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[Display omitted] Super-hydrophilic/underwater super-oleophobic materials composed of biomass show great advantages for the treatment of oily wastewater due to their inherent fouling resistance. However, the development of three-dimensional materials from biomass for oil–water separation is still a challenge. It is universally acknowledged that constructing a rough structure on the surface of hydrophilic substrates would significantly improve the underwater oleophobicity and oil–water separation performance. In this work, a three-dimensional lignin/cellulose aerogel (LCA) was developed through sol–gel method with freeze-drying. The rough microstructure and 3D interconnected network composed of lignin and cellulose impart excellent underwater superoleophobicity to LCA for efficient oil–water separation. The introduction of lignin to cellulose aerogel could effectively enhance its surface roughness, water permeation speed and underwater oil contact angle. Especially, the swelling properties of the hydrogel could be regulated by modulating the content of lignin, which could further control the pore size of aerogels to optimize the separation flux. The as-prepared aerogel showed remarkable performance in separating various oil–water mixtures and oil-in-water emulsions, with a separation flux of 7646 ± 167 L·m−2·h−1 and oil rejection rate >99 %. These excellent properties combined with its facile fabrication make LCA a promising candidate for the treatment of oily wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Recent progress in high spatial and energy resolution characterization techniques of water molecules on metal surfaces under ultra-high vacuum condition. • In-situ spectroscopic characterization of interfacial water during electrochemical processes. • Various discoveries on how interfacial water participate in electrocatalytic reactions. Water is a fundamental substance in the natural world, playing a central role in various fields such as energy, catalysis and the environment. Broadly speaking, the diverse applications of water in different domains are all reliant on its interactions at surfaces. This mini-review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of advanced characterization techniques employed in the examination of interfacial water. Through the presentation of recent findings regarding water's behavior on various surfaces, we elucidate how these newly developed characterization methods enable precise determination of the physical and chemical properties of interfacial water. Additionally, we delve into how these discoveries enhance our comprehension of the physical and chemical processes involving water. Of particular interest is the intricate relationship between interfacial water and catalytic activity in electrocatalytic reactions. Furthermore, we offer insights into the challenges and prospects within this captivating field of study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Enzymatic browning is one of important factor causing quality deterioration of Goji berries (GB). To understand the enzymatic browning process of GB and its mechanism, changes of L*, a*, b* values, and the total color difference and whiteness index during the air contact storage were evaluated. Then changes of moisture content, total phenolics and the activities of the key browning enzymes, peroxidase (POD), Polyphenol oxidase (PPO), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and Superoxide dismutase (SOD), were determined during storage. Finally, the chemical constituents of GB were determined by targeted metabolomics and HPLC, and the possibility that these constituents were endogenous substrates of key enzymes for browning were evaluated. The results show that brightness and reddish-yellowness diminished are the general characteristics of GB discoloration. The activity of browning related enzymes (POD, PPO, PAL) was consistent with that of phenolics and flavonoids, which increased first and then decreased during storage. The content of chlorogenic acid decreased most rapidly under the action of the enzyme, which degraded 75% within 5min, followed by ferulic acid and rutin. Therefore, it is suggested that chlorogenic acid is the main endogenous substrate of GB enzymatic browning. In conclusion, these studies provide experimental basis for the browning mechanism of GB. • Reveal the mechanism of enzymatic browning of GB. • GB discoloration characterized by bright loss, and reddish-yellow degree weakening. • PPO, POD and PAL are the key enzymes of GB browning. • Phenolics biosynthesis involved in the enzymatic browning of GB. • Chlorogenic acid is the primary component for enzymatic browning of GB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Ultrathin Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 nanosheets (NS) with the thickness about 3.9 nm were successfully synthesized by a hydrothermal method and were used as a photocatalyst for the oxidation of benzyl alcohol (BA) to benzaldehyde (BAD). The photocatalytic performance of NS is about 8 times higher than that of bulk Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12. In-situ FTIR of pyridine adsorption and NH 3 -TPD reveal that NS has more surface Lewis acid sites (Ti4+) for the adsorption and activation of BA. The photogenerated electrons (e-) and holes (h+) of NS can be fully used to produce the superoxide radicals and carbon-centered radicals, respectively. The monolayer nanosheet structure of NS not only greatly promotes the separation of photogenerated carriers, but also achieves the efficient activation of BA molecules via the C O⋯Ti coordination. This work successfully reveals the surface/interface interactions between the surface active sites of a photocatalyst and the reactive molecules via using ultrathin nanosheet as a molecular platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Au@RuO x core–shell nanostructures are fabricated to amplify the Raman signals. • Electroreduction of RuO x is in-situ studied using the borrowing SERS strategy. • Direct evidences of OH intermediate are obtained during RuO x electroreduction. • A two-step molecular pathway is proposed for RuO 2 electroreduction. RuO 2 is one of the most promising catalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a key reaction in water electrolysis. However, the fundamental insights about the structural evolution of RuO 2 under different electrochemical environments remain unclear. Herein, the molecular reaction pathways of the electroreduction of RuO x in alkaline and neutral conditions are identified using in-situ electrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Au@RuO 2 core–shell nanostructures are fabricated to amplify the Raman signals of species adsorbed on RuO x surfaces. Using such core–shell nanostructures, direct spectroscopic evidences of OH intermediate during the RuO 2 electroreduction process are obtained, which is further confirmed by D 2 O isotopic substitution experiments. A molecular pathway that RuO 2 is reduced to Ru through a two-step reduction process has been proposed. This work provides insightful information on the structural evolution of RuO x with electrochemical environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the exploration of natural compounds possessing both immunostimulatory and antiviral activities has attracted growing attention in aquaculture research. Consequently, the pursuit of identifying natural products exhibiting anti-SVCV potential as immunostimulants holds significant promise, offering a pathway to mitigate the economic ramifications inflicted by SVCV outbreaks in aquaculture settings. Among them, rhein emerges as a particularly compelling contender. Boasting a widespread distribution, well-established extraction methods, and multiple biological activities, it has exhibited the capacity to enhance the antiviral activity of host cells in vitro by blocking the viral internalization process, with a peak inhibition rate of 44.0%. Based on this intervention, rhein inhibited apoptosis and mitochondrial damage triggered by SVCV infection, ultimately producing a significant antiviral effect. Moving beyond the laboratory setting, rhein's efficacy translates effectively into in vivo scenarios. It has demonstrated substantial antiviral potency by increasing the expression of antiviral-related genes, most notably, retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), interferon-φ (IFN-φ) and IFN-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15). In concert with this genetic modulation, rhein efficiently reduces the viral load, precipitating a consequential enhancement in the survival rate of SVCV-infected fish, elevating it to an encouraging 16%. In conclusion, the outcomes of our investigation offer a compelling testament to rhein's potential as a valuable immunomodulator in the battle against SVCV infections in aquaculture, and the remarkable attributes exhibited by rhein underscore its viability for future commercial deployment. • Rhein exhibits anti-SVCV activities both in vitro and in vivo. • Rhein blocks the viral internalization process in vitro. • Rhein reduces mortality and viral load in SVCV-infected zebrafish. • Rhein enhances the expression of antiviral-related genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study investigates the freshness indicator protein of Coregonus peled and the effects of oxidation on the quality of fish during 4 °C storage. Samples were stored at 4 °C after oxidation treatment and analyzed for changes in proteins, using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight/time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF/TOF MS). A total of 382 differential proteins were identified, of which 20 proteins were quantified and studied including 12 proteins related to oxidation. The analysis of differential proteins was related to quality postmortem. Moreover, creatine kinase, malate dehydrogenase, and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase were identified as potential biomarkers for protein oxidative damage. Actin can be used to represent the softening of fish in postmortem storage. Pearson correlation analysis indicated that the changes in protein structure and biomarkers were influenced by oxidation. Bioinformatics suggested that differentially expressed proteins participated in the metabolic pathway via oxidation during 4 °C storage. The results of this study can contribute to a further understanding of the changes in fish quality during storage and the use of differential proteins as indicators of fish freshness. • In total, 382 differential proteins were identified in oxidative C. peled muscle. • 20 proteins were selected as freshness indicator proteins of oxidative C. peled. • Analysis on oxidative proteins in C. peled highlighted energy metabolism pathways. • Energy metabolism and proteolysis were prominent with increasing in storage time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]