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This paper investigates a neglected reason underlying the low female labor participation rates in Egypt: husbands' opposition. We find that opposition falls with increasing levels of educational attainment and chronological age of the husband. Age at first marriage, religious affiliation, wealth, and the extent to which a husband upholds traditional views regarding the participation of women in the labor market and gender equality in general were not significant. We also report an inverse relationship between the likelihood of husband's opposition and the number of children in the household, which suggests that financial considerations may outstrip normative considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Praehistorische Zeitschrift is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Monitoring the changes in mortality patterns and levels requires studying mortality models and measures of lifespan length and variation. Measures of lifespan length and variation can be obtained from life tables or from mortality modes. In this paper, measures of lifespan length and variation are presented for mixture model introduced by Zanotto, L., V. Canudas-Romo, and S. Mazzuco. 2021. "A Mixture-Function Mortality Model: Illustration of the Evolution of Premature Mortality." European Journal of Population 37 (1): 1–27. This was applied to the case of Egypt for males and females in the period 1950–2021. The mixture model was able to fit Egypt's mortality pattern well for both males and females. The calculated measures of lifespan length and variation show that there is an increasing longevity and a declining variation of age at death distribution across time for both males and females. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The following paper studies the much-debated term politikoi nomoi ('civil laws'), as recorded in P.Gur. 2.44–45 = Sel.Pap. II 256 = CPJ I 19 (226 BCE, Crocodilopolis). The term is used here in the context of a diagramma, which allows the consideration in court of the politikoi nomoi – a body of law subsidiary to royal legislation, applicable whenever matter at dispute is not addressed by the latter. I argue that the term is used here for the designation of city laws of Alexandria. In P.Gur. 2, in a case heard by Greek dikasts outside Alexandria, the diagramma is introduced in order to allow one of the litigants to draw upon the Alexandrian dikê erêmos. However, it is quite plausible that in its original context of conception, the diagramma was meant to serve as guideline in Alexandrian courts of law only, not elsewhere in Egypt. Its usurpation, and ultimate admission by non-Alexandrian dikasts is indicative of the proliferation of Alexandrian laws and regulations in Ptolemaic Egypt at large. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the world oil price pass-through to Egypt's domestic inflation rate. The paper adopts the augmented Phillips curve framework and further extends it to consider the growing body of empirical evidence, suggesting that oil prices may have asymmetric effects on inflation. Accordingly, the paper examines and compares the symmetric and the asymmetric oil price pass-through to domestic inflation in the short run and the long run. A linear ARDL-ECM and the bounds cointegration tests are applied as well as a nonlinear asymmetric NARDL model and Wald tests for short-run and long-run asymmetries. The sample consists of quarterly data covering the period from 2001 Q3 to 2019 Q2. The results show that, in the short run, the pass-through of world oil prices to the Egyptian domestic inflation rate is symmetric and of small magnitude. However, on the long-run, oil price pass-through to inflation appears to be nonlinear and asymmetric, specifically, declining oil prices lead to a fall in domestic inflation that is more significant than the rise in inflation caused by rising oil prices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For almost a century, several Egyptian comedies have set up cringe-worthy power-sensitive encounters between struggling low-paid teachers and spoiled rich and powerful students, often leading to negative portrayals of teachers and student-teacher relationship. One play, Madraset el-Moshaghbeen 'School of the Rowdies' (1971), has long been held accountable for student misconduct across the country. A 2008 film with a loosely similar theme, RamaDan Mabrouk Abul-Alamein Hamouda, has received a much warmer welcome as a harmless light comedy. This paper brings these two comedies into focus and probes into the management of cringe in filmic text based on the Benign-Violation Theory of humor as well as Baldry and Thibault's (2006. Multimodal transcription and text analysis: A multimedia toolkit and coursebook with associated on-line course. Equinox) Multimodal Transcription Model. Optimizing for the four dimensions of psychological distance (temporal, social, spatial, and hypothetical) would help control the benignity of embarrassing violations and free the audience to enjoy the humor. Alternatively, minimizing psychological distance would evoke audience empathy with the violated teacher character and may block audience amusement. Audience reactions through the comment field on strategic clips from the film and play on YouTube would reveal whether a cringe-inducing scene has evoked amusement, vicarious embarrassment, or both. The paper proposes an inventory of the features that would contribute to adjusting psychological distance to achieve the desired effect. These features intersect with the four dimensions of psychological distance, narrative and stylistic choices, as well as the multimodal affordances of filmic and embodied expressions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the January 2011 revolution, Egyptian artists had the opportunity to express their ideas more openly. One of the major productions that started in 2011 in Egypt was TokTok, a comic magazine for adults. During the period of 2011–2015, TokTok issued fifteen issues that incorporated a collection of comics and comic strips created by different Egyptian artists. The purpose of this paper is to explore whether cringe humor has been an integral part of the drawings and stories presented in TokTok and how this type of humor reflected the socio-cultural and political scene in Egypt during that period. For this paper, Kress and Van Leeuwen's (2006. Reading images: The grammar of visual design. Routledge) model of multimodal analysis was applied to selected comics from the fifteen issues of TokTok to investigate possible elements of cringe humor as depicted in this Egyptian graphic magazine. Major results show that elements of cringe humor are not evident in all analyzed comics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper argues, in contrast to some previous scholarship, that debt bondage was not practiced in Egypt's Late Period (c. 8th–5th centuries BC). The phenomena of self-sales into slavery and the inclusion of children in lists of security in loan contracts have been offered as evidence of debt bondage in past studies: in the former, arguing that self-sales were a means to satisfy debts; in the latter, that seizure of children into bondage was precipitated by default on a debt. But there is no evidence for these manifestations of debt bondage in practice. In an examination of all relevant self-sales and loan contracts of the period, it can be shown that in no case was a person seized for security or in distraint, and that self-sales did not occur specifically as a result of debtor default. In practice, creditors likely pursued punitive measures such as fine or high interest rather than the potentially expensive and troublesome seizure of debtors. The conditional clauses regarding seizure or distraint reflected in loan documents must thus be regarded as notional rather than actionable, more representative of the social rather than financial capital at stake when one defaulted on a debt. Excluding debt bondage from the Egyptian socio-economic landscape of the period opens the discussion to the implications for social practice, family life, and credit systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The origin of Libyan Desert Glass (LDG) found in the western parts of Egypt close to the Libyan border is debated in planetary science. Two major theories of its formation are currently competing: (1) melting by airburst and (2) formation by impact-related melting. While mineralogical and textural evidence for a high-temperature event responsible for the LDG formation is abundant and convincing, minerals and textures indicating high shock pressure have been scarce. This paper provides a nanostructural study of the LDG, showing new evidence of its high-pressure and high-temperature origin. We mainly focused on the investigation of Zr-bearing and phosphate aggregates enclosed within LDG. Micro- and nanostructural evidence obtained with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are spherical inclusions of cubic, tetragonal, and orthorhombic (Pnma or OII) zirconia after zircon, which indicate high-pressure, high-temperature decomposition of zircon and possibly, melting of ZrO2. Inclusions of amorphous silica and amorphous Al-phosphate with berlinite composition (AlPO4) within mosaic whitlockite and monazite aggregates point at decomposition and melting of phosphates, which formed an emulsion with SiO2 melt. The estimated temperature of the LDG melts was above 2750 °C, approaching the point of SiO2 boiling. The variety of textures with different degrees of quenching immediately next to each other suggests an extreme thermal gradient that existed in LDG through radiation cooling. Additionally, the presence of quenched orthorhombic OII ZrO2 provides direct evidence of high-pressure (>13.5 GPa) conditions, confirming theory 2, the hypervelocity impact origin of the LDG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper compares two areas of Egypt and Khorāsān in post-Islamic era regarding the loss and maintenance of their mother tongues. While in Egypt, Coptic was gradually removed from both formal and colloquial usages, in Khorāsān, Persian (Farsi or Parsi Dari), though was out of official and governmental services for more than two centuries, was able to finally maintain its status. The most important reason found behind this difference can be attributed to the independence seeking movements in Khorāsān (e.g. Sho'ūbieh), leading to the establishment of the first post-Islamic independent Iranian governments who supported the revival of Iranian culture and the maintenance of Persian language. Secondly, the migration of Arab tribes and the Arabization of the conquered societies were more successful in Egypt compared to Eastern Iran, which changed the demographic composition of Egypt. Moreover, the role of Persian-speaking epic poets, the social class of dihgāns in Iranian society and the fact that Coptic was not as old a language as Persian are other important reasons. It is argued that language maintenance can happen better in cases where top–down governmental and institutional support exists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The paper proposes a chronology for the Egyptian economy by detecting phases of expansions and recessions during the period (2002–2019). It examines the cyclical behavior of variables that are considered potentially useful in measuring or predicting aggregate economic activity. To do so, we combine the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) approach together with time series analysis techniques to select the variables best suitable to play the role of coincident and leading indicators. This methodology is found to be the most appropriate when there is no well-established reference chronology as a benchmark for the cyclical analysis, which is the case of Egypt. As a result, two composite indexes are constructed: 1) the composite index of coincident economic indicators (CEI), which can be considered an adequate measure for the Egyptian business cycle; 2) the composite index of leading economic indicators (LEI) that shows good performance in anticipating aggregate economic activity in Egypt. Moreover, the empirical results indicate that total employment, consumption, and investment move coincidently with the reference cycle, while exchange rate and interest rate variables lead the reference cycle and have strong predictive power for economic activity in Egypt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic impacts of COVID-19 were negative across nations but with different degrees depending on the timing, degree of containment measures and the extent of dependency on the world economy. Moreover, the policy response has been heterogeneous across different countries, but mainly addressing urgent and short-term problems without addressing the structural problems that led to the vulnerability of these countries in crisis times. Thus, the objective of this paper is threefold. First, it distinguishes between the supply and demand effects of COVID-19. Second, we examine the key differences between the short and long terms effects of the policies that were adopted. Finally, we modify the model to include the informal labor that was highly affected by the pandemic, and we relax the assumption of perfect competition and replicate the simulations under an imperfect competitive framework in order to see how reforms pertaining to competition policies can alter the adopted policies. To do so, we use a dynamic CGE model calibrated on the Egyptian Social Accounting Matrix of 2014/2015. Our findings show how the Egyptian economy has been relatively vulnerable to external shocks that affect its sources of foreign currency. Yet, most of the effects are temporary and vanish in the long run. Imperfect competition in commodity markets would increase the adverse effects of the pandemic and undermine the effectiveness of public policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focusses on the so-called "Pan-Grave" archaeological culture, and the extent to which communities attributed to it can or should be considered "marginal" based on the available archaeological and historical evidence. It will be argued that communities that archaeologists identify as "Pan-Grave" were likely to have been small and hence a minority in terms of population size, but that the wide distribution of evidence suggests that "Pan-Grave culture" was a recognisable component of the ancient Egyptian socio-cultural landscape. The frequency and variety of evidence for contact and exchange between the Pan-Grave and Egyptian cultural spheres points towards close social ties rather than Pan-Grave being marginal to the ancient Egyptian "core". At the same time, it is proposed that Pan-Grave culture—and Nubian cultures in general—have been marginalised by Egyptology as an academic discipline, which has a tradition of implicitly (and explicitly) using ancient rhetoric to justify its own conception of ancient Egyptian dominance. It is also argued that a re-framing of "Pan-Grave" communities as an integral part of the cultural fabric of pharaonic Egypt would encourage Egyptology as a discipline to question its own perception of what defines "Egyptian" from both ancient and academic perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When starting any GNSS measurements, there is a need to establish a survey plan with the required optimal baselines. The optimal GNSS baselines can be chosen by solving the geodetic second-order design (SOD). The particle swarm optimization PSO is used widely to solve geodetic design issues. This work employed the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, a stochastic global optimization method, to select the optimal GNSS baselines. The optimal baselines satisfy the set criterion matrix at a reasonable cost. The fundamentals of the algorithm are presented. The effectiveness and usefulness of the technique are then demonstrated using a Nile Delta GNSS network as an example. In some cases, we have to observe many GNSS benchmarks with limited instrumentations. PSO represents a powerful tool for optimizing baseline to get the required accuracy with limited capabilities (like limited receivers). The PSO algorithm, a stochastic global optimization approach, was used in this paper to find the best observation weights to measure in the field that will match the predetermined criterion matrix with a fair degree of precision. The method's fundamentals are presented with an actual geodetic network over the Nile delta in Egypt. In the current work, two survey strategies were applied. One represents a case with 9 GNSS receivers (high capability), and another one represents the tested survey plan with limited GNSS receivers (3 receivers, low capability) after applying PSO. By comparing two survey strategies, applying the PSO algorithm to a real Nile delta geodetic network shows its effectiveness on the obtained coordinate accuracy. This obtained accuracy ranged from 2 mm to 3 mm in X, Y, Z, and 3 mm in height. Also, the linear closure error between known and estimated coordinates improved to be 1.4 cm after applying PSO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late Roman Egypt, a woman of high-standing named Caesaria corresponded extensively with Severus of Antioch, a bishop who had relocated to Egypt in exile. A few complete letters from their correspondence survive, and many fragments are scattered in florilegia, in biblical catenae, and as quotations in other works. The present paper argues that a reading for the Thursday after Easter found in an Ethiopic homiliary for the season of Pentecost contains three genuine excerpts from their correspondence. These three excerpts discuss the origin of evil and the resurrection of the dead, drawing on both the biblical text as well as the writings of Gregory of Nyssa. The excerpts offer important information about Severus's correspondence with Caesaria as well as the circulation of early Christian writings in early Solomonic Ethiopia. An edition and translation of the excerpts follow in the appendices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Much has been written of the events concerning the Egyptian, Mittanian, and Hittite presence in the northern Levant during the so-called ʿAmārna Period. Decades of work from excellent scholars have established that the Egyptians elected two cities to be their "capitals" in the region, centres from where they could establish their control over the territory of modern Lebanon: Ṣumur on the ʿAkkār Plain, and Kumidi in the Biqāʿ (Beqaa) Valley. Many points remain relatively unclear, such as the succession of events in the region, the developments of war, and the reasons why the Egyptians decided to create a second centre in Kumidi, when they already controlled Ṣumur. This paper reanalyses the data at our disposal and reconstructs the diachronic succession of events related to the two centres, arguing that Kumidi became an Egyptian centre only after Ṣumur had fallen prey to Abdi-Aširta of Amurru. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amulets found in burial urns of the Carthaginian tophet are discussed in terms of frequency of occurrence, and the nature and chronology of their material composition. Amulets were added in only 31 % of the urns studied, exclusively to urns containing human remains, with glass, faience, gold and silver the most common materials used. Chemical analysis of a selection of glass and silver amulets identified the primary origin of raw materials used in their manufacture. The primary glass used for the tophet amulets has its origin in the Levant and/or Egypt, from at least two different production centers in those regions. This does not exclude the likely existence of local secondary workshops where primary glass was colored and shaped. The silver in the amulets shows a diachronic shift in raw materials usage, from western Mediterranean sources in the eighth and seventh centuries BCE to eastern Mediterranean sources (possibly combined with Iberian sources) in the sixth and fifth centuries. Some objects could be positively linked to sources in Laurion/Kea and Siphnos, while others may have derived from the mixing of ores or the recycling of older materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Neoproterozoic peridotites of Abu Dahr, Eastern Desert of Egypt, consist mainly of highly depleted harzburgites that have experienced multiple stages of serpentinization (lizarditization and antigoritization) and carbonation/listvenitization in a forearc environment. The Abu Dahr forearc harzburgites are more oxidized than oceanic mantle, with the oxygen fugacity (fO2) values ranging from FMQ+0.41 to FMQ+1.20 (average = +0.60 FMQ), and were equilibrated at temperatures of 910–1217 °C and pressures of 4.1–7.8 kbar. This study has documented for the first time the presence of various Ni-rich Ni-Fe (-Co) sulfide and metal phases along with Fe-oxides/oxyhydroxides in serpentinized-carbonated peridotites of the Abu Dahr forearc. Here I concentrate on the relationship between redox state and Fe-Ni-Co-O-S minerals with emphasis on the role of hydrothermal processes in upgrading magmatic sulfide tenors, desulfurization (sulfur-loss) of magmatic pentlandite and hydrothermal upgrading of the sulfide phases in Abu Dahr forearc environment. The minerals involved are high-Ni pentlandite (Fe4Ni5S8), cobaltian pentlandite (Fe3.47Ni4.78Co0.75S8), heazlewoodite (Fe0.07Ni2.93S2), godlevskite (Fe0.26Ni8.73Co0.01S8), millerite (Fe0.01Ni0.98Cu0.01S), awaruite (Ni75Fe21) and native Ni (Ni93Fe5), and nickeliferous magnetite and goethite. Chalcopyrite is a rare mineral; other Cu-phases, Fe-sulfides and Ni-arsenides/phosphides are not present. Texturally, Ni-sulfide and alloy minerals occur as interstitial disseminated blebs of either solitary phases or composite intergrowths with characteristic replacement textures, documenting strong variations in oxygen and sulfur fugacities (fO2-fS2). Sulfide assemblages are divided into three main facies: (1) pentlandite-rich; (2) godlevskite-rich; and (3) millerite-rich. Textural relationships imply the following sequence: (a) primary pentlandite → cobaltian pentlandite, with partial replacement of the latter by awaruite and/or heazlewoodite along with magnetite; (b) heazlewoodite is replaced by godlevskite, which in turns is replaced by millerite; (c) Ni-rich awaruite breaks down to millerite; and finally, (d) magnetite is completely replaced by goethite. The sulfide mineralogy reflects the magmatic and post-magmatic evolution of the complex. The primary magmatic processes gave rise to pentlandite, whereas the secondary Ni-sulfides together with the metallic alloys formed in response to changing fO2 and fS2 conditions associated with post-magmatic serpentinization and carbonation. Serpentinization-related Ni-Fe-Co remobilization from magmatic olivines resulted in; (1) upgrading the Ni-Co tenors of pre-existing primary pentlandite, and desulfidation to form low-sulfur sulfides (mainly heazlewoodite) and awaruite under extremely low fO2 and fS2 conditions; (2) in situ precipitation of secondary Ni-sulfides in the presence of extra sulfur as aqueous H2S derived from the desulfurization of magmatic pentlandite or native Ni when fS2 approaches 0; (3) transformation from low-sulfur pentlandite- and godlevskite-rich assemblages to the high-sulfur millerite-rich assemblages related to later carbonation with increasing fO2; and (4) partial dehydration of antigorite serpentinites under high-pressure conditions (>1 GPa) generated Ni-rich awaruite in equilibrium with the prograde assemblage antigorite-metamorphic olivine at higher fO2 and fS2 within subduction channel. The mineralogical, chemical, and thermal similarities with other serpentinite-related Ni-sulfides worldwide suggest that Ni minerals in the Fe-Ni-Co-O-S system record changing fO2 and fS2 during progressive serpentinization and carbonation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the aims and impact of Augustan social legislation from the perspective of documentary evidence from Roman Egypt. The extensive presence of the laws in an epitome of an Augustan rulebook for a fiscal procurator in Egypt (the so-called Gnomon of the Idios Logos, BGU V 1210, P. Oxy. XLII 3014), where their application extends to citizens of Greek cities, speaks for the Augustan marriage and manumission laws being part of a broader vision of social order in the Roman empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obschon Hadrians Reisen immer die Aufmerksamkeit der Forschung auf sich gezogen haben, machen neue Quellenfunde eine neue, gründliche Untersuchung der kaiserlichen Route, aber auch von Hadrians Absichten und Ziele nötig; auch die Reaktionen der Provinzialen erscheinen so in neuem Licht. Zunächst werden Kriterien für einen persönlichen Besuch des Kaisers in den Provinzen erarbeitet, um vor diesem Hintergrund neugefundene Inschriften und Münzen in den historischen Kontext einzuordnen. Im Folgenden wird die Route, die der kaiserliche Tross 131 von Ägypten über Syrien und das westliche Kleinasien nach Nordgriechenland genommen hat, diskutiert; in diesem Zusammenhang ist die Gründung des Antinoos-Kultes ebenso von besonderer Bedeutung wie die Frage nach den Gründen von Hadrians Beliebtheit unter den Provinzialen. Obschon dieser Teil der Reise bisher als besonders schlecht dokumentiert galt, schließt sich nun die Lücke zwischen dem bekannten Besuch des Kaisers in Ägypten und seinem letzten Aufenthalt in Athen. Summary: Though Hadrian's travels have been subjects to several studies, newly found sources demand a re-examination of the emperor's routes, aims, and actions as well as the provincials' responses. The aim of this article is two-fold: On a general level, it establishes firm criteria for a personal visit of an emperor in the provinces. Against this background, recently found inscriptions and coins are thoroughly discussed. Focusing on the route Hadrian and his entourage took from Egypt via Syria and Western Asia Minor to Northern Greece in 131 A.D., the article not only stresses Hadrian's popularity among the provincials, but also shows how Hadrian personally aimed at founding a cult for Antinoos in the Eastern Mediterranean. As this journey has been regarded as the "most obscure" of Hadrian's travels, this article closes a gap between Hadrian's famous, well-studied trip to Egypt and his final stay at Athens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In the current study, the accuracy of airborne gravity data is evaluated based on the most recent Global Geopotential Models (GGM) and terrestrial gravity data to find out to what extent these data are acceptable to be used in multi-applications (e. g., geodesy and geophysics). To achieve this goal, the remove-compute-restore (RCR) scheme, upward, and downward continuation operational methods (least square collocation and fast Fourier transform procedures) are applied. The airborne gravity data had been acquired by the Egyptian Nuclear Material Authority (ENMA) in the central-western desert for geological applications. Firstly, three GGMs models (EGM2008, EIGEN-6C4 and XGM2019e up to various degrees) are used to compare with the free-air airborne gravity anomaly, The EGM2008 model up to degree 720 produces the smallest mean and STD difference values with 2.59 and 3.07 mGal, respectively. The terrestrial gravity data are compared with the airborne gravity anomaly at both flight and ground levels. In-flight level, the terrestrial gravity data are upward continued to the flight level and compared with the airborne gravity anomaly. The statistical results show that the mean and STD differences are about 4.2 and 0.75 mGal, respectively. While in-ground level evaluation, two operational techniques are used to downward continue the airborne gravity data (Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Least Squares Collocation (LSC)). The combined Satellite model EGM2008 up to degree 720 and SRTM 30 m are used to remove and restore the long and short-wavelength information. It is observed that the collocation gives better statistical results than FFT with mean and STD difference values are about 3.13 and 1.13 and mGal, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript explores the divergence of the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) estimated from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements using global, regional, and International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) models over low to high latitude regions during various magnetic activity. The VTEC is estimated using a territorial network consisting of 7 GNSS stations in Egypt and 10 GNSS stations from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Global network. The impact of magnetic activity on VTEC is investigated. Due to the deficiency of IGS receivers in north Africa and the shortage of GNSS measurements, an extra high interpolation is done to cover the deficit of data over North Africa. A MATLAB code was created to produce VTEC maps for Egypt utilizing a territorial network contrasted with global maps of VTEC, which are delivered by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE). Thus we can have genuine VTEC maps estimated from actual GNSS measurements over any region of North Africa. A Spherical Harmonics Expansion (SHE) equation was modelled using MATLAB and called Local VTEC Model (LVTECM) to estimate VTEC values using observations of dual-frequency GNSS receivers. The VTEC calculated from GNSS measurement using LVTECM is compared with CODE VTEC results and IRI-2016 VTEC model results. The analysis of outcomes demonstrates a good convergence between VTEC from CODE and estimated from LVTECM. A strong correlation between LVTECM and CODE reaches about 96 % and 92 % in high and low magnetic activity, respectively. The most extreme contrasts are found to be 2.5 TECu and 1.3 TECu at high and low magnetic activity, respectively. The maximum discrepancies between LVTECM and IRI-2016 are 9.7 TECu and 2.3 TECu at a high and low magnetic activity. Variation in VTEC due to magnetic activity ranges from 1–5 TECu in moderate magnetic activity. The estimated VTEC from the regional network shows a 95 % correlation between the estimated VTEC from LVTECM and CODE with a maximum difference of 5.9 TECu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The main function of Hellenistic queenship is increasingly understood as contributing to the definition of the basileus. The early Ptolemies produced the most peculiar version of the 'sister queen', known throughout the Near East as an ideological construct, but taken literally in Egypt from the time of Ptolemy II Philadelphos (285/282–246) and Arsinoe II Philadelphos (278/275–270), the 'Sibling-Lovers'. The most famous example of a 'virgin queen' is Berenike, the daughter of Ptolemy III Euergetes and Berenike II, best known from the Kanopos Decree, which regulated her posthumous cult (238). Often understood as a merely honorary title for some or potentially all princesses in Alexandria, the basilissa title of unmarried girls has found little scholarly attention so far. Altogether, there are surprisingly few royal daughters for whom we have clear evidence: besides the aforesaid Berenike, her sister Arsinoe III (died 204) and previously Berenike (later known as Phernophoros, died 246), the daughter of the Philadelphoi. Claims that Arsinoe II or her sister Philotera had enjoyed the same status at the court of Ptolemy I Soter (323–282) cannot be substantiated, so that their basilissa titles should be explained by marriage with a king. The phenomenon of virgin queenship was thus of limited duration. It is best interpreted as a ramification of an emphatically endogamous royal dynasty: Ptolemy II and Ptolemy III pledged their most distinguished daughter to the future successor even before he had been chosen from among his brothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the ionosphere delay, which has become the dominant GPS error source, it is crucial to remove the ionospheric effect before estimating point coordinates. Therefore, different agencies started to generate daily Global Ionosphere Maps (GIMs); the Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) values represented in GIMs produced by several providers can be used to remove the ionosphere error from observations. In this research, an analysis will be carried with three sources for VTEC maps produced by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE), Regional TEC Mapping (RTM), and the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). The evaluation is focused on the effects of a specific ionosphere GIM correction on the precise point positioning (PPP) solutions. Two networks were considered. The first network consists of seven Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers from (IGS) global stations. The selected test days are six days, three of them quiet, and three other days are stormy to check the influence of geomagnetic storms on relative kinematic positioning solutions. The second network is a regional network in Egypt. The results show that the calculated coordinates using the three VTEC map sources are far from each other on stormy days rather than on quiet days. Also, the standard deviation values are large on stormy days compared to those on quiet days. Using CODE and RTM IONEX file produces the most precise coordinates after that the values of IRI. The elimination of ionospheric biases over the estimated lengths of many baselines up to 1000 km has resulted in positive findings, which show the feasibility of the suggested assessment procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]