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Prevailing attitudes toward migration describe citizens' preferences towards non-native inhabitants and fulfill a key role in socio-economics as antecedents of citizens' behaviors. According to literature, the fear (or lack of fear) of labor-market competition between natives and migrants may shape attitudes, especially those of low-skilled workers. In this comprehensive framework, we contribute to the literature by looking into a new aspect that shapes attitudes toward migration: urbanization. Employing data from round 1 to round 9 of the European Social Survey covering the time span 2002–2018, this paper analyzes the trend of attitudes toward migration, focusing on the effects of urbanization as a direct determinant of attitudes toward migration as a moderator of education. Urbanization typically affects attitudes toward migrants both directly and indirectly, interacting with individuals' education, which is used to distinguish high-skilled and low-skilled workers. Results support the hypothesis that people living in the rural areas display more negative attitudes toward migration, and this effect is more substantial for low-skilled workers. • According to literature, the fear of labor-market competition between natives and migrants shapes workers' attitudes, especially low-skilled workers'. • We analyzed data from round 1 to round 9 of the European Social Survey from 2002 to 2018. • Urbanization affects attitudes toward migrants directly and indirectly, typically interacting with individuals' education. • People in rural areas have more unfavorable attitudes toward migration that are tougher for low-skilled workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• I study the causal effect of education on traditional gender-role attitudes. • Traditional gender-role attitudes are correlated with several socio-economic outcomes. • I use compulsory schooling laws in Europe as an instrument for education. • Individuals with highly educated parents are not affected by these reforms. • Education reduces the probability of agreeing with the traditional role of women. Many studies report a strong correlation between gender role attitudes and the economy. Determining which factors are affecting them is crucial to avoid negative consequences. This paper identifies the causal relationship between education and traditional gender role attitudes. I use data from the European Social Survey for 14 European countries, along with a quasi-experimental approach that exploits exogenous variation in compulsory schooling across countries and year of birth. I find that for women from a poor family background, education reduces the probability of agreeing with traditional gender norms in more than 11 percentage points. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]