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For the drag and heat flux reduction of hypersonic blunt body, a novel combinational spike-aerodisk and channel concept has been proposed. The high pressure air behind the bow shock flows into the channel at the head of the aerodisk, and then sprays out through the lateral jet in the middle of the spike. The Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the shear stress transport (SST) k - ω turbulence model have been employed to simulate the flow field. The numerical results reveal that compared with the spike-aerodisk, with the application of the channel, the lateral jet pushes the separated shock wave away from the spike. The range of the recirculation zone between the shear layer and the spike is increased, and the intensity of the reattached shock wave is significantly weakened, so the drag and heat flux reduction properties of the combinational configuration are significantly improved. The influences of the channel convergent half angle and lateral jet location on the flow field, drag and heat flux reduction properties are investigated thoroughly. When the channel convergent half angle is appropriate and the location of the lateral jet is close to the middle of the spike, the drag and heat flux reduction effect becomes better. Besides, with the increase of the Mach number and the decrease of the flying height, the drag and heat flux reduction performance become more significant. In the research range, the combinational configuration in which the convergent half angle is 60° and the lateral jet is located in the middle of the spike has a better overall effect of drag and heat flux reduction, and the effect reaches the best when the Mach number is 6 and the flying height is 20 km. Compared with the spike-aerodisk, the total drag coefficient of the configuration is reduced by 12.95%, and the peak value of Stanton number along the blunt body surface is reduced by 35.19%. • A novel combinational spike-aerodisk and channel concept was numerically investigated. • The combinational concept has better performance in both drag and heat flux reduction. • Effects of channel convergent half angle and lateral jet location on drag and heat flux reduction were studied. • Variation laws of drag and heat flux reduction under different Mach numbers and flight altitudes were analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shock drag and aeroheating are major problems faced by hypersonic vehicles. This study proposes a novel three-dimensional model combining spike-aerodisk with a bleed air channel featuring multiple lateral nozzles for drag and aeroheating reduction. The high-temperature and high-pressure air at the stagnation point of the aerodisk is introduced into the channel and ejected laterally through multiple nozzles to modify the flow field structure and reduce drag and aeroheating. In contrast to previous research employing a two-dimensional axisymmetric assumption, our innovation considers the structure of the exit nozzles and the spacing between nozzles. Due to multiple lateral nozzles, the connection thickness between nozzles can lead to asymmetric flow phenomena. Three-dimensional flow field simulation has been employed with the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations coupled with the shear stress transport (SST) k-ω turbulence model. The effects of the convergence half-angle of the channel inlet, the divergent angle of the nozzle, and the nozzle position on modifying the characteristics of the flow field are studied. Increasing the convergence half-angle of the channel inlet can further push away the reattachment shock, but when it exceeds 60°, the drag reduction performance degrades. Reducing the divergent angle of the nozzle and increasing the number of nozzles can reduce the drag coefficient and the peak value of the Stanton number. However, when the divergent angle is reduced to 10°, the performance of reducing drag and aeroheating is weakened. In the range of research parameters, when the convergence half-angle is 60°, the divergent angle is 15°, and the nozzles are located in the middle of the spike, compared with the plain spike-aerodisk model, the drag coefficient and peak Stanton number of the combined model are further reduced by 17.8 % and 34.8 %, respectively. Our findings confirm that a multi-nozzle can effectively reduce drag and aeroheating while the channel structure is viable in practice. • A new model of lateral jet without gas source is studied by 3-D numerical simulation. • The gas for the lateral jet is coupled with the outside flow. • A distribution form of multiple lateral nozzles is proposed. • A realistic 3-D simulation is conducted, enhancing its practical applicability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By slotting an inlet at the head of the aerodisk, a channel through the spike, and the lateral jet outlet at the middle of the spike, the blunt body with spike-aerodisk can further reduce its aeroheating and drag. In this paper, the numerical simulation method was used to analyze the flow field structure of this spike-aerodisk-channel, the effects of the spike length, the aerodisk diameter, and the channel diameter on the drag and aeroheating performance of this spike-aerodisk-channel configuration were studied. In general, the lateral jet introduced by the channel from the stagnation region of the aerodisk leads to the shear layer separation in advance, pushes the separation shock away from the spike, enlarges the recirculation zone near the blunt body, avoids the interaction between the separation shock and the reattachment shock, increases the distance from the reattachment shock to the surface of the blunt body. The reattachment shock strength of the blunt body is weakened. With increased spike length and channel diameter, drag and aeroheating reduction are improved. With the increase of the diameter of the aerodisk, the aeroheating performance is improved, but the drag reduction performance continues to decline. Compared with the plain spike-aerodisk, the spike-aerodisk-channel is generally conducive to further drag and aeroheating reduction. In the range of research parameters, considering the effect of drag and aeroheating reduction and the structural feasibility, the spike-aerodisk-channel has the best drag and aeroheating reduction performance when the spike length is twice the blunt-body diameter, the ratio of the aerodisk diameter to the blunt-body diameter is 0.3, and the ratio of the channel diameter to the blunt-body diameter is 0.075. Compared with the plain spike-aerodisk of the same size, the aeroheating reduction efficiency is increased by 37.9%, and the drag reduction efficiency is increased by 16.0%. • Drag and aeroheating reduction mechanism of the spike-aerodisk and channel concept under hypersonic conditions was investigated by the numerical simulation. • Three influence factors were analyzed and compared comprehensively. • Combined spike-aerodisk and channel concept is a promising drag and aeroheating reduction technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sichuan-Tibet Railway traverses the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau in China, where giant landslides occur frequently and densely. Accurately assessing the velocity, runout distance, and influenced area of the potential landslides is one of the nonnegligible scientific and technical issues. This study establishes a dynamic model for the landslide runout assessment along the Sichuan-Tibet Railway. The proposed model is based on the shallow water theory and takes into account the mechanism that the friction is weakening with the increase of velocity, the finite difference method is used to solve the governing equations, and the ideal one-dimensional dam break experiment was used to verify the shock-capturing capacity of the numerical methods. The Lagang ancient landslide, only 500 m away from the Jiacha Station of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway, represents the typical environment and development pattern of landslides in this region. Therefore, the proposed model is applied to discuss its effects on the landslide dynamic process and deposit patterns. Besides, 75 sets of numerical experiments were further carried out to explore the sensibility of the three parameters including peak friction coefficient μ p , steady friction coefficient μ s , and critical velocity V c in this model. The results indicate that μ s determine the lower limit of the friction coefficient, which significantly impacts the landslide runout distance; μ p is mainly acting at the initial and final stage and has less influence on the landslide dynamic. By contrast, V c is the most significant. When the V c is small, the landslide can quickly reach the threshold velocity after the initial, and the dynamic process has a small correlation with the μ p ; when the V c is large, the landslide is difficult to reach the threshold, and the mobility will be limited. It should be noted that the materials, lithology, strength, and micro-cracks of landslides mass formed under the special geological, geomorphic, and climatic conditions in this region may affect the input values when using the friction weakening model on landslides risk assessment. • Established a numerical method for landslide risk assessment in the Sichuan-Tibet railway area • The parameters sensitivity of the resistance weakening model was discussed based numerical tests • Provides a calibration basis and range for the parameters required to apply the model [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• PEMFC of zigzagged flow field configuration with contrary arrangement is simulated. • Detailed characteristics of the flow field configuration are investigated. • The PEMFC performance is significantly improved in high current density regions. • Quantitative analysis reveals the flow field configuration improves oxygen transport. • Uniformity index analyses find the flow field makes key quantities more uniform. Flow field configuration of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is crucial to its performance enhancement because it determines the distribution of reactants and reaction products. This paper numerically investigates a zigzag flow field with a contrary anode/cathode arrangement (ZFFCA). First, a three-dimensional numerical model is developed and validated against the published experimental data of a PEMFC that operates under low-humidity conditions. Then, the behavior of the contrary arrangement design is analyzed and compared with the zigzag parallel flow field (ZPFF) and straight parallel flow field (SPFF) designs. The model predictions show that the ZFFCA and ZPFF flow field designs provide more uniform distributions of oxygen, water content, temperature, and current density compared to the SPFF design, while the ZFFCA configuration is found to exhibit the most uniform distributions. More importantly, besides the enhanced transport along the flow direction in-between the underneath-land and underneath-channel regions in zigzag-shaped channels, the ZFFCA configuration is found to further reduce the mass transport resistance of reactants and boost up the heat/mass transfer rates. Additionally, the findings show that the positive effects of the ZFFCA configuration can further increase under higher relative humidity and larger operating pressure conditions, indicating that the ZFFCA design might be a more advanced option for the PEMFC stacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]