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The land question is an emotive issue across the world. At independence, erstwhile colonies adopted land reforms to address colonial imbalances in landholding. South Africa is one such country that has embarked on land reforms with the view to correcting economic imbalances created by the apartheid past. However, land reform in South Africa has not only been slow but has failed to deal with the twin challenges of poverty and inequality. Using qualitative research design and neoclassical theory, this paper investigates South Africa's land reforms under the auspices of radical economic transformation. The paper argues that the wholesale expropriation of land without compensation does not fit into the obtaining (neoliberal) economic blueprint that has dominated the country over the years. The call for a radical transformation of landholding rights in the country without structural changes in macroeconomic management remains political rhetoric. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past animosities and complex geopolitics make the Israel-Palestine conflict complex and require a multifaceted approach. As modernization theory fails to address such conflicts, we combine post-colonial theory, identity politics, critical geopolitics, with modernization theory to provide a more complete picture. A comprehensive strategy for building a strong and united Palestinian society is presented in this paper, which emphasizes democratic changes, military power rebalancing, international law, and economic independence. Education and technological progress drive societal growth, so strong governance systems are essential for political stability. We demonstrate how these methods work and what are their drawbacks by analyzing real-life examples of how social, economic, and political factors affect conflict. In the study, governments, civil society, and international organizations are a key focus for finding a long-term solution. This extensive research on conflict resolution and growth expands the conversation and offers lessons that can be applied to various conflict situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper exposes a ritual practice that can create a potential cultural collaboration between Tanzania and India. In support of enculturation theory, the author argues that if Tanzanian and Indian governments promote ngoma musical arts in Tanzania and goma musical arts in Gujarat, India, cultural collaboration in music could be enhanced between the two countries. This paper briefly presents pertinent historical and cultural background of the two countries, and discusses empirical research that provides evidence of the close linkage between ngoma musical arts in Tanzania and goma musical arts in Gujarat, India. This paper is intended as foundational not only for artistic and intellectual exchange and collaboration between two regions, but also as a means of considering ways to foster social and economic development between artists and scholars of Tanzania and India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic that continues to ravish the world economies and snatch lives of millions of people across the world has without a doubt exacerbated the already fragile over-indebtedness of many countries globally, more especially in Africa. South Africa was used as a case study to better understand the International Financial Institutions and debtor countries nexus through the prisms of Sankarian Thought and philosophy concerning debt and loans. This was because South Africa had not borrowed money from the twin IFIs, IMF and the World Bank, for many years until recently when the pandemic struck the world. It is useful to understand why the multilateral financial institutions such as the IMF, the World Bank and others had to be the last resort in the fight against this pandemic by the South African government. The role of these two main predators that have since flag independence of Africa been the engineers and custodians of debt neo-enslavement of African countries is the common thread in this article. As Sankara argued and was eventually assassinated for, in part, lobbying African States to form a united front in repudiating illegitimate debt, the solution to the African development challenge does not lie in acquiring more aid and loans. It lies in harnessing their own resources and optimally using them to uplift the lives of their people ethically, and that is the only way Africa would eventually be able to call its soul its own. Amongst others, the paper found that a strong case can be made by many African countries for repudiation of odious debt, however, the same cannot be argued for South Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mainstream discourse on minority rights embodies a series of normative biases and assumptions, which ignore the colonial underpinning of some of the core concepts such as the definition of minority and the notion of minority protection. In this paper, I argue that contemporary minority rights discourse needs to engage closely with relations of power and subaltern agency to 'decolonise' conventional thinking within the discipline. I unpack this decolonising agenda and map out what such an agenda would entail by critically analysing five key areas of relevance: reconceptualising the minority to expose 'otherness' embedded in the concept; scrutinising the reification of the state as a prerequisite for decolonising minority rights discourse; mainstreaming subaltern resistance; reevaluating a priori assumptions about the need for legal interventions; and finally, taking seriously the political economy of neo-colonial violence. Thus, the paper offers a framework for systematically thinking about decolonial promises of minority rights discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well-known fact that Africa continent is grappling with developmental challenges. The main objectives of this paper therefore are to examine the impact of neoliberalism on these developmental challenges and to encourage African leaders to take a bold and radical departure from the norm in order to chart a new course of development which will take the continent out of the woods of economic retardation and development deficit which envelope the region now. Drawing on the case study which centre on African realities and experiences, the paper discovered that the claim that neo-liberalism is the undisputable means of attaining economic development in Africa is an illusion. On the strength of this, the paper expands on the theory of assimilation with its concomitant smart or strategic protectionism through the adaptation of foreign technology, promotion of education and encouragement of entrepreneurship as means of genuinely engendering economic development in African. The research adopts qualitative and case study methodology. Similarly, the work embraces inductive research approach as the research process systematically focuses on finding answer to the question Of, What effective step can African governments take in order to candidly overcome the challenge of underdevelopment? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cambodia is undergoing profound change in its pursuit of economic development. Respect for human rights and democracy deteriorated in Cambodia post the 2018 General Election. In retaliation, the European Union (EU), Cambodia's second most important export destination, launched the procedure to withdraw Cambodia's preferential trade scheme, the Everything but Arms (EBA), in an attempt to generate economic pressure to encourage democratic reform and respect for human rights principles. In assessing whether this procedure has been successful or not, this paper finds that the EU has not been effective at promoting democracy and human rights in Cambodia through these measures. Not only is the EU's conditionality mechanism flawed, but the EU has also lost much of its leveraging power due to the growing presence of China and actions from the UK to boost trade with Cambodia. Ultimately, the EU's conditionality punishes the wrong groups, and so in effect is a contradiction of what the EU is trying to achieve in opening space for democracy and the improvement of human rights principles for the people of Cambodia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As various studies have uncovered, a significant number of states in Africa remain in abject poverty and are underdeveloped, long after the end of colonialism. These degrading economic conditions are further reinforced by authoritarian political cultures, unending instability and civil wars. The few exceptions include Botswana, South Africa and Mauritius. To stimulate national economic and social progress, African countries have experimented with different development models. In this paper, we compare the developmental state experiences of Ethiopia and Mauritius. A qualitative research approach was used, and the study is based entirely on an analysis of secondary data sources. The analysis proceeds by using comparative techniques. The findings of the study reveal that though the employment of the developmental state model resulted in growth in both Ethiopia and Mauritius, the way in which they instituted key policies and institutions of the developmental state has been quite different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain drain, or human capital flight, is the emigration of highly educated individuals and well-experienced professionals from low-income economies to more prosperous ones. Brain drain in Morocco has dramatically increased over the last years, and has become one of the most hotly debated issues in the country. This paper explores the main push and pull factors behind this ever-increasing flight of skilled labor, and highlights its effects on development and economic growth. It further suggests some ideas to be considered so as to address this increasingly complex challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lebanon's Ta'if Agreement, although implemented as a tool for conflict reconstruction, did not build a sustainable peace, nor has it created the base for democratic and economic development. Rather, it perpetuates elites' interests at the expense of an ever-poorer population, while crystallizing fragmentation along sectarian identities, thus increasing the security dilemma. New literature on Lebanon's powersharing system is questioning how to build cross-sectarian cooperation and trust in Lebanon and, in doing so, is widely looking at the potential peacebuilding of civil society initiatives. The central point of the paper is that thinking about conflict transformation in Lebanon requires investigating the relation between power-sharing and civil society within a perspective of creating inclusive institutional mechanisms for the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Growing multipolarity in international affairs together with the rise of non-state actors do require us to re-think what constitutes sustainable development, in general, but also how economic growth can be respectful of the environment and individual rights. The People's Republic of China (China) does constitute an important part of that story. This paper aims to analyse China's discourse, laws, and policies on sustainable development at both national and international levels. It situates sustainable development in the broader context of China's current development policy; addresses the ways in which China engages with multilateral and bilateral institutions (i.e. legal instruments) in the area of sustainable development; as well as assesses the scope and limitations of China's focus on sustainable development in the context of Outward Foreign Direct Investment in the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Dmitrii Mamin-Sibiriak's novel Chleb (Grain, 1895) and Aleksandr Serafimovič's narration Peski (Sand, 1908) as exemplary texts, this paper discusses how the mill becomes a central figure of reflection of catastrophic ecological and economic transformations in the Russian empire at the turn of the century. These transformations are conceptually condensed in the term "liquefaction", which Zygmunt Bauman famously defined as the "key metaphor of modernity". In motifs and metaphors of the liquid, I argue, economic and ecological logics intertwine, leading not only to a new spatial but also to a new temporal and social order of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to locate globality in Basel's urban society during the emergence of capitalism (1670–1780). It seeks to globalize patrimonial historiography and local history by "inverting the telescope" as micro-historians have suggested. It analyzes how the leading actors in a Swiss city situated on the borders of France and the Holy Roman Empire participated in the new capitalism and positioned their society within a new global geography increasingly shaped by an Atlantic beyond the empires. To do so, it asks how the city's cosmopolitan elite bonded locally and acted globally in times of accelerated economic and social transformation. Exploring people who capitalized social, economic, and political borders deepens our understanding of the multi-layered process of early globalization and contributes to the new history of capitalism. The micro-global focus on Basel's specific locality illuminates the conceptual potential for global history in the nexus between war capitalism and global capitalism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Innovation has been and continues to be recognised as central to promoting and supporting sustainable economic development; as such, South Africa has set the goal of becoming a knowledge economy. This is an economy that succeeds in producing knowledge and transforming itself into a technology-based from a resource-based economy that will stimulate growth and development of the country, while creating sustainable employment opportunities. The two key policies designed to drive strategic economic development in South Africa are the Innovation Policy and the Industrial Policy. This article considers the role of technology commercialisation strategy and how it can be utilised as a model for cooperation and collaboration to ensure achievement of the objectives of the innovation and industrial policies and present a homogeneous approach to policy implementation. The data was collected through a field survey of small, medium and micro enterprises (SMME s) which are technological oriented. Additional information was gathered through an in-depth, semi-structured interviews with selected stakeholders within the innovation landscape. The research findings confirm that commercialisation is the most significant and critical step of the innovation value chain, supported by collaboration and linkages of the innovation system players and it requires effective co-operation from both public and private entities. Successful technology commercialisation justifies efforts, funds and time committed to research and development and it propels enterprise development, spurs industrialisation, enhances enterprise technological capability, efficiency and competitiveness, create investment opportunities, and make research more demand driven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Chinese presence in the Pacific Islands during the nineteenth and early twentieth century has been largely explored through the lens of indentured labor as well as small island traders, whereas archaeological and heritage-related work in the circum-Pacific region primarily focused on the presence of Chinese on the goldfields and associated construction activities. Using evidence encountered on Malolo Lailai, an island off the north-western coast of Viti Levu (Fiji), this paper is the first to focus on the cultural heritage of Chinese-owned plantations. The elements of that heritage encompass residual copra plantations spaced in Chinese paces, a copra shed, a well and a small cemetery. The significance of the sites as a manifestation of the Chinese presence in Fiji are discussed as well as opportunities as to how this heritage might inform current understanding of the role of Chinese in the economic development of Fiji during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. 摘要: 十九世纪和二十世纪初，中国人在太平洋岛屿的存在主要是通过契约劳工和小岛商人的视角进行的，而环太平洋地区的考古和遗产相关工作主要集中在 中国关于金矿和相关建筑活动。本文利用在维提岛（斐济）西北海岸外的马洛洛莱莱岛上发现的证据，首次关注中国人拥有的种植园的文化遗产。该遗产的元素包括以中国风格间隔开的剩余椰干种植园、一个椰干棚、一口井和一个小墓地。讨论了这些遗址作为斐济华人存在的一种表现形式的重要性，以及关于这一遗产如何为当前对 19 世纪末和 20 世纪初中国人在斐济经济发展中的作用的理解提供信息的机会。 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia's urbanization and economic development projects during the New Order established regimes of visuality that ignored aspects of everyday urban life. Contemporary Indonesian artists attempt to share untold histories and stories of everyday life from the urban past or give expression to the social and creative challenges and opportunities of the urban present. This article focuses on multimedia artist Maryanto and new media art collective Ruang MES 56. Maryanto's use of allegory and his notion of art as a 'space of exception' constitute thoughtful ways of engaging with the transformations of people's urban environments and identities. MES 56's work utilizes the critical and humorous potential of the ludic to deal with the new urban realities and possibilities under democratic reform. I argue that artistic exception does not exclude but in some ways strengthens, and in other ways contradicts, reconnection with the everyday realities of Indonesian urban life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russia's need to modernize in order both to provide for its peoples and deliver on the ambitions of its rulers are perennial. The articles in this special edition speak to the difficulties that Russia has in modernizing and the hybridity that it demonstrates as modernization and economic development have been shaped by compromise and historical legacies. This introductory article introduces some of these themes by looking at how Russia has reproduced forms of what are called 'regime-supporting economy', forms of economy that generate resources to support particular political configurations in power whilst limiting resource accumulation, redistribution and institution-building that can deal with all of the tasks that face the Russian state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article charts the trajectory of Putin's economic policy. All countries face the challenge of preserving national interests and identity while reaping the benefits of global economic integration. These pressures are particularly acute in the case of Russia, given its historical legacy as a global superpower. From the outset, Putin's pragmatic embrace of global integration and market incentives was in tension with his authoritarian centralization of power at home and hostility towards the West abroad. Up until 2008, Putin was able to keep these two conflicting worldviews, and rival policy teams, in balance. But after 2012, geopolitical confrontation won out over economic development, culminating in the reckless invasion of Ukraine in February 2022. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The success of Mauritius as an economy, despite a rather dismal prediction by Nobel Prize recipient James Meade in 1961, has been appealing to many local and international researchers who have written extensively the subject. However, what role have the Constitution of Mauritius and the broad notions of constitutionalism played in this economic success have been critical questions that have been left unanswered. The article discusses firstly how, despite the Mauritian Constitution not being one which is economy-oriented in a direct way, has contributed immensely through the concept of constitutionalism. Secondly, the role of constitutionalism and its impact on the Mauritian economy is also assessed with particular reference to the three arms of government and the judiciary. Finally, the article argues that, as a way forward and to further bolster the Mauritian economy, it is essential now for the Constitution to directly devote a chapter on economic development through relevant and necessary amendments. The main argument to this proposition is that enshrining the concept, methods, and directions that the economy should take in the Constitution confers more constitutional protection and guarantees that no regressive measures are allowed in future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quadruple collaboration has risen rapidly in place of the traditional triple helix model of institutional collaboration between universities, governments, and companies. Loet Leydesdorff and Helen Lawton Smith (2022) approach this challenge by aiming to resolve the issue of evaluating and analyzing various quadruple and n-tuple helices. This article seeks to recognize the increasing complexity of new and developing issues in quadruple and n-tuple helices as a response to their research. Higher order helices raise a number of important scientific difficulties, including conceptual and practical issues. The goal of this contribution is to highlight some of the major challenges involved with researching multiple helixes in terms of knowledge innovation, as well as to offer some alternative areas for future research on n-tuple helices measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article investigates the relationship between economic growth and changing class structures in Indonesia over the last century, with particular emphasis on the post-independence decades. Investigations carried out in the colonial era found that access to land and to government employment were crucial determinants of both income and social status. After 1950, these factors continued to be important, but in addition some studies also examined the growth of the private sector outside agriculture and its implications for changing social stratification among indigenous Indonesians. In recent times, contributions to the literature on the middle class have been made by international agencies (such as the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank). These studies have defined the middle class in terms of household income or expenditures and have argued that the middle class in Indonesia is growing and is now larger than the number of people living in poverty. The implications of this for future government policies are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]