1. NRLMSIS 2.1: An Empirical Model of Nitric Oxide Incorporated Into MSIS
- Author
-
J. T. Emmert, M. Jones, D. E. Siskind, D. P. Drob, J. M. Picone, M. H. Stevens, S. M. Bailey, S. Bender, P. F. Bernath, B. Funke, M. E. Hervig, K. Pérot, and Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España)
- Subjects
model ,Atmosphere ,Temperature ,temperature ,Nitric oxide ,Empirical ,Geophysics ,composition ,nitric oxide ,Space and Planetary Science ,atmosphere ,empirical ,Model ,Composition - Abstract
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited., We have developed an empirical model of nitric oxide (NO) number density at altitudes from ∼73 km to the exobase, as a function of altitude, latitude, day of year, solar zenith angle, solar activity, and geomagnetic activity. The model is part of the NRLMSIS® 2.1 empirical model of atmospheric temperature and species densities; this upgrade to NRLMSIS 2.0 consists solely of the addition of NO. MSIS 2.1 assimilates observations from six space-based instruments: UARS/HALOE, SNOE, Envisat/MIPAS, ACE/FTS, Odin/SMR, and AIM/SOFIE. We additionally evaluated the new model against independent extant NO data sets. In this paper, we describe the formulation and fitting of the model, examine biases between the data sets and model and among the data sets, compare with another empirical NO model (NOEM), and discuss scientific aspects of our analysis. © 2022 The Authors., Work at NRL was supported by the Office of Naval Research (including via the Marine Meteorology and Space Weather Program). S. Bender acknowledges support from the Birkeland Centre for Space Science (BCSS), supported by the Research Council of Norway under the Grant No. 223252/F50. The SCIAMACHY project was a national contribution to the ESA Envisat, funded by the German Aerospace (DLR), the Dutch Space Agency, SNO, and the Belgium Ministry. The ACE mission is supported by the Canadian Space Agency. The IAA team acknowledges financial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades through the project PID2019-110689RB-I00 as well as the Centre of Excellence “Severo Ochoa” award to the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (SEV-2017-0709). Odin is a Swedish-led satellite mission supported by the Swedish National Space Agency (Dnr 20/178 and Dnr 20/88). It is also supported by the European Space Agency as part of the third-party mission program.
- Published
- 2022