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[Display omitted] The practical photocatalytic application of cadmium sulfide (CdS) has been significantly constrained by fast carrier recombination and significant photocorrosion. Therefore, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) step-by-step (S-scheme) heterojunction using the coupling interface between purple tungsten oxide (W 18 O 49) nanowires and CdS nanospheres. The photocatalytic hydrogen evolution rate of optimized W 18 O 49 /CdS 3D S-scheme heterojunction can reach 9.7 mmol·h−1·g−1, 7.5 and 16.2 times greater than pure CdS (1.3 mmol·h−1·g−1) and 10 wt%-W 18 O 49 /CdS (mechanical mixing, 0.6 mmol·h−1·g−1), proving that the tight S-scheme heterojunction constructed by the hydrothermal method can efficiently enhance the carrier separation. Notably, the apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of W 18 O 49 /CdS 3D S-scheme heterojunction approaches 7.5% and 3.5% at 370 nm and 456 nm, respectively, which is 7.5 and 8.8 times than pure CdS (1.0% and 0.4%). The produced W 18 O 49 /CdS catalyst also has relative stability of structure and hydrogen production. Additionally, the H 2 evolution rate of W 18 O 49 /CdS 3D S-scheme heterojunction is 1.2 times greater than 1 wt%-platinum (Pt)/CdS (8.2 mmol·h−1·g−1), which indicates that the W 18 O 49 can effectively replace the precious metal for boosting the hydrogen production rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] Semiconductor photocatalytic water splitting is a green way to convert solar energy into chemical energy, but the recombination of electron and hole pairs and the low utilization of sunlight restrict the development of photocatalytic technology. By comparing the morphologies and hydrogen production properties of different proportions of solid solutions (Cd x Zn 1- x S), one-dimensional (1D) Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S nanorods (NRs) with the best photocatalytic properties are obtained. In addition, 1D W 18 O 49 nanowires are assembled on the surface of 1D Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs to construct a novel 1D/1D step-scheme (S-scheme) W 18 O 49 /Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S heterojunction photocatalyst. The W 18 O 49 /Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S heterojunction expands the optical absorption capacity of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs to provide more energy for the photoexcitation of electrons. The optimal hydrogen production rate of W 18 O 49 /Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs with W 18 O 49 content of 9 wt% is as high as 66.3 mmol·h−1·g−1, which is 5.7 times and 1.6 times higher than that of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs and 1 wt% Pt/Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) of 9 wt% W 18 O 49 /Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S reaches 56.0 % and 25.9 % under light wavelength irradiation at 370 and 456 nm, respectively. After the 20 h cycle stability test, the activity of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution does not decrease, due that the severe photo-corrosion of Cd 0.9 Zn 0.1 S NRs is efficiently inhibited. This work not only provides a simple and controllable synthesis method for the preparation of heterojunction structure, but also opens up a new way to improve the hydrogen evolution activity and stability of sulfur compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Radiation-induced intestinal injury (RIII) is one of the most common abdominal and pelvic radiation therapy complications. RIII seriously affects the treatment and prognosis of cancer patients, and there are no effective interventions. Radiation can cause intestinal tissue damage, inflammatory cell infiltration, and pro-inflammatory cytokine release. We established an RIII mouse model by subjecting C57BL/6 mice to abdominal irradiation. Our results show that both pyroptosis and ferroptosis play a key role in RIII. VX-765 and Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) can inhibit these two types of programmed cell death and ameliorate RIII, respectively. Activation of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway exacerbates the chemotaxis of inflammatory cells. In the present study, we hypothesized that the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway plays an important role in intestinal inflammatory injury. We demonstrated that the nuclear expression levels of the NF-κB subunit p65 increased after irradiation treatment. Reduced release of inflammatory factors and intestinal tissue damage was observed after pretreatment with pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate ammonium (PDTC). Moreover, after PDTC treatment, the indicators related to pyroptosis and ferroptosis were reversed. Collectively, these results suggest that the activation of the intestinal NF-κB signaling pathway may be associated with pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and subsequent intestinal injury after irradiation. • Mice were exposed to radiation causes intestinal inflammation injury. • Activation of pyroptosis and ferroptosis is involved in the intestinal damage after radiation treatment. • Inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the attenuation of RIII by suppressing pyroptosis and ferroptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The solid fraction of the substrate is expected to influence the bouncing behavior of an impinging droplet, thereby affecting spreading and contact time. Hence, it should be possible to alter the velocity and pressure distribution of impacting droplet, and also affect the impact velocity for droplet penetration right upon impact. We systematically investigate the impact dynamics of water droplets on pillared hydrophobic surfaces with different solid fractions using phase-field simulations. The velocity and pressure distributions of impacting droplets on pillared hydrophobic surfaces with varied Weber numbers and solid fractions are studied. In addition, the influences of the solid fraction on the bouncing behaviors of the impinging droplet, such as the maximum wetting spreading, the maximum impacting depth, and the contact time, are also investigated to further understand the impact event. We show that a three-peak pressure profile appears on the top of the pillared hydrophobic surface during droplet impact by varying the solid fraction of the surface. The first peak is generated by the impact of the droplet itself, while the second peak arises from the droplet recoil impact associated with the dynamic properties of the jet. Moreover, we identify a hitherto unknown third pressure peak related to the hydrodynamic singularity that emerges due to the convergence of the fluid during the droplet rebound. This solid fraction-dependent impacting behavior reveals the intricate interplay between droplet dynamics and the underlying surface characteristics, providing valuable insights into the design and optimization of micro/nano structured hydrophobic surfaces for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic amines are ubiquitous and essential in the dye, polymer, and pharmaceutical industries, but can also be highly corrosive and toxic. Developing a quick and efficient method to detect organic amines is an important challenge. In this paper, we demonstrate the detection of organic amines by colorimetric and luminescence sensing of an electron-deficient viologen metal organic material. The material, comprising 1-(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium and Cd(II), possesses a two-dimensional framework with viologen-lined chromophores and accessible electron-deficient viologen moieties constituting Lewis acidic sites. It exhibits reversible photochromic behavior under UV–Vis light irradiation and a visual color change and fluorescence quenching upon contact with amine vapors and solutions. Due to the defined pore size of the framework, the fluorescence sensing efficiency showed organic amine size dependence. The vapochromism and fluorescence quenching is attributable to electron transfer from the organic amine to the electron-deficient viologen moiety, generating colored viologen radicals. An electron-deficient metal-organic material has successfully synthesized based on the viologen ligand, which exhibit reversible photochromic behavior and selective colorimetric and luminescence sensing of organic amines. [Display omitted] • An electron-deficient viologen metal-organic material was prepared. • Compound 1 exhibit reversible photochromic behavior under UV–visible light irradiation. • Complex 1 shows colorimetric and luminescence sensing of organic amines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Porous lanthanide-transition heterometallic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as a subclass of porous hybrid materials have attracted considerable attention as a new advance in the research on MOFs. However, rationally designing and constructing heterometallic MOFs with desirable properties remains a challenging task. In this work, involving the heterometallic cooperative crystallization method, a novel europium-cadmium MOF based on a zwitterionic carboxylate ligand, [EuCd(pbbp) 2 (SO 4) 2 Cl 2 (H 2 O) 3 ] (1), (H 2 pbbp·2Cl ​= ​1,1'-(1,4-phenylene-bis(methylene))-bis(3-carboxy pyridinium) dichloride), has been solvothermally synthesized. Complex 1 was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. The structure of complex 1 consists of Eu–Cd heterometallic chains with one-dimensional channels. Complex 1 shows interesting excitation-dependent luminescence at room temperature. The gas adsorption studies show that complex 1 exhibits highly selective adsorption of CO 2 over N 2 and H 2 under ambient conditions, which may be caused by the stronger interaction of CO 2 with the positively charged pyridinium functional groups. In addition, the photocatalytic activity studies indicate that complex 1 shows good activity in rhodamine B dye degradation. A europium-cadmium MOF based on a zwitterionic carboxylate ligand has been solvothermally synthesized, which exhibits interesting excitation-dependent luminescence, highly adsorption of CO 2 under ambient conditions, and good photocatalytic activity in rhodamine B dye degradation. [Display omitted] • A europium-cadmium heterometal-organic framework was prepared. • Complex 1 exhibit excitation-dependent luminescence at room temperature. • Complex 1 shows the good photocatalytic activity for degradation of rhodamine B. • Gas adsorption was applied to study the porosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A feasible method to construction multifunctional hybrid compounds is the incorporation of appropriate functional inorganic and organic components through self-assembly. Naphthalene diimides (NDIs) and polyoxometalates (POMs) are two versatile building blocks that have been used in many fields. In this paper, self-assembly of electron-deficient NDI ligand and POM resulted in an organic-inorganic hybrid compound, [Ce 2 (BINDI)(DMF) 8 ]·[Mo 6 O 19 ] (1), (H 4 BINDI = N , N ′-bis(5-isophthalic acid)-1,4,5,8-naphthalene diimide), with segregated Mo 6 O 19 2− polyanions and two-dimensional cationic coordination network. Because of the photochemical activities of organic and inorganic components, this hybrid compound exhibits interesting reversible photochromic behavior under ultraviolet–visible light irradiation. XRD, EPR, and XPS studies demonstrated that the photochromic behavior resulting from the coaction of NDI and Mo 6 O 19 2− polyanions. Moreover, this hybrid material shows excellent photocatalytic degradation activity toward the methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation. [Display omitted] • A polyoxometalate/naphthalenediimide hybrid structure is prepared. • Compound 1 shows fast-responsive reversible photochromism. • Photoinduced electron-transfer generate Mo5+ and NDI radicals. • Compound 1 exhibits excellent photocatalytic activity for degradation of methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), is characterized by immune-mediated demyelination and neurodegeneration. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation aggravates spinal cord inflammation in EAE. Autophagy is associated with alleviation of systemic inflammation, including that encountered in EAE. However, the effects of autophagy on NLRP3 in EAE are still unclear. Here, we evaluated the effects of the autophagy activator AZD8055 on EAE. EAE model mice were established, histological examination was performed to assess the degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination. And the levels of autophagy and NLRP3-mediated pyroptosis in spinal cords were assessed. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were performed to evaluate protein expression and localization. AZD8055 significantly enhanced autophagy in the spinal cords of EAE model mice, coupled with decreased abnormal clinical behavior scores and increased body weights. The degree of inflammatory cell infiltration and demyelination was mild in AZD8055-treated EAE model mice. Meanwhile, the pathway of ROS/NLRP3 was downregulated, and LC3 and NLRP3 were colocalized. AZD8055 ameliorated EAE through anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis effects via the mammalian target of mTOR/ROS/NLRP3 pathway. These findings provide insights into the interactions between autophagy and pyroptosis and may facilitate the development of novel treatments for MS. • Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a mouse model of MS. • The effects of the autophagy activator AZD8055 on EAE were evaluated. • AZD8055 significantly enhanced autophagy in the spinal cords of EAE model mice. • AZD8055 ameliorated EAE through anti-inflammatory and anti-pyroptosis effects. • Autophagy and pyroptosis may have an interaction via mTOR/ROS/NLRP3 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The number of ribs is an important economic trait in the sheep industry when the sheep are raised for mutton. However, in sheep, the genetic mechanisms regulating rib number are poorly understood. In the present study, we aimed to identify important candidate genes that affect the increase in rib number in sheep. Whole-genome resequencing of 36 Hu sheep with an increased number of ribs (R14) and 36 sheep with normal (R13) rib numbers was carried out. Analysis using three methods (fixation index (F ST), Fisher's exact test, and Chi-squared test) showed that 219 single nucleotide polymorphism sites overlapped among the results of the three methods, which represented 206 genes. Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses indicated that the genes were mainly associated with regulation of developmental process, inorganic anion transport, cellular biosynthetic process, tight junction, the oxytocin signaling pathway, and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Four mutations were selected according to the significantly selected genomic regions and important pathways for genotyping and association analysis. The result demonstrated that three synonymous mutations correlated significantly with the rib number. Importantly, we revealed that the CPOX (encoding coproporphyrinogen oxidase), KCNH1 (encoding potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 1), and CPQ (encoding carboxypeptidase Q) genes have a combined effect on rib number in Hu sheep. Our results identified candidate molecular markers for rib number in sheep breeding. • The major candidate genes associated with the rib number were identified using whole-genome resequencing in Hu sheep. • A total of 219 single nucleotide polymorphism sites were found using three methods. • Four single nucleotide polymorphism sites were selected for subsequent genetic effect analysis in a large population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The encapsulation of photoactive guests into a metal-organic framework is advantageous in endowing extra functionalities such as photochromism and photoswitchable luminescence. In this paper, a host-guest MOF material, [Zn 3 (IPA) 4 ​MV] (1) (H 2 IPA ​= ​isophthalic acid, MV·2NO 3 ​= ​1,1'-dimethyl-(4,4'-bipyridine)-1,1'-diium dinitrate) has been constructed by encapsulating simplest methyl viologen guest into the anionic MOF framework. This material exhibits reversible naked-eye detectable photochromic properties varying from colorless to blue upon UV–Vis light irradiation. The MV2+ and the short O⋯N distance between the oxygen atom and pyridine ring of MV2+ play a crucial role in the photochromism of this compound. This host-guest MOF compound shows photoswitchable luminescent properties in the solid state. More interestingly, this host-guest MOF material can be deposited on filter paper and can be employed as inkless print material by controlling the UV–Vis light irradiation with the stencil. A novel MOF-based host-guest compound was prepared by incorporating the photoactive methyl viologen into the anionic framework, which exhibit photochromism upon UV–Vis light irradiation and photocontrolled luminescence. Moreover, this compound can be used as inkless and erasable print media. [Display omitted] • A host-guest compound was prepared by incorporating the viologen into the anionic MOFs. • Compound 1 exhibits fast-responsive photochromism and reversible luminescence switching upon UV–Vis light irradiation. • Compound ​ 1 ​can be employed as inkless and erasable print media by controlling the UV-Vis light irradiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]