and economic information between 2009 and 2017, this paper employs the continuous difference-in-differences (DID) model and is among the first to conduct an evaluation of the CO 2 reduction effect of China's emission trading scheme (ETS) pilot markets from the dual perspectives of price and scale. The empirical results emerge that the increase of transaction price and the expansion of transaction volume in ETS pilots have a persistent and significant influence on CO 2 reduction. Parallel to this, it is found the rising of transaction price in ETS can be effective on CO 2 reduction by improving the energy structure transition, however, optimization of industrial structure and the development of ICT might be the essential channels driven by the expansion of transaction volume. Last, this paper identifies the synergistic effect on different sorts of contaminants and find it is more substantial to those with the gas state. This paper implies that the policymakers should fully excavate the market-oriented environmental regulation tools from transaction price and volume perspective of views for the well achieving the climate ambitions of carbon peak and neutrality. • This article estimates the carbon emission reduction effect in of China's ETS pilots from the dual perspective of price and scale point of view. • The switch of China's carbon ETS regional pilots to national unified one can make the carbon emissions experience a wave of decline about 6.162%. • By estimating the possible synergistic effect on pollution of ETS market pilots, which find it is more significant to pollutants with gas phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The principle of "common but differentiated responsibility", as a key concept of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), acknowledges the conditions for a generally acceptable and differentiated pricing mechanism on carbon emissions. With reference to this principle, carbon price determination has become a necessary instrument for sustainable policies. Considering the development gaps and the historical responsibility of the OECD's countries, a single carbon price would raise a major issue of equity between "developed" and "developing" countries. Although from a climate perspective each molecule of CO 2 produces the same level of damage despite the nature or the location of the activity generating the emissions, all CO 2 emissions are not on an equal footing. Indeed, some are necessary to improve the lives of people in "developing" countries when others can be considered not indispensable, especially beyond a certain level of development. In this policy paper, we explain how the price of carbon should be fixed according to a reference price depending on the Human Development Index (HDI) and CO 2 emissions per capita. The HDI criterion enables to integrate progressivity into taxation while distinguishing what is essential from what is not. By taking a reference price based on the HDI, countries with low HDIs should pay a lower carbon price. However, with same HDI levels, countries with higher CO 2 emissions should pay a penalty on the reference price. Our policy paper analyses the benefits of a differentiated and progressive carbon pricing mechanism to facilitate intergovernmental cooperation for a more sustainable economy. • This policy paper analyses the benefits of a differentiated and progressive carbon pricing. • The article proposes carbon prices based on the Human Development Index (HDI) and C 0 2 emissions per capita. • The proposed mechanism is an efficient mean to facilitate intergovernmental cooperation and modify the global energy mix for a sustainable growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In this paper, a new core modulation method is proposed for the first time. A novel long period fiber grating with arched fiber core is fabricated and the sensing characteristics are investigated. • The fiber etched by the CO 2 laser is put into the fiber fusion splicer for heating and melting. Under the action of liquid surface tension, the fiber core is deflected to the etching side, forming an arched core. • The experimental results show that the arched core long period fiber grating has excellent bending and strain characteristics. In this paper, the fabrication of arched fiber core based on single-mode fiber is first proposed and experimentally studied about the relevant sensing characteristics. A novel kind of long-period fiber grating (LPFG) with good sensing performance is formed by increasing the number of arched cores with a fixed cycle. The arched core long-period fiber grating (AC-LPFG) has excellent bending sensitivities with −25.06 nm/m−1, −4.26 nm/m−1, 16.84 nm/m−1, −4.92 nm/m−1 in four different directions, and it shows that the AC-LPFG can distinguish the bending direction very well. Meanwhile, the strain sensitivity and temperature sensitivity of the AC-LPFG are also experimentally tested to be −5.9 pm/μm and 84.5 pm/℃ respectively. The excellent bending and strain characteristics of the AC-LPFG indicate that the arched fiber core has similar effects as some special fibers, which will surely get closer attention and more research applications in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2019, aviation was responsible for 2.6% of world CO 2 emissions as well as additional climate impacts such as contrails. Like all industrial sectors, the aviation sector must implement measures to reduce its climate impact. This paper focuses on the simulation and evaluation of climate scenarios for air transport. For this purpose, a specific tool (CAST for "Climate and Aviation - Sustainable Trajectories") has been developed at ISAE-SUPAERO. This tool follows a methodology for the assessment of climate impacts adapted to aviation. Firstly, models for the main levers of action, such as air traffic, aircraft energy consumption and energy decarbonization, are provided using trend projections from historical data or assumptions from the literature. Second, the evaluation of scenarios is based on aviation carbon budgets, which are also extended to non- CO 2 effects using the concept of GWP*. Several scenario analyses are performed in this paper using CAST allowing different conclusions to be drawn. For instance, the modelling of the scenarios based on the more recent ATAG (Air Transport Action Group) commitments shows that aviation would consume 6.5% of the world carbon budget for +1.5 °C. Some illustrative scenarios are also proposed. By allocating 2.6% of the world carbon budget to aviation, it is shown that air transport is compatible with a +2 °C trajectory when the annual growth rate of air traffic varies between −1.8% and +2.9%, depending on the technological improvements considered. However, using the same methodology for a +1.5 °C trajectory shows that a drastic decrease in air traffic is necessary. Lastly, analyses including non- CO 2 effects emphasize the importance of implementing specific strategies for mitigating contrails. • Development of the open-access tool CAST to simulate aviation climate trajectories. • Modelling of different levers of action to decarbonise aviation. • Use of carbon budgets to assess the sustainability of scenarios. • Analysis of industrial scenarios with regard to the Paris Agreement. • Investigation of sustainable scenarios for different technological forecasts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The phase equilibrium conditions for gas hydrates formed in CO 2 + cyclopentane + deuterium oxide system. • Temperature and pressure ranges were from 285.35 K to 293.65 K and from 0.279 MPa to 2.735 MPa, respectively. • Powder X-ray diffraction analysis were performed for both CO 2 + cyclopentane + D 2 O hydrate and CO 2 + cyclopentane + H 2 O hydrate. This paper reports characterization of clathrate hydrate formed in CO 2 + cyclopentane + deuterium oxide (D 2 O) system with the phase equilibrium determination and the powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) measurements towards the development of hydrate-based tritium separation technology. Four-phase (CO 2 gas + liquid cyclopentane + liquid D 2 O + hydrate) equilibrium conditions were measured using the isochoric procedure in the pressure range from 0.279 MPa to 2.735 MPa and the temperature range from 285.35 K to 293.65 K. The equilibrium temperature of CO 2 + cyclopentane + D 2 O system is always higher by 2.0 K to 2.4 K compared to that of CO 2 + cyclopentane + H 2 O system. The detailed crystallographic properties of both CO 2 + cyclopentane + D 2 O hydrate and CO 2 + cyclopentane + H 2 O hydrate including the lattice constants, the radii and volumes of each cage and the cage occupancy were estimated by the PXRD analysis. Based on the obtained results, implications for the development and operation of D 2 O-hydrate-based process are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Global noise cancellation study for coplanar thermo- and vibro-acoustic sources. • Theoretical model for temperature and heat-flux boundary at solid-fluid interface. • Cancellation properties studied in argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and norflurane. • Global noise cancellation is demonstrated via measurements in different locations. • Optimal sources' powers ratio correlates to specific heat ratio via γ/(γ-1). The paper focuses on an analytical and experimental study of global noise cancellation between two co-planar thermo- and vibro-acoustic sources in varying gaseous media. To address the experimental uncertainty in thermophone thermal boundary condition, the previously developed theoretical model is expanded to consider oscillating temperature at the solid-fluid interface, beyond the previously studied oscillating heat flux boundary. The results of the analysis indicate that at the point of optimal cancellation, the ratio of acoustic sources' powers correlates to the specific heat ratio γ of the surrounding media through γ / (γ − 1) relation. Then, a thermophone device is designed using commonly available materials and is deposited on a conventional vibro-acoustic loudspeaker, which acts as the noise source. Both acoustic sources are placed in a sealed acoustic chamber and are experimentally studied in several fluid media with different specific heat ratio values (argon, nitrogen, carbon dioxide and norflurane). The constructive and destructive interferences of the two emitters are analyzed at an exemplary frequency for varying phase differences, and global noise cancellation is demonstrated in all gases using microphone measurements in different spatial locations. The empirical results are observed to fully agree with the theoretical predictions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amongst the current alternatives, algae were proven to be a promising source of biofuel, which is renewable and capable of meeting world demand for transportation fuels. However, a suitable lipid extraction method that efficiently releases the lipids from different algal strains remains a bottleneck. The multifarious pretreatment methods are prevalent in this field of lipid extraction, and therefore, this article has critically reviewed the various lipid extraction methods for ameliorating the lipid yield from algae, irrespective of the strains/species. Physical, mechanical, and chemical are the different types of pretreatment methods. In this review, methodologies such as homogenization, sonication, Soxhlet extraction, microwave treatment, and bead-beating, have been studied in detail and are the most commonly used methods for lipid extraction. Specific advanced/emerging processes such as supercritical CO 2 extraction, ionic liquid, and CO 2 switchable solvent-based algal lipid extraction are yet to be demonstrated at pilot-scale, though promising. The extraction of lipids has to be financially conducive, environmentally sustainable, and industrially applicable for further conversion into biodiesel. Hence, this paper discusses variable pretreatment for lipid extraction and imparts a comparative analysis to elect an efficient, economically sound lipid extraction method for pilot-scale biodiesel production. • Multifarious pretreatment methods for algal lipid extraction were reviewed. • Conventional methods like sonication, microwave, homogenization was discussed. • Chemical/solvent-based processes for various algal strains were critically analyzed. • Ionic liquids and CO 2 switchable solvent based algal lipid extraction was addressed. • Advances and mechanism in supercritical CO 2 extraction process was presented in-detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate identification of the early stages of coal-fire combustion is important for effectively controlling the spread of coal fires. CO 2 and CO, as characteristic gases in the early stage of coal fire combustion, can be effectively monitored by in-situ monitoring near the surface. However, in the previous in-situ monitoring methods, the influence of surface meteorological and soil factors on the release law of characteristic gases is often ignored. Therefore, this paper considers the complexity of the geological conditions in the coal fire area, a system, and equipment for obtaining the near-surface CO 2 and CO variation laws in the early stage of coal fire combustion proposed by the concentration gradient method (CGM). The system and equipment realize the simultaneous online coupling of multi-area and multi-parameter data and conduct field investigations on the Wuda coal fire area. The results show that in the early stage of coal combustion, the change patterns of CO 2 and CO concentrations in different regions are anomalous, and the CO 2 concentration was higher than the CO concentration. The CO 2 and CO concentrations in shallow soil increased with the increase of soil depth, and compared with other areas, the CO 2 and CO concentration was the highest. The shallow soil and CO 2 were identified as the key areas and characteristic gases for identifying the early stage of coal-fire combustion. The CO 2 flux (CF) of different shallow soil depths decreased with increased soil layer depth. Variation of soil-surface CO 2 flux (S-SCF) estimated by flux extrapolation method (FLEM). The change of S-SCF is controlled by meteorological and soil factors, and there is a certain connection between it and the "respiration phenomenon" in the fissure area. Thus, this study provides a theoretical basis for effectively identifying the early stages of coal-fire combustion. • A system and equipment are proposed to obtain the emission law of near-surface spontaneous combustion gas in the early stage of coal fire combustion. • The wavelet analysis method was used to obtain the potential relationship between the shallow soil and the fractured area in the early stage of coal fire combustion. • The responses of soil-surface CO 2 fluxes to meteorological and soil factors were explored using SEM (structural equation model) and WTC (wavelet transform coherence). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which was first put forward by China in late 2013, has made a significant contribution to international economic activities and inevitably reshaped the pattern of carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions. Considering the spatial spillover effects of CO 2 emissions among countries, this paper employs spatial difference-in-differences models in order to investigate the BRI's effects on total CO 2 emissions (TCE), per capita CO 2 emissions (PCE), and CO 2 emissions intensity (CEI), respectively. The results of global Moran's I index prove the existence of spatial correlations of CO 2 emissions. The BRI's effect on TCE is significantly positive, while the effects on PCE and CEI are significantly negative, suggesting the BRI has aggravated the amount of CO 2 emissions in the partner countries, but has promoted green development by decreasing PCE and CEI. Besides, the spatial effects of control variables on CO 2 emissions are also evaluated. Some tests, including placebo test and employing alternative weight matrices, are further conducted to verify the robustness of the model. The findings indicate the BRI has facilitated green economic growth, by eventually achieving emission reduction targets in the partner countries. [Display omitted] • The spatial interactions between the BRI and CO 2 emissions are investigated. • There are strong spatial autocorrelations of CO 2 emissions from 2008 to 2018. • The BRI's effect on TCE is positive, while the effects on PCE and CEI are negative. • The direct effects of determinants are far larger than their indirect effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying key drivers of manufacturing CO 2 emissions is critical to carbon reduction practices. For manufacturing, CO 2 emissions are mainly determined by production capacity and production scale. However, traditional production-theoretical decomposition analysis (PDA) fails to consider production-scale-related drivers. To better support policy development and implementation, this paper improves PDA based on industrial linkage theory. The improved model can identify seven production-capacity-related drivers and five production-scale-related drivers, allowing a comprehensive understanding of CO 2 emission drivers. Then this model is implemented to investigate CO 2 emission changes in 18 manufacturing sectors in Hubei Province, China, from 2012 to 2017. Results show that manufacturing CO 2 reduction efforts in Hubei Province have yielded some achievements, with reduced potential energy intensity and improved CO 2 emission technical efficiency in most sectors. Changes in external market demand and final demand structure have contributed to CO 2 reduction in most sectors. Results also reveal some problems in manufacturing in Hubei Province, such as the inability to improve CO 2 emission technical efficiency and CO 2 emission technology strength, the slow improvement of energy utilization technical efficiency and energy utilization technology strength, and the reduction of value-added rate. • A new decomposition analysis model is built to decompose CO 2 emission changes. • The new model integrates industrial linkage theory into PDA. • Seven of twelve drivers relate to production capacity and five to production scale. • CO 2 emission changes in 18 manufacturing sectors in Hubei Province are decomposed. • Several important implications for manufacturing CO 2 reduction are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new dual-cage-based porous metal-organic framework (MOF, termed DZU-113) assembly from the triazole-carboxylate linker and the Cu(II) paddle-wheel unit was solvothermally constructed. The structure of DZU-113 was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, being consisted of the octahedral cage with an internal diameter of approximately 0.4 ​nm, and the spindle nano-cage with internal pores of about 0.8 ​nm ​× ​2.2 ​nm, respectively. Specially, the uncoordinated N atoms of triazole groups are distributed in the bottleneck windows of the spindle nano-cage, serving as open functional sites. DZU-113 has permanent porosity with the Brunauer−Emmett−Teller surface area of 1207 ​m2 ​g−1. The CO 2 adsorption test demonstrated that the total uptake of DZU-113 can reach 66.7 ​cm3 ​g−1 ​at 298 ​K, and 112.0 ​cm3 ​g−1 ​at 273 ​K, 1 ​bar. Moreover, it achieves robust catalytic performance for the cycloaddition of CO 2 and epoxides under mild conditions. In this paper, a new dual-cage-based porous metal-organic framework (termed DZU-113) assembly from the triazole-carboxylate linker and the Cu(II) paddle-wheel unit was solvothermally constructed, which has good CO 2 adsorption capacity and catalytic performance for the cycloaddition of CO 2 and epoxides under mild conditions, owing to the cage structure and the uncoordinated N atoms in its structure. [Display omitted] • A porous Cu-MOF (DZU-113) featuring octahedral and spindle cages was successfully synthesized. • Uncoordinated N atoms of ligand were distributed in the bottleneck windows of the spindle cage to serve as functional site. • DZU-113 exhibited good CO 2 capture and can catalyze the cycloaddition reaction of CO 2 with epoxides under mild environments. • The relatively high solvents and thermal stability endows the DZU-113 with high reusability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quantifying fossil fuel CO 2 (CO 2 ff) in the atmosphere provides a benchmark method to monitor anthropogenic carbon emissions. Radiocarbon (14C) in atmospheric CO 2 ff has been widely studied using the 14C in plants to document regional CO 2 ff patterns. However, annual CO 2 ff variations, reflecting spatial distributions based on plant samples, are still scarce. In this paper, the spatial distribution and temporal CO 2 ff changes in the Guanzhong Basin is established using Δ14C measurements from maize leaves collected in 2011 and 2012. With regard to spatial distribution, samples collected around Xi'an City showed lower Δ14C values (more CO 2 ff), while sites located near the perimeter of the basin showed higher Δ14C values (less CO 2 ff). This is likely due to the concentration of anthropogenic activities in the center of the Guanzhong Basin. The observed CO 2 ff mole fractions generally matched with PKU CO 2 inventory and the ODIAC CO 2 inventory data in the spatial distribution trend. However, it seems that thermal power plants were not well captured by the PKU CO 2 inventory. Our results provide useful information for the improvement of the inventory and verification of regional carbon cycle models. • The Δ14C in maize leaves for 2011 and 2012 were analyzed in Guanzhong Basin. • Spatial distribution of CO 2 ff mole fractions in Guanzhong Basin were studied. • The spatial pattern of observed CO 2 ff matches with the CO 2 inventory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation process for Martian gullies is a critical unknown for understanding recent climate conditions. Leading hypotheses include formation by snowmelt in a past climate, or formation via currently active CO 2 frost processes. This paper presents an expanded catalog of >300 recent flows in gullies. The results indicate that sediment transport in current gully flows moves the full range of materials needed for gully formation. New flows are more likely to transport boulders in gullies that have pre-existing boulder-covered aprons, indicating that current flows are transporting the same materials required for gully formation overall. The distribution of gully activity frequencies can be described by a power law and indicates that the recurrence intervals for flows in individual gullies are commonly tens to hundreds of Mars years. Over the last ~300 kyr, climate variations have been modest but individual gullies have had tens to thousands of flow events. This could be sufficient to account for the entirety of gully formation in some cases, although the same processes are likely to have occurred further in the past. For any gullies that may have initiated under higher-obliquity conditions, this level of recent activity indicates that the observable morphology has been shaped by CO 2 -driven flows. These observations of sediment transport and the tempo of gully activity are consistent with gully formation entirely by CO 2 frost processes, likely with spatial and temporal variability, but with no role required for liquid water. • Sediment transport in current gully flows is consistent with present-day gully formation. • Gully sites have a range of activity frequencies that can be described by a power law. • Contemporary activity due to CO 2 frost processes is a significant part of gully evolution and could form gullies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper based on quantile stochastic frontier framework constructs quantile eco-efficiency measures. Using the estimates from the quantile stochastic frontier, the eco-performance of the U.S. states for nitrogen oxides (NO X), carbon dioxide (CO 2), and sulfur dioxide (SO 2) emissions is evaluated. A decoupling analysis involving the evaluation of the nonsynchronous change among states' economic output and environmental degradation levels is also performed. The findings suggest that U.S. states have followed a decoupling process among their GDP and emission levels over the period 1990–2017. In addition, a quantile eco-productivity change estimator is presented alongside with its main components (i.e. quantile eco-technical change and quantile eco-efficiency change). Our findings suggest that over the examined period states' eco-productivity levels have been improved driven both from their eco-technical and eco-efficiency change levels. • We examine regional eco-efficiency across the US states. • We examine regional eco-productivity across the US states. • We employ a quantile stochastic frontier analysis. • We employ a decoupling analysis among U.S. states' GDP and emissions levels. • We find that eco-productivity levels was driven by eco-technical change levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon dioxide (CO 2) emissions from fossil fuel combustion have been linked to increased average global temperatures, a global challenge for many decades. Mitigating CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere is a priority for the protection of the environment. This is a comparison of the three main technological categories available for CO 2 capture and storage. They include: oxy-fuel combustion, pre-combustion, and post-combustion. Each capture technology has inherent benefits and disadvantages in cost, implementation, and flexibility, but post-combustion CO 2 capture has demonstrated the most promising results in typical power plant configurations. This paper presents a review of different post-combustion CO 2 capture materials; solvents, membranes, and adsorbents, focusing on economical and environmentally safe low to high temperature solid adsorbents. Furthermore, the authors summarize the advantages and limitations of the materials investigated to provide insight into the challenges and opportunities currently facing the development of post-combustion CO 2 capture technologies. The solid sorbents currently available for CO 2 capture are also reviewed in detail, including physical and chemical properties, reactions, and current research efforts on improvement. [Display omitted] • Emerging trends in post-combustion CO 2 capture are introduced and compared. • Recent advances in solid sorbents for post-combustion CO 2 capture is investigated and summarized. • New development in solid adsorbents and factors that affect treatment performance. • Review of economics, environmental analysis and policy in post-combustion CO 2 capture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a series of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), namely, [Co(pip)(4,4′-bpy)] n (1), [Co 2 (pip) 2 (bibp)] n (2), [Mn(pip)bidmp] n (3) and [Ni(pip)(bibp)(H 2 O)] n (4) (bpy ​= ​4,4′-bipyridine, bibp ​= ​4,4-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl, bidmb ​= ​1,4-bis(1-imidazoly)-2,5-dimethylbenzene), have been solvothermally synthesized based on the main ligand 6-(3-pyridyl)isophthalic acid (H 2 pip) and structurally characterized by various methods. These MOFs all present three dimensional (3D) pillared-layer frameworks, and through systematic modulation of auxiliary ligands and metal ions, their structures can be well regulated from nonporous to porous. Considering their excellent thermal and water stability, the dye removal properties from water solutions of these MOFs were further studied, and notably, 2 which has the largest porosity of the four MOFs, exhibits very fast selective adsorption of methyl orange over Rhodamine B (MO/RhB) with a total MO uptake amount of 83.4 ​mg ​g−1. Moreover, the catalytic CO 2 transformation properties of these MOFs were also carried out under mild conditions, of which 2 exhibited the highest catalytic activity with 69.57% yield for propylene carbonate and 50.55% for butylene carbonate, respectively. [Display omitted] • Four 3D pillared-layer MOFs, namely 1 – 4 , have been synthesized by systematic modulation of auxiliary ligands and metal ions. • All of the four MOFs reveal excellent hydrothermal stability. • 2 exhibits superior behavior in fast selective MO adsorption over RhB and CO 2 catalytic conversion processes. • The unique framework structures endow compound 2 with multifunctional applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The absence of significant detectable signatures of organic molecules in the atmosphere and on the surface of Mars is a major unsolved puzzle. One possible explanation is that perchlorate-rich Martian soils, activated by solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, create an environment favorable for the rapid oxidation of organics such as alkanes (including methane or CH 4). In this paper, we measured product formation rates from the methane-perchlorate-UV system at room temperature. Our results show that magnesium perchlorate (Mg(ClO 4) 2 •6H 2 O) surfaces exposed to UV light at wavelengths reaching the Mars' surface accelerate the decomposition of methane (CH 4), resulting in the formation of carbon dioxide (CO 2), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile chlorine oxides. The production rates for CO 2 and CO on UV-activated perchlorate surfaces are accelerated by a factor of 2.5 and 4.5, respectively, compared to those in the absence of perchlorate. In addition, with UV radiation exposure, perchlorate (ClO 4 −) decomposes to chlorate (ClO 3 −) and chlorine oxides. These results are incorporated into a simple box model to estimate the near-surface atmospheric methane lifetime. The model gives a lower bound of the lifetime on the order of hours to days, substantially shorter than ~300 yrs. calculated from methane loss by gas-phase chemistry alone. • UV-activated perchlorate surfaces accelerate the decomposition of methane (CH 4). • Production rates for CO 2 and CO are 2–5 times higher than without perchlorate. • Methane lifetime on Mars: 300 yrs from CH 4 loss by gas-phase chemistry alone • Methane lifetime on Mars: < 1 yr from UV-activated perchlorate chemistry • With UV, perchlorate (ClO 4 −) decomposes to chlorate (ClO 3 −) and chlorine oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents a new method for determining the change in the brightness of a comet during an outburst in which particles are ejected into the coma at a uniform rate, i.e. via a long-lived jet. In the proposed approach, the mass flow rate by a jet and the time it takes to increase the brightness of the comet play key roles. Absolute values adopted for H 2 O ice and CO 2 ice were taken from measurements by Rosetta of the jets observed on 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko. These two parameters significantly affect the amplitude of the change in the brightness of a comet during its outburst. The performed numerical calculations concern a hypothetical comet from the Jupiter family for which it was assumed that its sublimation activity was controlled by the sublimation of water ice and carbon dioxide. Based on numerical simulations, it was shown that the difference between the change in brightness for H 2 O ice and CO 2 ice is about −3.4 magnitude for the same fraction of the area that is active and the same mass flow rate. This value corresponds to the rise time of the amplitude of the brightness change t = 3 h. In addition, it should be emphasized that this difference is a consequence of thermodynamic parameters, such as the speed of sublimating gas molecules, the sublimation rate of given ice, which determine the numerical values of the individual scattering cross-sections C(t 1) and C(t 2). • The mass flow rate and the rise time of brightness determine the ejected mass during the outburst. • The individual scattering cross-sections define the brightness amplitude. • The difference in the amplitude of the change in the brightness of the comet was determined for the H 2 O ice and CO 2 ice. • The mass flow rate and the fraction of the area that was active during the outburst of comet 67P in April 2014 were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to solve the environmental problems caused by greenhouse gas emissions, cellulosenanofiber (CNF)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/graphene oxide (GO) aerogel was obtained by step-by-step heating, tert-butanol replacement, freeze-drying, and high-temperature activation in this paper. The micromorphology, specific surface area, pore size distribution, and thermal stability of the prepared aerogels were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, automatic surface area and porosity analysis, and thermo-gravimetric analysis. The interaction state and adsorption mechanism of CO 2 and aerogel physical adsorption were described by Materials Studio simulation. The results showed that the adsorption process conformed to the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. After carbonization, the thermal stability of the aerogel was good (mass loss rate <1%). With the increase of GO content, its specific surface area increased (392.41 m2/g) and CO 2 adsorption capacity increased (432.76 cm3/g at 273 K). The simulation results show that hydrogen bond energy and van der Waals adsorption are the main factors that help in adsorption of CO 2 on the surface aerogel, and electrostatic adsorption is the secondary adsorption factor. The application of green material carbon-based aerogels is also in line with the concept of sustainable development. • New graphene oxide-based composite aerogels were synthesized. • CO 2 uptake capacity was evaluated. • The aerogel has good thermal stability. • The interaction energy between aerogel and CO 2 was simulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most critical challenge in the noodle industry is ensuring the development of various high-quality products. Dough mixing is a very important initial stage in the development of noodles, which has a major impact on the preparation and quality of the noodles. The mixing process helps to form a dough as a single homogenous substance and develops certain rheological characteristics that provide the optimum flow of all technical processes in the next production stages. The mixing process is impacted by the raw and auxiliary materials used (the quality of flour, the amount of water added, the amount of salt and alkali added), the performance of the mixing equipment, and the mixing process parameters (mixing time, mixing speed, water addition, water temperature, and dough temperature). Proper management of the mixing process and implementation of enhancement techniques can greatly improve the dough rheology and noodle quality. This review paper describes the available mixing information and details the influence of various mixing characteristics on dough rheology and noodle quality. Techniques to improve the mixing process and equipment are provided. • Mixing process results on dough rheology and noodle quality were reviewed. • The addition of CO 2 snow during mixing maintained the dough's low temperature. • The dough obtained by adding water in stages was superior to adding water one time. • Vacuum mixer enhanced mixing performance and compactness of the dough structure. • Mixing enhancements must start with proper management of main parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A self-made heated static cell was used to measure the high-resolution absorption spectra of ten strong lines of carbon dioxide belonging to the 20012←00001 band near 2.0 μm in the temperature range of 296 K to 1100 K. Spectral line strength, self-broadening coefficients and temperature dependence exponents of self-broadening coefficients were determined and compared with the values obtained from HITRAN/HITEMP database. [Display omitted] • The absorption spectrum of CO 2 was detected by the combination of temperature controlled static absorption cell and narrow linewidth tunable diode laser. • The corresponding line parameters (i.e. line intensities, and self-broadening coefficients and their temperature dependence exponent n) of ten strong CO 2 lines at each temperature set points were obtained. • The measured parameters at 296 K were compared with data listed in HITRAN2016, and the rest parameters measured at elevated temperatures were compared with HITEMP2010 database. A tunable diode laser combined with a self-made heated static cell was used to measure the high-resolution absorption spectra of ten strong lines of carbon dioxide belonging to the 20012 ← 00001 band near 2.0 μm in the temperature range of 296 K to 1100 K. Using the Voigt profile of the measured direct absorption spectrum and the line strength, self-broadening coefficient and temperature dependent exponent of the ten lines were determined. The measured spectral line strength and self-broadening coefficients of 12C16O 2 were compared well with the available values listed in the HITEMP/HITRAN database. The uncertainties and primary error sources in the determination of those parameters were discussed respectively. The temperature dependence exponents of self-broadening coefficients were compared with the calculated values obtained from HITEMP2010. We found that there was not a monotonic relation between the temperature exponent n and the J values, which was different with the result reported in the previous papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is focused on the study of long-term aging of Mg–Al mixed oxides, which causes the rebuilding of the hydrotalcite layered structure in the presence of humidity. The novelty consists in the description of influence during the long-term aging (6 months) on the phase transition of mixed oxides to hydrotalcites at ambient conditions. The structure throughout aging has been determined by several techniques, such as X-ray diffraction, DRIFT and thermogravimetric analysis. The diffraction lines of mixed oxides were observed for 91 days of aging (after that the lines of hydrotalcites started to occur). However, the specific surface area rapidly decreased after only two aging days. The change was caused by an adsorption of water and especially of carbon dioxide from the air (formed carbonates). After 166 days, the hydrotalcite structure was fully recovered. Moreover, all aged material was applied as the heterogeneous catalyst for the aldol condensation with furfural as acid-base reaction. The conversion decreased from 72% (immediately after the thermal treatment) to 27% after 4 aging days. The statistical evaluation of results was also carried out and relation between variables described. [Display omitted] • The long-term stability (aging 6 months) of Mg–Al mixed oxides was studied. • The stability was study at ambient laboratory conditions. • The conversion rapidly decreases during two days of aging because of CO 2 adsorption. • The relation between variables was evaluated by statistical analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]