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The purpose of this research is to identify the best edible fungi among eight species of edible fungi, and to study the best enzymatic hydrolysis reaction conditions in order to enhance the umami taste of edible fungi. The free 5'-nucleotides and amino acids in eight kinds of edible fungi were determined by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the equivalent umami concentration (EUC) values were calculated. Combined with the sensory evaluation, it was found that the EUC value of Agaricus bisporus was the highest, which was 826.551±20.057 g/100 g, and with a good umami taste. Enzymatic hydrolysis was conducted to further release umami substances in edible fungi, and the best effect was found under the enzyme mixtures of cellulase and Protamex™ by EUC values and sensory evaluation. Through the single-factor experiments and orthogonal tests, taking EUC value, sensory evaluation, degree of hydrolysis and soluble solids content as indexes, the optimal conditions for enzymatic hydrolysis were at 50°C, a solid-liquid ratio of 1:10, a pH of 5.5, a total enzyme mixtures addition of 4000 U/g, and a cellulase hydrolysis time of 60 min followed by the addition of a Protamex™ hydrolysis for 150 min. The final enzymatic hydrolysate had an intensive saltiness and umami taste with an EUC value of 1619.05±3.38 g/100 g. [Display omitted] • Agaricus bisporus had the highest EUC value and the best umami taste. • The compound enzymolysis of cellulase and Protamex™ showed the best effect on the umami extraction of Agaricus bisporus. • Soluble solids, EUC, sensory evaluation and DH were used as indexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TP53INP2 (tumor protein p53-inducible nuclear protein 2), known as an autophagy protein, is essential for regulating transcription and starvation-induced autophagy, which plays a crucial role in the oncogenesis and progression of various cancers. The present study aims to investigate the expression pattern, function and prognostic value of TP53INP2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Here, we report that low expression of TP53INP2 correlates with poor survival in CRC patients. TP53INP2 was significantly downregulated in CRC tissues compared with adjacent tissues. As the malignancy of CRC progresses, the expression level of TP53INP2 gradually decreased. Knockdown of TP53INP2 promoted CRC cell proliferation and tumor growth in mice. Mechanistically, TP53INP2 deficiency decreased phosphorylation of β-catenin on S33, S37, and T41, resulting in increased accumulation of β-catenin and enhanced nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. Moreover, we further demonstrated that TP53INP2 sequestered TIM50, thereby inhibiting its activation of β-catenin. Taken together, our findings indicate that the downregulation of TP53INP2 promotes CRC progression by activating β-catenin and suggest that TP53INP2 may be a candidate therapeutic target for CRC. • Low TP53INP2 expression is associated with poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. • Loss of TP53INP2 function decreases phospho-S33/S37/T41 β-catenin, leading to CRC proliferation and tumor progression. • TP53INP2 sequesters TIM50 to inhibit its activation of β-catenin. • TP53INP2 could be used as a marker for diagnosis and treatment of highly malignant colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an efficient wastewater pretreatment biotechnology, electrostimulated hydrolysis acidification (eHA) has been used to accelerate the removal of refractory pollutants, which is closely related to the effects of electrostimulation on microbial interspecies associations. However, the ecological processes underpinning such linkages remain unresolved, especially for the microbial communities derived from different niches, such as the electrode surface and plankton. Herein, the principles of cross-niche microbial associations and community assembly were investigated using molecular ecological network and phylogenetic bin-based null model analysis (iCAMP) based on 16S rRNA gene sequences. The electrostimulated planktonic sludge and electrode biofilm displayed significantly (P < 0.05) 1.67 and 1.53 times higher organic nitrogen pollutant (azo dye Alizarin Yellow R) degradation efficiency than non-electrostimulation group, and the corresponding microbial community composition and structure were significantly (P < 0.05) changed. Electroactive bacteria and functional degraders were enriched in the electrode biofilm and planktonic sludge, respectively. Notably, electrostimulation strengthened the synergistic microbial associations (1.8 times more links) between sludge and biofilm members. Additionally, both electrostimulation and cross-niche microbial associations induced greater importance of deterministic assembly. Overall, this study highlights the specificity of cross-electrode surface microbial associations and ecological processes with electrostimulation and advances our understanding of the manipulation of sludge microbiomes in engineered wastewater treatment systems. [Display omitted] • The electrostimulated sludge had obviously higher pollutant degradation efficiency. • Sludge community at different niche markedly shifted upon electrostimulation. • More microbial associations of cross-niche evolved upon electrostimulation. • Electrostimulation/cross-niche biotic factors contributed to deterministic assembly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On January 3, 2019, Chang'E-4 (CE-4) probe successfully achieved soft landing on the farside of the Moon. A large number of small craters in the landing area can be found in the high-resolution remote sensing images. These small craters played a vital role in the evolution of lunar regolith because of the overturning and mixing of lunar surface material through excavating and ejecting during impact processes. However, the research of the gardening process by small craters and the evolution of farside lunar regolith are still insufficient. This research aims to make quantitative analysis to the evolution of the lunar regolith from regional small impacts and apply them in the CE-4 landing area. Firstly, the processes of excavation and ejection of a single small impact on the lunar surface are analyzed, during which the formation and distribution of lunar regolith are numerically modeled. Then, based on the remote sensing observation and the analysis of regional impact flux, a group of impact events with resulting lunar regolith are modeled by Monte Carlo method. Thirdly, the above analysis is applied in the CE-4 landing area, and the thickness, grain size distribution, and overturning times of the lunar regolith are calculated. Finally, the influencing factors are discussed and evolution process of lunar regolith is summarized. The results indicate that the formation of lunar regolith is controlled by larger impact events, while the surficial overturning and mixing of lunar regolith are mainly caused by smaller impact events. In addition, the lunar regolith is mostly formed in the earlier times because of the high impact flux at that time. For example, the absolute model age of the CE-4 landing area is about 3.5 Ga, while the lunar regolith had mostly been formed before 3.0 Ga and changed slowly afterwards. Our model beyond the observational capability of the Yutu-2's lunar penetrating radar (LPR), and the results can contribute to better understanding of the regional lunar regolith formation and evolution. • Lunar regolith evolution is quantitatively analyzed with the proposed EMSC. • Lunar regolith formation is mostly controlled by larger impact events. • Lunar regolith in CE-4 landing area is mainly formed before 3.0 Ga. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Cryo-EM reveals HIV-2 immature particles hexamer organization to 5.5 Å. • Reconstruction map revealed a stable, wineglass-shaped Gag hexamer structure. • HIV-2 CA CTD crystal structure presents a helix 12 in the absence of SP1 residues. • Structural analysis of HIV-2 assembly and maturation provide insight to H10 and H12. • Cryo-ET demonstrates the occupancy of HIV-2 hexameric Gag lattice in 3D. Retrovirus immature particle morphology consists of a membrane enclosed, pleomorphic, spherical and incomplete lattice of Gag hexamers. Previously, we demonstrated that human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) immature particles possess a distinct and extensive Gag lattice morphology. To better understand the nature of the continuously curved hexagonal Gag lattice, we have used the single particle cryo-electron microscopy method to determine the HIV-2 Gag lattice structure for immature virions. The reconstruction map at 5.5 Å resolution revealed a stable, wineglass-shaped Gag hexamer structure with structural features consistent with other lentiviral immature Gag lattice structures. Cryo-electron tomography provided evidence for nearly complete ordered Gag lattice structures in HIV-2 immature particles. We also solved a 1.98 Å resolution crystal structure of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of the HIV-2 capsid (CA) protein that identified a structured helix 12 supported via an interaction of helix 10 in the absence of the SP1 region of Gag. Residues at the helix 10–12 interface proved critical in maintaining HIV-2 particle release and infectivity. Taken together, our findings provide the first 3D organization of HIV-2 immature Gag lattice and important insights into both HIV Gag lattice stabilization and virus maturation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the new era of global net zero, how to reduce carbon intensity became a hot topic, while few attentions had been paid to the impacts of casual environmental regulation, especially in the emerging economy such as China. In this regard, this study uses the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2003 to 2019 to study the impacts of causal environmental regulation on the carbon intensity, with the adoption of multiple econometric models. The empirical results show that causal environmental regulation has a significant inhibitory effect on carbon intensity, while at current stage, causal environmental regulation cannot inhibit carbon intensity through the mediating of green innovation and renewable energy production. Fortunately, energy low-carbon reconstitution and industrial structure upgrading are proved to effectively act as the intermediary channels. In addition, the spatial spillover effects and the spatial heterogeneity are supported in the empirical analysis. In a summary, this study starts with the case of China to provide a realistic reference case for the international community, enriches the theory, policy and practice related to environmental regulation, and provides a realistic reference example for emerging economics in a developing country. • The carbon reduction effect of casual environmental regulation is investigated. • Dual intermediary channels in terms of energy and industry are proved effective. • Spatial spillover effects and the spatial heterogeneity are supported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CRKL (CRK Like Proto-Oncogene) belongs to the Crk family and is a 39-kDa adapter protein that encodes SH2 and SH3 (src homologs) domains. To identify its oncogenic role in malignant melanoma, we investigated the association between CRKL and mutation, prognosis, tumor mutation burden, immune cell infiltration of melanoma, and explored the associations between CRKL and immunotherapy response. Our results showed that abnormal CRKL expression is associated with poor prognosis in melanoma and is significantly correlated with immune-activated pathways and processes, immune cell infiltrations, and expression of immunoregulators. Importantly, we found that CRKL expression is a predictive biomarker for anti-PD1 therapy response in melanoma patients. Furthermore, inhibiting CRKL expression in melanoma cell lines suppressed their proliferation and metastasis, as well as activated the pyroptosis-related pathway. Our study provides potential mechanisms of melanoma pathogenesis, which may suggest new avenues for targeted therapy in this disease. • This study comprehensively analyzed the role of CRKL in malignant melanoma, including its relationship with prognosis, epigenetic modifications, cancer stemness, immune regulation, and inflammatory pathways. • In addition to inhibiting proliferation and metastasis, our findings reveal a close association between CRKL and the NLRP3-GSDMD-caspase-1 dependent pyroptosis pathway. • CRKL expression accurately predicts the immune response of melanoma, and patients with low expression levels exhibit greater responsiveness to anti-PD1 therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobic degradation is the major pathway for microbial degradation of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX) under electron acceptor lacking conditions. However, how exogenous electron acceptors modulate BTEX degradation through shaping the microbial community structure remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of various exogenous electron acceptors on BTEX degradation as well as methane production in anaerobic microbiota, which were enriched from the same contaminated soil. It was found that the BTEX degradation capacities of the anaerobic microbiota gradually increased along with the increasing redox potentials of the exogenous electron acceptors supplemented (WE: Without exogenous electron acceptors < SS: Sulfate supplement < FS: Ferric iron supplement < NS: Nitrate supplement), while the complexity of the co-occurring networks (e.g., avg K and links) of the microbiota gradually decreased, showing that microbiota supplemented with higher redox potential electron acceptors were less dependent on the formation of complex microbial interactions to perform BTEX degradation. Microbiota NS showed the highest degrading capacity and the broadest substrate-spectrum for BTEX, and it could metabolize BTEX through multiple modules which not only contained fewer species but also different key microbial taxa (eg. Petrimonas , Achromobacter and Comamonas). Microbiota WE and FS, with the highest methanogenic capacities, shared common core species such as Sedimentibacter , Acetobacterium , Methanobacterium and Smithella/Syntrophus , which cooperated with Geobacter (microbiota WE) or Desulfoprunum (microbiota FS) to perform BTEX degradation and methane production. This study demonstrates that electron acceptors may alter microbial function by reshaping microbial community structure and regulating microbial interactions and provides guidelines for electron acceptor selection for bioremediation of aromatic pollutant-contaminated anaerobic sites. • Proteobacteria and Methanobacterium were the key microbes to perform the function of microbiota. • Complexity of microbial interaction gradually decreased with the increasing redox potentials of electron acceptors. • Electron acceptors altered microbiota functions by reshaping and regulating microbial community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chang'e-5 (CE-5) mission, the first lunar sample return mission of China, landed in Northern Oceanus Procellarum (51.92°W, 43.06°N) on Dec. 1, 2020. The descent camera onboard the CE-5 lander collected hundreds of descent images during the landing process. These high-resolution images are used to generate high resolution digital orthophoto map (DOM) and digital elevation model (DEM), providing a data basis for the detailed analysis of the geology and topography of the landing area. Impact craters are the most common landforms on the Moon, and small craters measured from high resolution data are very important for understanding the impacting process and the properties of the lunar surface. In this research, we create a catalogue of small craters measured from the centimeter-resolution image mapping products in the CE-5 landing area, and most of the craters are smaller than 100 m in diameter. The distribution and morphological characteristics of the craters are analyzed, including the completeness diameter, the spatial density distribution and the relationship between depth and diameter. The mean depth-to-diameter ratio of 231 craters with diameters ranging from 7.0 to 371.2 m and depths ranging from 0.21 to 45.9 m in CE-5 landing area is ~0.055. This result indicate that our catalogue has slightly low d/D ratios compared with other larger craters and the small craters in Chang'e-4 landing area. • A catalogue of meter-scale craters in the Chang'e-5 landing area is created. • The distribution and morphological characteristics of this catalogue are analyzed in detail. • Small craters in this catalogue have a smaller d/D ratio of ~0.055. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]