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In this paper, we propose a generic method based on publicly available data to design a master plan optimizing the number of coworking spaces to deploy in a given area, as well as their placements across the territory, with the goal of reducing the GHC emissions linked to car commuting. As a first step, we collect and preprocess population data to convert them into an exploitable form. Then we design a decision model that describes when a person would choose to work in a shared office, and which transport mode they would use. We finally perform an optimization to maximize the gains in terms of traveled distance using a linear solver and heuristic methods, and compare their respective effectiveness. The results are encouraging, since they show that using an optimized network computed with our method, we could reduce the total car commuting distance by 23%, which represents a reduction in carbon emissions of hundreds of tons per day at the scale of the studied use case region around Toulouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal energy storage (TES) in automotive applications is currently growing in importance. TES can visibly reduce primary energy consumptions, decrease CO 2 emission, and improve thermal comfort in electric as well as hybrid vehicles. However, to meet the new ambitious target (15% reduction of CO 2 emissions in the new cars until 2025) it is required to use plug-in electric vehicles. For this reason, this paper focuses on the optimization of key coil designing parameters. For the reference geometry, both experimental and CFD results have been presented. The optimization of coil geometrical parameters has been carried out based on numerical modelling. The prototype of TES is proposed as a honeycomb battery of individual modules. The results show that increasing the diameter and pitch of the coil decreases the melting and solidification time by 13.2% and 11.8% respectively for chosen geometry. CFD calculation has also been made for TES with a hexagonal geometry. The best results were obtained for the TES with a cylindrical shell. However, the results for the TES with hexagonal shell were, very similar (the difference was less than 1% of the share of the liquid phase). It is seen that presented coil optimization is also a good fit for TES with hexagonal shell geometry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two trends have shaped the European car market over the past decade: electrification and SUVisation. Recently, they have merged in a new product: the electric sport utility vehicle. This paper contrasts the view that regards this innovation as a technological solution to mitigate road transport emissions with a broader view that takes into account the battery requirement and profitability of such type of electric car. This broad view is formalised in a system dynamics model that captures the potential effects of supply side constraints. Four scenarios are simulated. The results show that the levels of CO 2 emissions of new cars are substantially reduced only in the one that assumes lower motorisation. Based on these simulations, the conclusion that the diffusion of electric sport utility vehicles does not necessarily contribute to mitigating car emissions in Europe is drawn. Less reliance on technology fixes, downsizing and reduced motorisation are identified as solutions worth investigating to meet ambitious climate goals. Further research on how vehicle manufacturers distribute batteries is needed. [Display omitted] • A novel system dynamics model of the new electric SUV market was developed. • Battery supply constraints considered as natural boundaries of road transport. • Four scenarios explored to simulate CO 2 emissions from cars in Europe. • Electric SUVs do not necessarily contribute to emissions mitigation. • Downsizing and lower motorisation are worth pursuing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to keep high fuel economy of diesel passenger cars, Diesel particulate filter (DPF) is periodically regenerated. In the regeneration process, extra fuel is injected into combustion chambers to achieve high exhaust temperature for the purpose of oxidizing particles accumulating on DPF substrate. It generates significant impacts on passenger car performance and exhaust emissions. In this paper, real-driving performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel car were tested over sixteen drivers under real-world conditions. DPF regeneration events were identified via exhaust temperature. Vehicle power output, fuel economy, and exhaust emissions in the trips both with and without DPF regeneration were analyzed. The results indicated that DPF regeneration events occurred in three of thirty-two test trips, and the maximum exhaust temperature was 250 °C during DPF regeneration. The DPF regeneration event led to the decrease of fuel economy and the increase of particle number, nitrogen oxides and carbon dioxides emission. Particle number emission factors were increased from approximately 109 #/km to 5 × 1010 #/km during DPF regeneration. The average power output of the car was in the range of 14.5 kW–15.6 kW and 15.8 kW–18.4 kW for the trips with and without DPF regeneration, respectively. However, Carbon monoxide emission factors were insensitive to DPF regeneration in the test trips. [Display omitted] • Maximum pipe-out exhaust temperature reached 250 °C in DPF regeneration process. • The drop in average torque and power output by DPF regeneration was observed. • The most significant increase in fuel economy was approximately 40% for specific trip. • PN emission factor was increased to 5 × 1010#/km if DPF was regenerated in given trips. • The increase in NO x emission factors by DPF regeneration was nearly 300%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]