Search

This work reports the development of low-cost and rapid multiplexed colorimetric assay of antioxidants (total phenolics, antioxidant capacity, flavonoids and anthocyanins) in wines at daisy-shaped fluidic paper-based analytical devices (PADs). The desired fluidic patterns were formed on paper by pen drawing and colorimetric reagents were immobilized at the 6 peripheral test zones. The sample was added at the central sample zone, migrated to the test zones and reacted with the immobilized reagents producing characteristic colors that were captured and analyzed. The paper-based approach was applied to the analysis of several wine samples and the results were statistically correlated to standard solution-based colorimetric assays, indicating that it could be reliably used for ranking wines according to their antioxidants content. In addition, the paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [Display omitted] • Daisy-shaped paper-based analytical devices (PADs) were fabricated by pen drawing. • The PADs were used for a sextuple antioxidant/phenolics/anthocyanins/flavonoids assay. • Reagents were added to the 6 peripheral test zones and sample was added to the central sample zone. • The results of the assay for 18 wines correlated well with those of solution-based assays (R2 > 0.97). • The paper-based analytical methodology is simple, instrument-free, portable, cost-effective, rapid and environment friendly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, a low-cost, disposable, and portable lab-on-paper device is proposed to simultaneously quantify total polyphenol content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity (AOC) in 15 min; the assay requires no pre-treatment of the samples. The lab-on-paper device fabrication has been carried out employing a xurography-based benchtop microfabrication technology using low-cost materials as chromatography paper and polymeric sheets. Extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) phenolic compounds' represents a nutritional added value, nevertheless, the high lipidic content hinders their direct and rapid analysis, resulting in an extremely challenging sample. The realized lab-on-paper allows to perform the dual TPC and AOC determination in three simple steps: (i) sample loading, (ii) analytes transport to the analysis spot, and (iii) double colorimetric analysis exploiting the growth of AuNPs and AgNPs on paper mediated by phenolic compounds. Signal acquisition is achieved using a standard digital camera. The dual colorimetric assay is able to detect phenolic compounds in the 25–500 mg L−1 range with limits of detection ≤6 mg L−1 and good reproducibility (RSDs ≤11%). Direct analysis of EVOO samples (n = 30) correlated well (r > 0.92) with conventional spectrophotometric methods for TPC and AOC determination. [Display omitted] • A dual read-out colorimetric lab-on-a-paper device has been fabricated. • Benchtop technologies and office-grade sources were used to produce the device. • The device allows direct simultaneous phenols and antioxidant capacity analysis. • The device allowed reliable extraction-free analysis of 30 olive oil samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a novel paper-based chemiluminescence (CL) assay is reported using a smartphone readout for on-site and reliable analytical applications. The CL system was based on the high-performance improving effect of cobalt-imidazole metal-organic framework (CoMOF) on luminol-hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) CL emission. The CoMOF was grown on paper and used as a support for the CL reaction, which led to an intense CL emission and good reproducibility. More importantly, the stability of luminol, as the CL reagent, was greatly improved in the presence of CoMOF. This high stability, along with the high-yield CL emission, makes the device highly suitable for commercialization. Furthermore, using a smartphone as the detector for the developed device made the process easier and more accessible for public usage. In this work, the new paper-based CL smartphone device was used for the detection of the total phenolic content of food samples. Phenolic compounds (PC) are hydroxyl radical scavengers that can effectively quench the CL emission of the luminol–H 2 O 2 –CoMOF system. After optimizing the reaction conditions, the system could detect PC at the μg mL−1 level. Detection limits of 0.12, 0.28, 0.46, 0.85, and 1.23 μg mL−1 were obtained for gallic acid, quercetin, catechin, kaempferol, and caffeic acid, respectively. This work is the first report on the practical application of smartphone CL assays for the estimation of PC. The proposed assay is an easy-to-use, low-cost, portable, and suitable assay for on-site screening purposes. [Display omitted] • Efficient improving effect of a Cobalt MOF (CoMOF) on luminol-H 2 O 2 CL emission. • Direct synthesis of CoMOF on the paper to improve the reproducibility of CL signal. • Development of a simple paper-based CL analytical device with a smartphone readout. • The great advantages of the device make it suitable for public usage. • Application of the new smartphone assay to measure the total phenolic content of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of chemiluminescence (CL) sensing strategy with multiple-parameters for discrimination of small molecules remains a great challenge. Herein, a multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of five antioxidants, including dopamine, catechin, cysteine, glutathione, and thioctic acid was presented. Firstly, multilayer paper chips modified with luminol-Co(II), luminol-fluorescein-Co(II), and luminol-rhodamine B-Co(II) that can produce strong blue, green and purple colored light emission, respectively, via CL and CL resonance energy transfer (CRET) reactions were fabricated. The presence of antioxidants exhibits different inhibition or enhancement effect on the CL reactions, creating unique multicolor CL response pattern to each antioxidant. The red (R), green (G), and blue (B) channel split from the purple, green and blue CL image, respectively, generate cross-reactive sensing parameters for the discrimination of the five antioxidants. The distinct R, G, and B values of the CL images to each antioxidant are created as analytical fingerprints to identify five antioxidants by using principal component analysis and hierarchical cluster analysis. Satisfied results were obtained for discrimination antioxidant mixtures and spiked antioxidants in serum samples. Identification of 10 unknown samples resulted in 100% accuracy. This work presents the first example of multicolor CL sensing strategy for the discrimination of small molecules. • Paper chips that can produce blue, green and purple CL emissions were fabricated. • A multicolor CL sensing strategy for discrimination of antioxidants was developed. • Dopamine, catechin, cysteine, glutathione and thioctic acid were discriminated. • First multicolor CL sensing array for discrimination of small molecules was reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthetic antioxidants were used here to control the corrosion of iron gall ink in papers. • Optimum amount of each antioxidant was determined using the electrochemical method. • BHA alone and in combination with BHT and TBHQ showed the best performance. Iron gall ink is one of the oldest inks used in many countries. Acid hydrolysis and oxidation are two important factors in the corrosion of iron gall ink, which cause the degradation of cellulose. Antioxidants can control the oxidation process by scavenging the radicals. In this study, three synthetic antioxidants (butylated hydroxyl anisole (BHA), butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT), and tert‑butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ)) used in the food industry were selected to control the oxidation of iron ink in cellulose papers. The effectiveness of these antioxidants in reducing paper degradation was studies individually and in combination with each other. The long-term effect of these antioxidants on paper samples was evaluated after accelerated aging by heat and moisture, and the changes occurring during aging were studied by measuring the tensile strength, pH, color, and oxidation rate of the paper samples. To control the acid hydrolysis together with oxidation process, inked paper samples were deacidified before coating them with antioxidants. The results show the positive effect of these antioxidants on the control of iron gall ink corrosion. Among these antioxidants, BHA alone and in combination with other antioxidants (BHA+BHT+TBHQ) and (BHA+TBHQ) showed better performance in preserving paper samples and BHT shows the lowest effect on control the degradation processes in paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonum cuspidatum Sieb. et Zucc. is mainly distributed in Shanxi, Gansu, and Sichuan province of China. It is also found in Korea and Japan. Its dried roots and rhizomes are used as medicinal herbs and have been used to treat hyperglycemia and various inflammatory disorders. This paper aims to provide an up-to-date review of the developments in the studies involving the extraction and purification, structure analysis, pharmacological effects, and potential applications of polysaccharides obtained from Polygonum cuspidatum. Additionally, the possible future research directions of this plant are discussed. This article used " Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide (PCP)" and " Polygonum cuspidatum " as the keywords and gathered relevant data on Polygonum cuspidatum using electronic databases (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. Excluding irrelevant and repetitive documents, 278 documents were finally included, of which 88 were in Chinese and 190 were in English. The CiteSpace software was used to visualize the trends and keywords in this research field. We concluded that the main extraction methods for Polygonum cuspidatum polysaccharide are water extraction and alcohol precipitation, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microjet extraction. High-performance liquid chromatography and column chromatography are also commonly used in the separation and purification of PCP. PCP has antitumor, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and antioxidant effects. This paper provides an updated and deeper understanding of PCP, serving as a theoretical foundation for the further optimization of polysaccharide structures and the development of PCP as a novel functional material for clinical application. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, a biopolymer obtained from agricultural/forestry residues or paper pulping wastewater, is rich in aromatic structure, which is central to its adoption as a candidate to natural antioxidants. Through insight into its structural features from biomass, different functional groups would influence lignin antioxidant activity, wherein phenolic content is the most important factor, hence massive studies have focused on its improvement via different pretreatments and post-processing methods. Besides, lignin nanoparticles and chemical modifications are also efficient methods to improve antioxidant activity via increasing free content and decreasing bond dissociation enthalpy of phenolic hydroxyl. Lignin samples exhibit comparable radicals scavenging ability to commercial ones, showing their potential as renewable alternatives of synthesized antioxidants. Besides, their applications have also been discussed, which demonstrates lignin potential as an inexpensive antioxidant additive and consequent improvements on multiple functionalities. This review is dedicated to summarize lignin antioxidants extracted from biomass resources, methods to improve their antioxidant activity and their applications, which is beneficial for realizing lignin valorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dryopteris crassirhizoma Nakai., a commonly used herb, is known as "Guan Zhong" in China, "Oshida" in Japan and "Gwanjung" in Korea. It has long been used for parasitic infestation, hemorrhages and epidemic influenza. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma. Besides, possible trends, therapeutic potentials, and perspectives for future research of this plant are also briefly discussed. Relevant information on traditional use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma was collected through published materials and electronic databases, including the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. 109 papers included in the article and we determined that no major information was missing after many checks. All authors participated in the review process for this article and all research paper are from authoritative published materials and electronic databases. 130 chemical components, among which phloroglucinols are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from D. crassirhizoma. D. crassirhizoma with its bioactive compounds is possessed of extensive biological activities, including anti-parasite, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, bone protective, immunomodulatory, anti-platelet and anti-hyperuricemia activity. Besides, D. crassirhizoma has special toxicology and pharmacokinetics characterization. D. crassirhizoma is a traditional Chinese medicine having a long history of application. This review mainly summarized the different chemical components extract from D. crassirhizoma and various reported pharmacological effects. Besides, the toxicology and pharmacokinetics of D. crassirhizoma also be analysed in this review. However, the chemical components of D. crassirhizoma are understudied and require further research to expand its medicinal potential, and it is urgent to design a new extraction scheme, so that the active ingredients can be obtained at a lower cost. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morels (Morchella spp.), which are cultivated only in a few regions of the world, are edible mushrooms known for their various properties including antioxidation, immune regulation, antiinflammation, and antitumor effects. Polysaccharides from Morchella are principally responsible for its antioxidant activity. This paper reviews the extraction, purification, structural analysis and antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs), providing updated research progress. Meanwhile, the structural-property relationships of MPs were further discussed. In addition, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, the major factors responsible for the antioxidant activity of MPs were summarized including scavenging free radicals, reduction capacity, inhibitory lipid peroxidation activity, regulating the signal transduction pathway, reducing the production of ROS and NO, etc. Finally, we hope that our research can provide a reference for further research and development of MPs. • Possible mechanisms of antioxidant activity of Morchella polysaccharides (MPs) are reviewed and proposed. • This paper examines the relationship between MPs' antioxidant activity and their extraction, structure and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fructus Choerospondiatis is the dried and mature fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill. It has been used for a long time in Tibetan and Mongolian medicine, first recorded in the ancient Tibetan medicine book "Medicine Diagnosis of the King of the Moon" in the early 8th century. Fructus Choerospondiatis shows multiple pharmacological activities, especially in treating cardiovascular diseases. This paper reviews the progress in research on the botanical characteristics, traditional uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activity, clinical studies, and quality control of Fructus Choerospondiatis. This review aims to summarize current research and provide a reference for further development and utilization of Fructus Choerospondiatis resources. The sources for this review include the Pharmacopeia of the People's Republic of China (2020), theses, and peer-reviewed papers (in both English and Chinese). Theses and papers were downloaded from electronic databases including Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, Scholar, Springer, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure.The search terms used were " Choerospondias axillaris ", " C. axillaris ", " Choerospondias axillaris (Roxb.) Burtt et Hill", "Fructus choerospondiatis", "Guangzao", "Lapsi", and "Lupsi". Fructus Choerospondiatis contains polyphenols, organic acids, amino acids, fatty acids, polysaccharides, and other chemical components. These ingredients contribute to its diverse pharmacological activities such as antioxidant activity, protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, anti-myocardial fibrosis, heart rhythm regulation, anti-tumor, liver protection, and immunity enhancement. It also affects the central nervous system, with the ability to repair damaged nerve cells. Fructus Choerospondiatis , with its various chemical compositions and pharmacological activities, is a promising medicinal resource. However, it remains under-researched, particularly in pharmacodynamic material basis and quality control. These areas require further exploration by researchers in the future. [Display omitted] • This is the first review systemically summarized Choerospondiatis Fructus (CF). • The cardiovascular effect of CF was reviewed, which accords to its traditional use. • The structure-activity relationship of chemical constituents in CF was summarized. • The clinical uses of major prescriptions containing CF were summarized. • The possible quality control components of CF were summarized for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ferula species have occupied great value in traditional medicine in various countries. The aim of the present paper was to assess for the first time to the phytochemical profile of Ferula tunetana Pomel ex Batt. (F. tunetana) seed and leaf extracts using HPLC-MS/MS, as well as to evaluate their antioxidant and anti- α -amylase activities. Therefore, total phenolic and flavonoid amounts of the studied extracts were determined and 38 compounds were detected and quantified (phenolic acids, flavonoids, non-phenolic acid and stilbenes). In addition of their antioxidant potential against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) assays, in vitro and in silico studies were adopted to evaluate α -amylase inhibitory properties of F. tunetana extracts. Ethyl acetate (EtOAc) seed extract showed the highest total phenolic content, antioxidant potential (IC 50 = 19.00 ± 0.37 μg/mL) in terms of free radical scavenging, also for α -amylase inhibition activity with IC 50 values of 17.39 ± 0.92 μg/mL. The molecular docking analysis and the drug-likeness prediction of the major selected compounds explained the significant anti- α -amylase activity of the studied extracts. The obtained analysis and results suggest that F. tunetana extracts could be promising candidates to develop a new generation of efficient and especially safe antidiabetic treatments. [Display omitted] • 38 phytochemicals were quantified in Ferula tunetana extracts by HPLC-MS/MS method. • Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in seed and leaf extracts were estimated. • The studied extracts exhibited good anti- α -amylase and antioxidant activities. • The molecular docking of main components validated the strong antidiabetic effects. • The drug-likeness proprieties of the major compounds were predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The difference in seam squeeze-out antioxidant loss (in terms of standard oxidative induction time, Std-OIT loss) and thickness reduction are evaluated for three different 1.5 mm-thick high density polyethylene (HDPE) geomembranes (GMBs) seamed using a variety of welding parameters and two different wedge welders. Partial squeeze-out antioxidant loss was detected in seams created from each of the three materials examined, with the majority off loss occurring when seam thickness reductions fell between 0.4 mm and 0.8 mm. Seams with thickness reduction exceeding 0.8 mm were found to exhibit greater squeeze-out Std-OIT loss, with near full Std-OIT depletion for one material. Wedge welder size was found to influence this relationship, some seams created with the large wedge welder exhibiting a near full Std-OIT depletion from squeeze-out at approximately 0.6 mm thickness reduction. Variation in seaming pressure and high load melt index (HLMI) were found to shift the degree of thickness reduction a seam may experience for a given welding speed and temperature, with higher seaming pressure and HLMI values generally resulting in greater thickness reduction. Although, for a given welding speed, wedge temperature, and sheet temperature combination, changes in seaming pressure had a limited effect on squeeze-out Std-OIT loss. This paper provides a rational basis into defining a practical 1.5 mm fusion seam thickness reduction criteria based on limiting antioxidant loss within a seam's squeeze-out and also provides a framework for identifying potentially higher risk fusion seams for future research. • First detailed evaluation of relationship between seam squeeze-out antioxidant loss and thickness reduction. • First detailed evaluation of effect of choice of welding parameters and wedge welder. • Provides a rational basis into defining a 1.5 mm fusion seam thickness reduction criteria based on limiting antioxidant loss. • Provides a framework for identifying potentially high risk fusion seams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ru complex based fluorescence probe realized the sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ. • Ru complex probes can distinguish PG and TBHQ antioxidants by adjusting pH. • Ru complex probe successfully used for the determination of antioxidants in food. • Visual Ru complex test paper strip can achieve portable detection of antioxidants. This study reported a ruthenium complex-based fluorescence probe, achieving rapid and sequential detection of propyl gallate (PG) and tert -butyl hydroquinone (TBHQ) for the first time by tuning pH only. Under 480 nm excitation, probe exhibited intensive emission at 620 nm, which was selectively quenched by PG at pH 7.0 due to the covalent binding between the boric acid of probe and o-diphenol hydroxyl of PG. Then pH was tuned to 7.4, the emission was significantly quenched by TBHQ because of the π-π stacking between aromatic rings of probe and paraquinone of TBHQ. This probe realized specific and sensitive detection of PG and TBHQ with wide range and low detection limit (0.26 µM for PG and 0.66 µM for TBHQ). Furthermore, a portable visual test paper detection platform was built based on this probe for rapid and sensitive detection of antioxidants in food, which was of great significance for market regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vine tea is a popular folk tea that has been consumed in China for more than 1200 years. It is often used in ethnic medicine by ethnic groups in southwest China with at least 35 aliases in 10 provinces. In coastal areas, vine tea is mostly used to treat heatstroke, aphtha, aphonia, toothache, etc. In contrast, in the southwest inland regions, vine tea is mostly used to clear away heat and toxic materials, antiphlogosis and relieving sore-throat, lowering blood pressure and lipid levels, and alleviating fatigue. Three main species have been used as the source of vine tea, Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla. Among them, the leaves of Nekemias grossedentata were considered as new food resource in complicance with regulations, according to the Food Safety Standards published by the Monitoring and Evaluation Department of the National Health and Family Planning Commission in China. At present, the comprehensively summary of Materia Medica on the history and source of vine tea is currently unavailable. The current article summed up the Materia Medica, species origin and pharmacological effects of all 3 major species used in vine tea to fill the knowledge gaps. We also aim to provide a reference for future research on historical textual, resource development and medicinal utilization of vine tea. Adhering to the literature screening methodology outlined by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA), this review encompasses 148 scholarly research papers from three database, paper ancient books, local chronicles and folklore through field investigations. We then comprehensively summarized and discussed research progresses in scientific and application studies of vine tea. The historical records indicated that vine tea could have been used as early as Southern and Northern Dynasties (AC 420–589). Nekemias grossedentata , Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla , were used to considered as vine tea in the ethnic medicine. The main phytochemicals found in three plants are flavonoids, polyphenols and terpenoids, among which dihydromyricetin (DHM) is the most important and most studied active substance. The key words " Ampelopsis grossedentata " (Synonym of Nekemias grossedentata) and "dihydromyricetin/DHM" showed the highest frequency over the last 27 year based on the research trend analysis. And the ethnopharmacology studies drawn the main activities of vine tea are antioxidant, antibacterial, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective and anti-atherosclerosis activities. This review systematically summarized and discussed vine tea from the following five aspects, history, genetic relationship, phytochemistry, research trend and ethnopharmacology. Vine tea has a long historical usage in Chinese ethnic medicine. Its outstanding therapeutic efficacies have attracted extensive attention in other places in the world at present. Nekemias cantonensis and Nekemias megalophylla are quite similar to Nekemias grossedentata in terms of many aspects. However, the current research has a narrow focus on mainly Nekemias grossedentata and DHM. We propose that future studies could be carried out to determine the synergistic effect of multi-components and multi-targets of vine tea including all 3 species to provide valuable knowledge. [Display omitted] • Vine tea, renowned in China, exhibits an array of pharmacological effects. • Dihydromyricetin (DHM), abundant in vine tea, is a key focus of scientific research. • N. cantonensis, N. megalophylla , and N. grossedentata are identified as vine tea sources. • Promising results in DHM clinical trials warrant further robust investigations. • Future research opportunities lie in the exploration of other bioactive components in vine tea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Owing to the implications of oxidative stress in disease and ageing process, antioxidant research has been a research hotspot. Antioxidants are derived from among the active components of plant and animal extracts, including macromolecular proteins, peptides and polysaccharides, and some small molecule peptides, phenols and flavonoids, among others. Exogenous antioxidant supplementation is effective in combating oxidative stress and promoting recovery from diseases and disease-associated processes, such as inflammation, atherosclerosis, and neurodegeneration. In clinical studies, antioxidant supplementation has been shown to mitigate disease exacerbation. Therefore, screening of antioxidants and the active substances in natural biological macromolecules is crucial. In vitro studies of antioxidant properties represent the first step in screening. Selection of a suitable method to evaluate the properties of antioxidant substances from biological macromolecules sources is particularly important. However, a critique of existing methods for comparing the antioxidant activities of macromolecular antioxidants is lacking. The aim of this review is to provide a set of redox reaction-based methods and application strategies to evaluate the antioxidant properties of natural biological macromolecules components. The paper describes the mechanisms, advantages, disadvantages and applicability of different in vitro methods for assessing antioxidant properties. In particular, a set of strategies for screening antioxidant supplements are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global incidence of metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has been steadily increasing, making it a leading chronic liver disease. MAFLD refers to a metabolic syndrome linked with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity. However, its pathophysiology is complex, there are currently no effective and approved medicines for therapy. Rutin, a naturally occurring polyphenolic flavonoid, is widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, and other plants. It exhibits a plethora of bioactive properties, such as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities, making it an extremely promising phytochemical. Rutin has shown great potential in the treatment of a wide variety of metabolic diseases and received considerable attention in recent years. Fortuitously, various research studies have validated rutin's extensive biological functions in treating metabolic disorders. Despite the fact that the exact pathophysiological mechanisms through which rutin has a hepatoprotective effect on MAFLD are still not fully elucidated. This review comprehensively outlines rutin's multifaceted preventive and therapeutic effects in MAFLD, including the modulation of lipid metabolism, reduction of insulin resistance, diminution of inflammation and oxidative stress, combatting of obesity, and influence on intestinal flora. This paper details the known molecular targets and pathways of rutin in MAFLD pathogenesis. It endeavored to provide new ideas for treating MAFLD and accelerating its translation from bench to bedside. [Display omitted] • A comprehensive summary of rutin's effect in treating MAFLD. • To review the multifaced mechanisms of rutin on MAFLD. • To elucidate rutin's safety and the therapeutic potential for treating MAFLD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius Roxb.), a member of the Pandanaceae family, has been consumed as food and medicine since ancient times. The current paper provides an overview of the botanical profile, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and applications of P. amaryllifolius. Information regarding P. amaryllifolius was collected from online sources (using PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ACS, and CNKI) as well as traditional textbooks. Over 100 compounds have been identified, including its characteristic components 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline and Pandanus alkaloids. Several therapeutic uses of P. amaryllifolius , such as antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities, have been demonstrated in modern pharmacological studies. Additionally, it could be applied in various fields, including food, energy, material, and the environment. Continued research on P. amaryllifolius can contribute to the development of new drugs and therapies for various diseases. And further studies are needed to improve its utilization. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clerodendranthus spicatus (Thunb.) C.Y.Wu (CS) is a widely studied plant that shows potential in treating urinary diseases. Previous studies have focused on its chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary and evaluation of the existing literature on CS. It also suggests future research directions to increase our understanding of its medicinal value. 129 pieces of literature were selected from several databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan-fang Database, and Google Scholar, and were analyzed. Forty-five active compounds of CS have pharmacological effects such as lowering uric acid, anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, and kidney protection. The potential mechanisms of these effects may be related to inhibiting transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) activation, reducing inflammatory factors such as IL-8, IL-1β, TNF-α, PGE2, IFN-γ, and IL-6 levels, suppressing the activation of NF-κB, JAK/STAT pathway, enhancing the clearance of ROS, MDA DPPH·, and O 2 ̇ −, and regulating the expression of apoptosis-related pathways and proteins. This paper also discusses the quality control of CS and its efficacy and safety in treating urinary diseases. The study concludes that CS has a high potential for treating urinary diseases. Future studies should focus on observing the metabolic changes of CS active compounds in vivo and investigating the effects of CS on key signaling pathways. Additionally, more standardized and reasonable clinical studies and safety evaluation experiments should be conducted to obtain more clinical data. [Display omitted] • The mechanism of CS treatment in urinary disease was summarized. • Summarized the role of active constituents or sites of CS in underlying mechanisms. • It presents conclusions about the cytokine changes observed in patients after applying CS. • The assistant therapy action and side effect evaluation of CS were discussed in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Major polyphenols in Rosmarinus officinalis L. primarily consist of phenolic acids, phenolic diterpenes, and flavonoids, all of which have pharmacological properties including anti-inflammatory and antibacterial characteristics. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have found that rosemary polyphenols have the potential to decrease the severity of intestinal inflammation. The beneficial effects of rosemary polyphenols were associated with anti-inflammatory properties, including improved gut barrier (increased mucus secretion and tight junction), increased antioxidant enzymes, inhibiting inflammatory pathways and cytokines (downregulation of NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasomes, STAT3 and activation of Nrf2), and modulating gut microbiota community (increased core probiotics and SCFA-producing bacteria, and decreased potential pathogens) and metabolism (changes in SCFA and bile acid metabolites). This paper provides a better understanding of the anti-inflammatory properties of rosemary polyphenols and suggests that rosemary polyphenols might be employed as strong anti-inflammatory agents to prevent intestinal inflammation and lower the risk of inflammatory bowel disease and related diseases. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Red wines had up to 60 times higher levels of phenolic compounds than white wines. • Hydroxycinnamic acids were a characteristic of white wines. • Anthocyanins were responsible for the highest variations between varieties. • Epicatechin and some phenolic acids could be a terroir characteristic of Fruška Gora. • Domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties showed great biological potential. This paper presents a comprehensive study of commercially available monovarietal red and white wines from Fruška Gora mountain in Serbia, conducted to characterize their chemical and biochemical properties. Namely, 72 wines of 18 different Vitis vinifera varieties, including international, domestic and autochthonous ones, were assessed. Phenolic profile of wines was determined qualitatively, using spectrophotometric methods, and quantitatively, using LC-MS/MS and HPLC-UV/VIS methods. Quantified phenolic compounds pointed out differences between red and white wines, where some compounds stood out as distinctive characteristic of analyzed varieties, while others served as chemotaxonomic markers of the Fruška Gora region. Antioxidant and inhibitory properties towards acetylcholinesterase were evaluated for all wines and their relation to phenolic composition was investigated. This study is valuable since chemical and biochemical properties of domestic and autochthonous Fruška Gora varieties are reported for the first time. Also, international varieties studied herein gave distinctive information about the terroir of Fruška Gora region, which is scarce in scientific literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polypharmacy is characterized by the simultaneous use of multiple medications, including prescription drugs, over-the-counter drugs, and nutritional supplements. Polypharmacy is known to increase the risk of adverse drugs reactions, drug-drug interactions, and medication errors, and to negatively impact quality of life. The prevalence of polypharmacy varies by population, but has been reported to exceed 90% among older adults with cancer. Polypharmacy may be exacerbated among older adults with cancer receiving radiation therapy due to the resulting acute or chronic side effects that need to be managed with additional medications. The medications prescribed to manage radiation-related side effects increase the risk of adverse drug events, as do changes in nutritional status related to the secondary side effects of radiation treatment. Side effects from treatment may result in the need for breaks in cancer therapy or treatment delays, which ultimately can lead to worse oncologic outcomes. Few studies have examined polypharmacy in the context of older adults undergoing radiation therapy. We sought to review the literature pertaining to polypharmacy among older adults with cancer and discuss implications specifically for those individuals undergoing radiation therapy. This paper presents a narrative review of studies published in the past decade that provided detailed information on polypharmacy in older adults undergoing radiation therapy for cancer. The review elucidated good practices to avoid adverse drug events from polypharmacy, but more studies are warranted to develop standard guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyurethane material has excellent performance and is widely used as railpad in railway, but it is prone to aging and fatigue during long-term service, resulting in a decrease in its performance. In order to improve the aging and fatigue resistance of polyurethane railpad, as well as the efficiency of screening antioxidant, this paper first used quantum chemical method to calculate three types of grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants. Then, polyurethane elastomer railpads with grafted preferred hindered phenolic antioxidants were prepared, and thermal oxidative aging experiments and thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiments were conducted. The research results indicate that 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid molecules have better antioxidant properties. When the degradation rate is less than 20%, the activation energy of polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants is about 20% higher than that of ungrafted materials. After 200 days of thermal oxidative aging, polyurethane railpads with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidants maintain high tensile strength and elongation at break, while maintaining stable static stiffness. Their carbonyl index and loss tangent increase only by 10% and 14.8%, respectively, while unmodified samples increase by 29.4% and 26.4%. Scanning electron microscopy also shows a significant reduction in surface cracks on polyurethane railpads grafted with hindered phenolic antioxidants. ● Quantum chemical screening of hindered phenol antioxidant for polyurethane railpad. ● Prepared polyurethane railpad with grafted hindered phenolic antioxidant. ● Developed thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging testing machine. ● Conducted thermo-oxygen-fatigue coupling aging experiment. ● Aging properties of polyurethane railpad improved obviously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polysaccharides have a wide range of applications due to their excellent antioxidant activity. However, the low purity and unclear structure of polysaccharides have led some researchers to be skeptical about the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides. The current reports on the structure-activity relationship of polysaccharides are sporadic, so there is an urgent need to systematically summarize the antioxidant effects of polysaccharides with clear structures and the relationships between the structures to provide a scientific basis for the development and application of polysaccharides. This paper will systematically elucidate the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides, including the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, glycosidic linkage, degree of branching, advanced conformation and chemical modification. For the first time, the antioxidant activity of polysaccharides is related to their chemical structure through histogram and radar map, and further studies using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. We critically discussed how the source, chemical structure and chemically modified groups of polysaccharides significantly contribute to their antioxidant activity and summarized the current research status and shortcomings of the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides. This review provides a theoretical basis and new perspective for further research on the structure-activity relationship of antioxidant polysaccharides and the development of natural antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence and development of many diseases are closely related to oxidative stress. In this context, accumulating evidence suggests that Nrf2, as the master switch of cellular antioxidant signaling, plays a central role in controlling the expression of antioxidant genes. The core molecular mechanism of polysaccharides treatment of oxidative stress-induced diseases is to activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway, promote nuclear translocation of Nrf2, and up-regulate the expression of antioxidant enzymes. However, recent studies have shown that other signaling pathways in which polysaccharides exert antioxidant effects, such as PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, JNK/Nrf2 and NF-κB, have complex crosstalk with Keap1/Nrf2/ARE, may have direct effects on the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. This suggests a new strategy for designing polysaccharides as modulators of Nrf2-dependent pathways to target the antioxidant response. Therefore, in this work, we investigate the crosstalk between Keap1/Nrf2/ARE and other antioxidant signaling pathways of polysaccharides by regulating Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response. For the first time, the structural-activity relationship of polysaccharides, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic linkage, is systematically elucidated using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. This review also summarizes the application of antioxidant polysaccharides in food, animal production, cosmetics and biomaterials. The paper has significant reference value for screening antioxidant polysaccharides targeting Nrf2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Sonotrode-based extraction was used for the recovery of bioactive compounds from CBS and CPH. • The RSM coupled to BBD was used to optimize the CBS and CPH extraction. • Optimum conditions were 15 min, 80 % amplitude, and 50 % ethanol. • Identification of 39 compounds in CBS and 40 compounds in CPH by LC-ESI-qTOF-MS. • The main classes of bioactive compounds were organic acids, fatty acids, glycosides, flavonoids and procyanidins. Cocoa pod husk (CPH) and cocoa bean shell (CBS) are by-products obtained during pre-processing and processing of cocoa beans. Several bioactive compounds have been identified in these by-products that can be used for commercial applications as a way to promote the circular economy. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to recover bioactive compounds from CPH and CBS by sonoextraction process, to determine the type, content, and antioxidant activity in optimized extracts. To achieve our purpose, an optimization strategy using Box-Behnken Design coupled response surface methodology (MRS) was applied. The extraction conditions were optimized. The results obtained for CBS were: TPC (193 mg GAE/g), TEAC (1.02 mmol TE/g), FRAP (1.02 mmol FeSO4/g) and ORAC (2.6 mmol TE/g), while for CPH, the reported values were: TPC (48 mg GAE/g), TEAC (0.30 mmol TE/g), FRAP (0.35 mmol FeSO 4 /g) and ORAC (0.43 mmol TE/g) under the optimized conditions: Time (X A): 15 min, Amplitude (X B): 80 %, Ethanol (X C): 50 %. The LC-ESI-qTOF-MS analysis results allowed the identification of 79 compounds, of which 39 represent the CBS extract, while 40 compounds were identified in CPH extract. To conclude, sonotrode based extraction could be considered as an efficient and fast alternative for the recovery of bioactive substances from CBS and CPH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ocean acidification has become increasingly severe in coastal areas. It poses emerging threats to coastal organisms and influences ecological functioning. Donax faba , a dominant clam in the intertidal zone of the Bay of Bengal, plays an important role in the coastal food web. This clam has been widely consumed by the local communities and also acts as a staple diet for shorebirds and crustaceans. In this paper, we investigated how acidified conditions will influence the physiology, biochemical constituents, and energetics of Donax faba. Upon incubation for 2 months in lowered pH 7.7 ± 0.05 and control 8.1 ± 0.05 conditions, we found a delayed growth in the acidified conditions followed by decrease in calcium ions in the clam shell. Although not significant, we found the digestive enzymes showed a downward trend. Total antioxidant was significantly increased in the acidified condition compared to the control. Though not significant, the expression level of MDA and antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GST, GPX, and APX) showed increasing trend in acidified samples. Among nutrients such as amino acids and fatty acids, there was no significant difference between treatments, however, showed a downward trend in the acidified conditions compared to control. Among the minerals, iron and zinc showed significant increase in the acidified conditions. The above results suggest that the clam growth, and physiological energetics may have deleterious effects if exposed for longer durations at lowered pH condition thereby affecting the organisms involved in the coastal food web. [Display omitted] • Daily growth rate & calcium concentration have significantly decreased in acidified condition. • Total antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes showed an upward tendency. • Nutrient composition in clams has altered in acidified condition compared to control. • Prolonged exposure to OA will cause deleterious effects on clams thereby upsetting the intertidal food chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Synthesis of novel fluorescent 4′-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′'-terpyridine ligand L. • Utilization of in-situ prepared ZnCl 2 L receptor for selective detection of pyrophosphate in water with LOD ∼36 nm. • Real-Time detection of PPi utilizing Spray test on tissue-paper strips with ZnCl 2 L receptor. • Significant cytotoxic activity against MDAMB-231 cells with IC 50 value 53.85 µM. • Excellent antioxidant activity with an antioxidant percentage of 73.75%. A new fluorescent 4′-(3,4-diethoxyphenyl)-2,2′:6′,2′'-terpyridine ligand L and its 1:1 zinc complex ZnCl 2 L have been synthesized, characterized with the help of NMR, Mass spectroscopy, CHN analysis, and DFT study. In-situ prepared non-fluorescent ZnCl 2 L receptor was utilized for selective detection of pyrophosphate anion (P 2 O 7 4-, PPi) in water (10 mM HEPES buffer, pH 7.4) in the vicinity of other competing analytes (10 equivalents of HPO 4 2-, H 2 PO 4 -, CO 3 2–, HCO 3 –, Cl−, OH–, Br−, CH 3 CO 2 –, F−, I-, NO 3 –, SO 4 2-, SO 3 2-, S 2 O 3 2-, N 3 –) by employing UV–Visible spectroscopy and fluorescence "ON–OFF–ON" mechanism. ZnCl 2 L receptor formed a fluorescent 2:1 adduct with PPi in water during its detection at a nanomolar concentration (LOD ∼27.89 nM). The receptor is also successfully employed in low-cost PPi detection through real-time easily accessible paper strip application. Further, ZnCl 2 L exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against MDAMB-231 cells with an IC 50 value of 53.85 µM and excellent antioxidant activity having an antioxidant percentage of 73.75%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polygonati Rhizoma (PR), which contains rich national cultural connotations, is a traditional Chinese medicine with homology of medicine and food. It has been used for a long time as a tonic in China's multi-ethnic medical system, and is also used to treat diseases such as premature graying hair, deficiency of blood and essence, diabetes, hypertension, etc. Meanwhile, PR is often used as food in China, India, South Korea and other Asian countries, which can satisfy hunger and provide many health benefits. This paper systematically reviewed the ethnopharmacology, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and related applications research of PR, and provided a reference for the comprehensive applications of PR, including basic research, product development and clinical applications. This paper also refined the national application characteristics of PR, such as rich plant resources, special chemical components and anti-hidden hungry, which laid a foundation for its high value and high connotation development in the future. The literature information was collected systematically from the electronic scientific databases, including PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Geen Medical, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, as well as other literature sources, such as classic books of herbal medicine. A comprehensive analysis of the above literature confirmed that PR has been used in the ethnic medicine system of Asian countries such as China for thousands of years. In this paper, 12 species including official species that can be used as PR are summarized, which provide rich plant resources for PR. The chemical components in PR are divided into nutritional components and active components. The former not only contains non-starch polysaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides, which account for about 50% in PR and are recognized as high-quality diet in the world, but also contains inorganic elements and mineral elements. And a total of 199 kinds active ingredients, including saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, etc., were sorted out by us. The above ingredients make PR have a special property of anti-hidden hunger. Studies have shown that PR has a wide range of pharmacological activities, such as immune regulation, blood glucose regulation, lipid-lowering, antioxidant, anti-tumor, antibacterial, etc. It has been widely used in medicine, food, cosmetics, gardens and other fields. PR, as a classic medicinal material of the same origin, is widely used in the traditional ethnic medicine system. It contains abundant potential plant resources, chemical components and pharmacological activities. This paper also suggests that PR with high application value in food industry, has the potential to become a high-quality coarse grain. Exploring the way of grain and industrialization of PR is beneficial to fully develop the economic value of PR. [Display omitted] • PR is a potential high-quality crop and food that can fight hidden hunger. • The material base and pharmacological mechanism of PR need to be further studied. • Challenges for PR industry are mainly uncontrolled quality and declining wild resources. • Promoting the development of PR for industrialization is conducive to play its value fully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. belong to the genus Vitex , and Vitex rotundifolia L. f. evolved from Vitex trifolia L. Both are essential ethnic medicinal plants with a long history, commonly used to treat headaches, fever, diarrhea, hair loss, wound recovery, and other diseases. The research status of Vitex trifolia L. and its relative species Vitex rotundifolia L. f. were reviewed from the aspects of traditional medicinal use, phytochemistry, and pharmacological activities, to provide a reference for the further development and utilization of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. In this paper, a comprehensive search of published literature was conducted through various books and online databases to obtain relevant information on Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. The search terms "(Vitex rotundifolia) OR (Vitex trifolia) OR (Fructus viticis)" were entered in PubMed, Web of Science, China national knowledge infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Data, Baidu Scholar, respectively. In addition to setting the year threshold of "2018–2022" on Baidu Scholar, other databases searched all fields and found 889, 283, 1263, 1023, and 147 articles, respectively. Among them, review, repetition, overlapping data, and other reasons were excluded, and finally, a total of 164 articles were included in the review study. A total of 369 compounds have been identified, including 159 terpenoids, 51 flavonoids, 83 phenylpropanoids, and 76 other compounds. Pharmacological studies have shown that Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. have a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anti-tumor, analgesic, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antibacterial, and estrogen-like activity. Modern clinical use for treating cold headaches, diarrhea dysentery, irregular menstruation, and other diseases. As traditional medicinal plants, Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. have wealthy chemical constituents and extensive pharmacological activities and are widely used in clinical practice from traditional to modern times. However, the research on the pharmacological activities of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. is not in-depth, and the potential active components still need to be explored. [Display omitted] • Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. belong to the genus Vitex , and the single leaf Vitex rotundifolia L. f. evolved from Vitex trifolia L. Both are essential ethnic medicinal plants used worldwide to treat various diseases, such as headache, fever, diarrhea, hair loss, and wound recovery. • From the traditional point of view, the ethnic medicine of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. was collected. • In this paper, the chemical constituents and pharmacological activities of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. were listed. • It provides a theoretical basis for further utilization and research of Vitex rotundifolia L. f. and Vitex trifolia L. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impatiens balsamina is an annual herb of the Balsaminaceae family, which is cultivated extensively in Asia as an ornamental plant. Notably, as a folk medicine, I. balsamina has been long prescribed for the treatment of rheumatism, isthmus, generalized pain, fractures, inflammation of the nails, scurvy, carbuncles, dysentery, bruises, foot diseases, etc. The paper overviews comprehensive information on ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicity of I. balsamina , aiming at laying a sturdy foundation for further development of I. balsamina. Research information was acquired through electronic databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, SciFinder, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and CNKI with the keyword " Impatiens balsamina ". Briefly, more than 307 natural compounds have been separated and identified from various medicinal parts of I. balsamina , which are classified into diverse groups, like flavonoids, naphthoquinones, coumarins, terpenoids, sterols, phenols, fatty acids and their ester, naphthalene derivatives, nitrogen-containing compounds, polysaccharides, and other compounds. In particular, 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone, one of the naphthoquinones, is the predominant and most representative component. Moreover, I. balsamina furnishes numerous and complicated pharmacological activities, including antimicrobial, antiallergic, antipruritic, antitumor, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-hepatic fibrosis, insecticidal, and anthelmintic as well as enzyme-inhibiting activities, etc. Toxicological studies have shown that the hexane extract of the stems and leaves was less toxic, and the hydroalcoholic extract of stems was more toxic. The paper contributes to updating the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicity of I. balsamina , which offer abundant information for future investigations and applications of I. balsamina. [Display omitted] • Impatiens balsamina is frequently prescribed in Asian countries as a traditional herbal remedy for various diseases. • The review updates the ethnobotanical use, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity, and toxicity of I. balsamina • No systematic review of I. balsamina is available in the preceding literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Antioxidant activity, a critical molecular characteristic, contributes to free-radical scavenging in the oxidatively-stressed biosystems and outside. • Natural and synthetic products antioxidant potentials are predicted through theoretically (DFT), and experimentally through use of DPPH, FRAP and ABTS-assays. • HOMO-LUMO, molecular-electrostatic-potential, hydrogen-transfer, single-electron-proton-transfers, sequential-proton-loss-electron-transfer, thermochemical parameters, i.e., free-energy change, enthalpy-change bond-dissociation enthalpy, proton-dissociation-enthalpy, ionization potential, proton-affinity, electron-transfer-enthalpy, inductive and resonance effects have been attributed towards contributing to the prediction of antioxidant activity. • Fundamentals and comparative have been drawn to validate the theoretical and experimental approach. Antioxidants play a crucial role in protecting biological systems from oxidative stress, which is implicated in a wide range of diseases. Computational methods have become increasingly valuable in studying the mechanisms of antioxidants, with density functional theory (DFT) being a popular approach. This review provides an overview of the theoretical basis of DFT and its application to molecular systems. It discusses the advantages and limitations of using DFT for studying antioxidants and explores the relationship between antioxidant activity and molecular structure. The paper also highlights the importance of solvation effects in determining antioxidant efficacy and suggests DFT-based methods for incorporating solvation effects into calculations. Case studies of specific antioxidants are presented to illustrate the role of the solvent environment in determining the antioxidant efficacy. Finally, it discusses the relationship between antioxidant activity and certain DFT parameters, and suggests future directions for research. Overall, this review provides valuable insights into the use of DFT in studying antioxidants, and sheds light on the future of computational studies in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two-dimensional (2D) layer material MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) is a promising electrode material in capacitive deionization (CDI) because of its advantages of large capacitance, high conductivity and abundant active sites. However, MXene nanosheets have a large number of metastable metal atoms, which are easy to react with dissolved oxygen and form metal oxides, resulting in structural instability and attenuation of electrochemical performance of MXene. Moreover, the inherent defects of MXene layered structure that are easy to stack, seriously limiting its application in CDI. In this paper, MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure was designed and successfully prepared by hydrothermal method to form a 3D mutually supported heterostructure, so as to improve the structural stability and CDI performance of MXene. The heterostructure performs abundant mesoporous, excellent electrical conductivity, good hydrophilicity and excellent cyclic stability. Therefore, the WS 2 @MXene composite demonstrates high specific capacitance (217.0 F g−1) and retention rate of 90.51 % after 1000 GCD cycles. The hybrid AC//WS 2 @MXene cell composed of AC anode and WS 2 @MXene cathode shows excellent desalination capacity (39.1 mg g−1). The retention rate of the cell is still 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles, which is better than that of AC//MXene cell (84.4 %). [Display omitted] • MXene fully coated by WS 2 antioxidant film with mesoporous structure is constructed. • WS 2 @MXene electrode shows excellent desalination capacity of 39.1 mg g−1. • The retention rate of the AC//WS 2 @MXene cell keeps 94.9 % after 40 desalting cycles. • Morphology and structure of WS 2 @MXene confirm the enhanced structural stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Connarus semidecandrus Jack (Family: connaraceae) is a medicinal plant known for its wide distribution throughout Southeast Asia. Renowned for its diverse therapeutic properties, it has been traditionally used for treating fever, skin irritation, and colic. Numerous individuals suffer from skin issues, including wrinkles, hyperpigmentation, and inflammation, due to environmental factors. Although many drugs are available to treat skin problems, chemical drugs have many shortcomings and side effects. Therefore, natural products are attractive potential medicines for alleviating skin troubles. We recently showed that Connarus semidecandrus Jack ethanol extract (Cs-EE) has anti-alopecia potential. This paper aims to explore the potential skin-protective effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of Connarus semidecandrus Jack in UVB-induced human keratinocytes (HaCaT). Before utilization, Cs-EE was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and was preserved at a temperature of −20 °C. The phytochemical constituents of Cs-EE were detected by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Sequentially, HaCaT cells were exposed to varying concentrations of Cs-EE prior to ultraviolet B (UVB) irradiation. Evaluations of cellular responses in HaCaT cells, including assessments of cell viability, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, and gene and protein expressions, were carried out. To explore the specific signaling pathway involved, we conducted a luciferase assay in addition to validating these pathways using Western blot analysis. Nitric oxide (NO) and intracellular reactive oxygen species were decreased. Melanin production through the activation of melanocytes by α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) was also inhibited by Cs-EE. Furthermore, the mRNA expression levels of key factors such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 exhibited a remarkable decrease. In addition, the phosphorylation of TAK1 within the signaling cascade exhibited a decline, and the activities of the transcription factor AP-1 were decreased according to a luciferase reporter assay. Taken together, these findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, and anti-apoptotic effects of Cs-EE indicate the compound's potential usefulness as a natural component in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products. [Display omitted] • Connarus semidecandrus Jack ethanol extract (Cs-EE) shows radical scavenging activity. • Cs-EE reduces UVB-induced cell death and apoptosis. • Cs-EE reduces the expression of genes involved in UVB-induced inflammatory response and wrinkle formation. • Cs-EE downregulates α-MSH-induced melanogenic responses of melanocyte. • Cs-EE inhibits AP-1 activity via suppression of TAK1/MKK3/6/p38 pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a reactive oxygen species (ROS), excessive production of H 2 O 2 contributes to the development of several diseases such as, inflammation, cancer, and respiratory diseases. Supplementation with endogenous or exogenous antioxidants can scavenge ROS and reduce the oxidation of cellular molecules, thus alleviating the generation of diseases. Therefore, the determination of H 2 O 2 content and its antioxidant activity is of great importance in disease diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, a ratiometric SERS sensor with a flexible cellulose membrane was designed for quantitative detection of H 2 O 2 and assessment of antioxidant activity. First, gold seeds were reduced on bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) and Au NPs were smoothly deposited on the bacterial cellulose membrane (BCM) using halides to reduce the reduction potential in the growth solution to form a flexible BCM@Au NPs SERS substrate. Afterwards, the oxidation of H 2 O 2 was used to convert 3-mercaptophenylboronic acid (3-MPBA) to the corresponding phenol form 3-hydroxyphenylethanol (3-HTP). The change of substance resulted in a good linear relationship between the intensity ratio corresponding to the two Raman shifts of 881 cm−1 and 995 cm−1 and the H 2 O 2 concentration with a detection limit of 0.0186 μM. This opens up a new method for the detection of H 2 O 2 with high sensitivity and accuracy. In addition, this SERS platform was successfully used for the determination of antioxidant activity. It is promising to be applied to disease diagnosis and efficacy evaluation. [Display omitted] • Au NPs were successfully grown on BCM by using halides. • A novel flexible membrane SERS sensor for H 2 O 2 ratiometric detection was developed. • New ratiometric SERS sensor sensitively detects targets with just one Raman probe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actinidia Lindl. belongs to the family Actinidiaceae. Plants of this genus are popularly known as kiwifruits and are traditionally used to treat a wide range of ailments associated with digestive disorders, rheumatism, kidney problems, cardiovascular system, cancers, dyspepsia, hemorrhoids, and diabetes among others. This review discusses the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical profile, and known pharmacological properties of Actinidia plants, to understand their connotations and provide the scientific basis for future studies. The data were obtained by surveying journal articles, books, and dissertations using various search engines such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, Springer Link, and Web of Science. The online databases; World Flora Online, Plants of the World Online, International Plant Names Index, and Global Biodiversity Information Facility were used to confirm the distribution and validate scientific names of Actinidia plants. The isolated metabolites from these species were illustrated using ChemBio Draw ultra-version 14.0 software. Ten (10) species of Actinidia genus have been reported as significant sources of traditional medicines utilized to remedy diverse illnesses. Our findings revealed that a total of 873 secondary metabolites belonging to different classes such as terpenoids, phenolic compounds, alcohols, ketones, organic acids, esters, hydrocarbons, and steroids have been isolated from different species of Actinidia. These compounds were mainly related to the exhibited antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antiproliferative, anti-angiogenic, anticinoceptive, anti-tumor, and anticancer activities. This study assessed the information related to the ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical compounds, and pharmacological properties of Actinidia species, which indicate that they possess diverse bioactive metabolites with interesting bioactivities. Actinidia plants have great potential for applications in folklore medicines and pharmaceuticals due to their wide ethnomedicinal uses and biological activities. Traditional uses of several Actinidia species are supported by scientific evidences, qualifying them as possible modern remedies for various ailments. Nonetheless, the currently available data has several gaps in understanding the herbal utilization of most Actinidia species. Thus, further research into their toxicity, mechanisms of actions of the isolated bioactive metabolites, as well as scientific connotations between the traditional medicinal uses and pharmacological properties is required to unravel their efficacy in therapeutic potential for safe clinical application. [Display omitted] • This paper reviewed the botanical characterization, ethnobotanical uses, phytochemical profile, and pharmacological properties of Actinidia species. • It also established correlation between the isolated secondary metabolites, pharmacological effects, and ethnomedicinal uses. • The present study demonstrates the ethnopharmacological evidence that can aid in development of new drugs for future clinical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Synthesis of four pyrazoline derivatives. • Anti-oxidant, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase activities were screened. • DFT/B3LYP quantum chemical computation method was applied. • Prediction of drug-likeness and ADMET profile with the aid of in silico methods. • Molecular docking analysis reinforced the experimental results. One of the major features of medicinal chemistry, is the synthesis of novel compounds, and the assessment of their biological activities for potential therapeutic applications. As a contribution to this filed of interest, the present work examines the effects of newly synthesized pyrazoline derivatives. To this end, four pyrazoline derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antioxidant activities and enzymatic inhibitory in vitro against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and tyrosinase. All the synthetized compounds 2a–2d all displayed a moderate to potent antioxidant activity. For the enzymatic inhibitory activity, compound 2a exerted the most potent acetylcholinesterase inhibition with an IC 50 value of (IC 50 = 3.93 ± 0.52 µM) which is twice greater than the standard drug, Galantamine (IC 50 = 6.27 ± 1.15 µM), whereas, compound 2a was determined as the best inhibitor among the synthesized compounds for the tyrosinase enzyme with an IC 50 value of (32.65 ± 2.30 μM). Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations were performed to determine the compound's properties, and molecular docking studies were conducted to discuss potential interactions between the most active compound (2a) and active sites of proteins AChE (PDB: 1ACL) and tyrosinase (PDB: 2Y9X). Based on in silico predictions of Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity (ADMET) and pharmacokinetic parameters, it is suggested that these compounds could potentially exhibit favorable oral bioavailability. The paper offers promising insights into the therapeutic potential of these pyrazoline derivatives, particularly compound 2a. It encourages further investigation into the practical application of these findings, possibly leading to new therapeutic avenues in the treatment of diseases associated with acetylcholinesterase and tyrosinase. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smilax china L., an extensively used traditional Chinese medicine, is known as Baqia in China. It has been used to treat various inflammatory disorders, particularly pelvic inflammation. The present paper aims to provide an up-to-date review at the advancements of the investigations on the ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry, pharmacological effect and actual and potential applications of S. china. Besides, the possible tendency and perspective for future research of this plant are discussed, as well. This article uses " Smilax china L." " S. china " as the keyword and collects relevant information on Smilax china L. plants through electronic searches (Elsevier, PubMed, ACS, CNKI, Google Scholar, Baidu Scholar, Web of Science), relevant books, and classic literature about Chinese herb. 134 chemical constituents, among which steroid saponins and flavonoids are the predominant groups, have been isolated and identified from S. china. S. china with its active compounds is possessed of wide-reaching biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, detoxify nicotine, anti-diabetes, anti-obesity, anti-hyperuricaemia, anti-hypertension, promoting skin wound and barrier repair and anti-bacterial activity. Besides, S. china is also applied to other fields, such as food industry and detection technology. Based on the review of the existing phytochemical studies on Smilax china L., the structural characterization of Smilax china L. extract can continue to be the focus of future research. Pharmacological studies in vitro and in vivo have demonstrated some of the traditional uses of Smilax china L. extract, while other traditional uses still need to be confirmed by research. [Display omitted] • S.china is a common natural medicinal plant with multiple therapeutic effects. • The phytochemical components of S.china have various biological activities. • S.china has effects on other fields, especially food industry, detection technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plants are a natural treasure trove; their secondary metabolites participate in several pharmacological processes, making them a crucial component in the synthesis of novel pharmaceuticals and serving as a reserve resource foundation in this process. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with the risk of progression to hepatitis and liver cancer. The "Treatise on Febrile Diseases," "Compendium of Materia Medica," and "Thousand Golden Prescriptions" have listed herbal remedies to treat liver diseases. Chinese herbal medicines have been widely used for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD owing to their efficacy and low side effects. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during NAFLD, and the impact and potential mechanism of ROS on the pathogenesis of NAFLD are discussed in this review. Furthermore, common foods and herbs that can be used to prevent NAFLD, as well as the structure-activity relationships and potential mechanisms, are discussed. Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI database, Google Scholar, and WanFang database were searched for natural products that have been used to treat or prevent NAFLD in the past five years. The primary search was performed using the following keywords in different combinations in full articles: NAFLD, herb, natural products, medicine, and ROS. More than 400 research papers and review articles were found and analyzed in this review. By classifying and discussing the literature, we obtained 86 herbaceous plants, 28 of which were derived from food and 58 from Chinese herbal medicines. The mechanism of NAFLD was proposed through experimental studies on thirteen natural compounds (quercetin, hesperidin, rutin, curcumin, resveratrol, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, salvianolic acid B, paeoniflorin, ginsenoside Rg1, ursolic acid, berberine, honokiol, emodin). The occurrence and progression of NAFLD could be prevented by natural antioxidants through several pathways to prevent ROS accumulation and reduce hepatic cell injuries caused by excessive ROS. This review summarizes the natural products and routinely used herbs (prescription) in the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. Firstly, the mechanisms by which natural products improve NAFLD through antioxidant pathways are elucidated. Secondly, the potential of traditional Chinese medicine theory in improving NAFLD is discussed, highlighting the safety of food-medicine homology and the broader clinical potential of multi-component formulations in improving NAFLD. Aiming to provide theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of NAFLD. [Display omitted] • Relationship between oxidative stress and NAFLD was mentioned. • Traditional use of herbs and prescription were mentioned. • Structure-activity relationship and mechanism of natural compounds were summarized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antioxidants can help trap and neutralize free reactive oxygen species to reduce their damage. Thus, it is important to evaluate the content of antioxidants in foods and drugs. In this paper, a simple and sensitive colorimetric sensing platform for total antioxidant capacity (TAC) detection was developed based on the peroxidase-like nanozyme of nonstoichiometric copper selenide nanoparticles (Cu 2- x Se NPs). The Cu 2−x Se NPs with copper vacancy structures can accelerate intramolecular charge transfer and effectively catalyze the oxidation of chromogenic substrate colorless 3,3′5,5′-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) into blue oxidized TMB (oxTMB), exhibiting that they had good peroxidase-like activity. Base on the good activity of Cu 2−x Se NPs peroxidase mimics, a colorimetric sensing array combining UV–vis spectrometer, naked eye and smartphone-based digital image analysis for three typical antioxidant acids (ascorbic acid (AA), gallic acid (GA) and citric acid (CA)) were realized and the platform was successfully used for evaluating the TAC in the medical tablets, beverages and fruit juices. [Display omitted] • Nonstoichiometric Cu 2- x Se nanoparticles with copper vacancy exhibit good peroxidase-like activity. • A colorimetric array for three antioxidant acids is realized based on Cu 2- x Se peroxidase mimics. • The sensing array is used to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of medical tablets, beverages and fruits. • This simple strategy provides a general platform for dietary antioxidant assessment in food and pharmacy analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • A callus culture from Annurca apple was reported in this paper for the first time. • Apple callus cultures accumulated interesting secondary metabolites. • Annurca callus cultures showed a remarkable antioxidant activity. • The bioactivity of the callus cultures extracts positively affected wound healing. Today, plant cell cultures represent a valid alternative method to produce secondary metabolites. Here, we developed a protocol to obtain callus cultures from the pulp of the Italian apple variety, named Annurca. To increase the accumulation of bioactive compounds, yeast extract was used as elicitor. This elicitor induced a remarkable increase in total polyphenol content, with chlorogenic acid, procyanidin B2, and epicatechin being the most abundant. The antioxidant potential of extracts from the callus cultures was investigated and results showed that the use of the elicitor improved the protective antioxidant effect of the extracts on UVA-stressed keratinocytes. Furthermore, the extracts from the elicited callus cultures were able to speed up the process of healing after 24 h. Our results suggest that extracts obtained from elicited apple callus cultures can represent a promising alternative to chemically synthesised bioactive compounds for their use in the pharmaceutical, nutraceutical and cosmetic industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The structure of phenolic acid-g-CS depends on the grafting method. • Phenolic acid-g-CS has strong antibacterial and antioxidant activities. • Phenolic acid-g-chitosan has wide applications in food preservation. Chitosan is a bio-renewable natural polymeric material. The antibacterial and antioxidant activity of chitosan can be enhanced by grafting with phenolic acids to further expand its application in food. Therefore, this paper focuses on reviewing the structure, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities and their mechanisms with phenolic acid-g-CS, evaluating its cytotoxicity, and describing its application in various food preservation. In general, different reaction mechanisms of phenolic acid-g-CS synthesis lead to different product structures. Compared to chitosan, phenolic acid-g-chitosan exhibited enhanced antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The toxicity assessment showed that phenolic acid-g-CS is not cytotoxic. Moreover, phenolic acid-g-CS has been applied to a variety of food products such as fruits, vegetables and meat with good results. Overall, this review provides a certain reference for subsequent researchers to design phenolic acid-g-CS more rationally and for the subsequent development of phenolic acid-g-CS in food preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignin, a by-product of processing lignocellulosic materials, has a polyphenolic structure and can be used as an antioxidant directly or synergistically with synthetic types of antioxidants, leading to different applications. Its antioxidant mechanism is mainly related to the production of ROS, but the details need to be further investigated. The antioxidant property of lignin is mainly related to the content of phenolic hydroxyl group, but methoxy, purity will also have an effect on it. In addition, different methods to detect the antioxidant properties of lignin have different advantages and disadvantages. In this paper, the antioxidant mechanism of lignin, the methods to determine the antioxidant activity and the progress of its application in various fields are reviewed. In addition, the current research on the antioxidant properties of lignin and the hot directions are provided, and an outlook on the research into the antioxidant properties of lignin is provided to broaden its potential application areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By-products of agricultural waste are now utilized in the food industry rather than being thrown away. Onion is a spicy vegetable that is an everyday ingredient in most residential kitchens for its unique flavor and is used extensively over the world for therapeutic purposes. Onions produce a lot of waste due to their widespread production and use around the world, which has inspired new studies with potential approaches for reusing these by-products. This review aims to draw attention to the significant advances made in the identification of onion by-products as valuable sources of bioactive compounds, the techniques used to extract these bioactives, the potential health benefits of onion by-products, and the exploration of their potential diverse applications in a circular bioeconomy perspective. This paper contains information regarding the phytochemical composition, extraction methods, therapeutic properties, food and industrial applications of onion by-products. The current study has shown that onion waste is a rich source of nutrients and phytochemicals with bioactive properties that are beneficial to human health. The skins of onions are a valuable source of bioactives like flavonoids, phenolic acids, fructooligosaccharides, organosulfur compounds, and phenolic glycosides. Numerous health advantages of these compounds, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer capabilities, have been demonstrated. This review can be used as a starting point to investigate potential applications for bioactives onion skins in the functional food industry. It also suggests that further study may help to maximize the use of this resource. • Onion by-products are found to be a rich source of bioactive compounds like flavonoids, phenolic compounds, and quercetin. • Benefits of bioactives from onion by-products are antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties. • Potential applications of onion by-products in the food industry, contribute to the development of value-added foods. • An outlook on the reuse, extraction, and incorporation of onions bioactive compounds into various food products is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Honey is one of the most popular functional foods, speculated to be in use since the advent of human civilization. Its health-protective activity is endorsed by many religions and traditional medicines. In Unani medicine, honey is prescribed for many health conditions as wound-healing, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, etc. In the present era, honey is gaining popularity over sugar for its myriad health benefits and low glycemic index. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive account of the biological activities and potential therapeutic uses of honey, with scientific evidence. In this paper, we have provided a comprehensive overview of historical uses, types, physical characteristics, bioactive constituents and pharmacological activities of honey. The information was gathered from Classical Unani textbooks and leading scientific databases. There is a plethora of information regarding various therapeutic activities of honey, and it is daunting to draw practical conclusions. Hence, in this paper, we have tried to summarize those aspects which are most relevant to clinical application. Many important bioactive constituents are identified in different honey types, e.g. phenolics, proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates, organic acids, etc., which exert important biological activities like anti-microbial, wound healing, immunomodulatory, anti-toxin, antioxidant, and many others. Honey has the potential to alleviate many lifestyle disorders, mitigate the adverse effects of drugs and toxins, and also provide healthy nutrition. Although conclusive clinical evidence is not available, yet honey may potentially be a safer alternative to sucrose for diabetic patients. [Display omitted] • Honey is one of the best-known functional foods, used since antiquity. • Nearly 300 different types of honey are known over the world. • Honey has a low glycemic index and contains several beneficial bioactive chemicals. • Most types of honey have antioxidant, antimicrobial, and many other health effects. • Honey is also speculated to be safer than sucrose for diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to solve the problem of food corruption and oxidation to improve food quality. Peptides are a good candidate to solve the above problems. In this paper, a machine learning method was used to construct an antioxidant peptide classification model based on the pseudo-amino acid composition and motifs of peptides as input features. The AUC of PseAAC-dipeptide-motif hybrid model is 0.939 and the average precision score is 0.947, which is the best among all models in this paper. Besides, the classification threshold has been increased to make the model precision above 0.95. Then, the model was used as predictor to discover potential antioxidant peptides from a random peptide dataset. According to the predicted results, 5 potential antioxidant peptides (PSGK, LKPQ, GRP, QCQ, QGM) were synthesized to determine their DPPH radical-scavenging activity and the total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). The experimental results show that QCQ has strong antioxidant properties, its T-AOC value is 9.59U/mg prot, and the DPPH scavenging activity is 95.52% at concentration of 125 μg/mL. Meantime, the predictor can be used to mine multifunctional peptides with antioxidant function. In general, the predictor is an effective tool for discovering peptides with antioxidant function. • A machine learning-based predictor was developed for virtual screening antioxidant. • Peptides of unknown function can be quickly identified whether they have antioxidant properties. • Multifunctional peptides with antioxidant function were quickly discovered based on a new strategy. • A low-cost and not time-consuming method for discovering antioxidant peptides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inhalations with thermal waters are an old therapeutic method used in the therapy of respiratory diseases as a treatment of choice showing a long-lasting outcome with no side effects. Paradoxically, there is little well-established research on their mechanisms of action. The aim of this paper is therefore to summarize the influence of inhalatory treatment with thermal waters on the main symptoms and features of respiratory disorders including allergy-like symptoms, inflammation, oxidant-anti-oxidant balance, cellular influx, disturbed mucus secretions, recurrent infections, pulmonary and nasal function and quality of life. A short history of inhalations is also presented. The present paper is a sum-up of research articles on the use of inhalations with thermal waters in respiratory disorders. According to the herein presented literature, the use of thermal water inhalations is beneficial for almost all manifestations of respiratory diseases. The mode of their action remains still unclear; however, it seems that the most important one relies on the restoration of proper defense mechanisms of the organism. Inhalations with thermal waters alleviate symptoms of respiratory diseases. They also improve the quality of life of the patients and seem to be a good add-on therapy in the treatment of disorders of the respiratory system. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Huangqin Tang (HQT), a famous prescription with the effect of clearing pathogenic heat and detoxifying, was first recorded in "Treatise on Typhoid and Miscellaneous Diseases". It has proved that HQT has good anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects and can improve acne symptoms clinically. However, the study on the regulation of HQT on sebum secretion which is one of the inducements of acne is not enough. This paper aimed to investigate the mechanisms of HQT in the treatment of skin lipid accumulation by network pharmacology and validating the results via in vitro experiments. Network pharmacology was employed to predict the potential targets of HQT against sebum accumulation. Then, the palmitic acid (PA)-induced SZ95 cell model was established to evaluate the effect of HQT on lipid accumulation and anti-inflammation, and the core pathways predicted by network pharmacology were verified in cell studies. 336 chemical compounds and 368 targets in HQT were obtained by network pharmacology, of which 65 targets were related to sebum synthesis. 12 core genes were revealed by protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment results suggested that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathway might play a crucial role in regulating lipogenesis. In vitro experiments, HQT suppressed lipid accumulation, downregulated the expressions of sterol-regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and fatty acid synthase (FAS), and upregulated AMPK phosphorylation. Furthermore, AMPK inhibitor reversed HQT-mediated sebosuppressive effect. The results disclosed that HQT ameliorates lipogenesis in PA-induced SZ95 sebocytes partially through the AMPK signaling pathway. [Display omitted] • Network pharmacology was employed to explore the mechanism of Huangqin Tang against skin lipid accumulation. • Huangqin Tang suppressed lipid accumulation by down-regulating the expression of SREBP-1 and FAS, and upregulating p-AMPK. • AMPK inhibitor reversed Huangqin Tang-mediated sebosuppressive effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limonoids are a class of oxygenated terpenoids that exist mainly in citrus fruits. As a kind of limonoid, obacunone has attracted more and more researchers' attention because of its extensive pharmacological activities. The purpose of the narrative review is to systematically review relevant studies on the pharmacological effects and pharmacokinetic characteristics of obacunone to provide researchers with the latest and useful information. Pharmacological studies have shown that obacunone has a variety of pharmacological activities, such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetes, neuroprotection, antibiosis, and antivirus. Among them, the anticancer effect is the most prominent. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that the oral bioavailability of obacunone is low. This indicates the presence of high first-pass metabolism. We hope that this paper can help relevant scholars understand the progress in pharmacological and pharmacokinetic research of obacunone and help the further development of obacunone as a functional food. [Display omitted] • Citrus fruits are the main sources of obacunone. • Obacunone exhibits diverse pharmacological activities, with notable anticancer effects. • There is a lack of toxicity research on obacunone. • Obacunone has the active first-pass effect. • It is necessary to carry out more clinical studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant bioactive molecules could play key preventive and therapeutic roles in chronological aging and the pathogenesis of many chronic diseases, often accompanied by increased oxidative stress and low-grade inflammation. Dietary antioxidants, including genkwanin, could decrease oxidative stress and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines or pathways. The present study is the first comprehensive review of genkwanin, a methoxyflavone found in several plant species. Indeed, natural sources, and pharmacokinetics of genkwanin, the biological properties were discussed and highlighted in detail. This review analyzed and considered all original studies related to identification, isolation, quantification, investigation of the biological and pharmacological properties of genkwanin. We consulted all published papers in peer‐reviewed journals in the English language from the inception of each database to 12 May 2023. Different phytochemical demonstrated that genkwanin is a non-glycosylated flavone found and isolated from several medicinal plants such as Genkwa Flos , Rosmarinus officinalis, Salvia officinalis , and Leonurus sibiricus. In vitro and in vivo biological and pharmacological investigations showed that Genkwanin exhibits remarkable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, genkwanin, via activation of glucokinase, has shown antihyperglycemic activity with a potential role against metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Additionally, it revealed cardioprotective and neuroprotective properties, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases and assisting against neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, genkwanin showed other biological properties like antitumor capability, antibacterial, antiviral, and dermato-protective effects. The involved mechanisms include sub-cellular, cellular and molecular actions at different levels such as inducing apoptosis and inhibiting the growth and proliferation of cancer cells. Despite the findings from preclinical studies that have demonstrated the effects of genkwanin and its diverse mechanisms of action, additional research is required to comprehensively explore its therapeutic potential. Primarily, extensive studies should be carried out to enhance our understanding of the molecule's pharmacodynamic actions and pharmacokinetic pathways. Moreover, toxicological and clinical investigations should be undertaken to assess the safety and clinical efficacy of genkwanin. These forthcoming studies are of utmost importance in fully unlocking the potential of this molecule in the realm of therapeutic applications. [Display omitted] • Genkwanin possesses a potent anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting inflammatory mediators and pathways. • Genkwanin acts as an antioxidant, protecting cells from oxidative stress and scavenging free radicals. • Genkwanin exhibits anticancer properties by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, inducing apoptosis, and suppressing angiogenesis. • Genkwanin exerts neuroprotective effects by reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting neuroinflammation, and modulating neuronal signaling pathways. • Genkwanin shows promising anti-diabetic effects by enhancing insulin sensitivity, regulating glucose metabolism, and reducing oxidative stress associated with diabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tomato is well-known for its anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties, and with a wide range of health benefits is an important cash crop for human well-being. However, environmental stresses (especially abiotic) are having a deleterious effect on plant growth and productivity, including tomato. In this review, authors describe how salinity stress imposes risk consequences on growth and developmental processes of tomato through toxicity by ethylene (ET) and cyanide (HCN), and ionic, oxidative, and osmotic stresses. Recent research has clarified how salinity stress induced-ACS and - β-CAS expressions stimulate the accumulation of ET and HCN, wherein the action of salicylic acid (SA),compatible solutes (CSs), polyamines (PAs) and ET inhibitors (ETIs) regulate ET and HCN metabolism. Here we emphasize how ET, SA and PA cooperates with mitochondrial alternating oxidase (AOX), salt overly sensitive (SOS) pathways and the antioxidants (ANTOX) system to better understand the salinity stress resistance mechanism. The current literature evaluated in this paper provides an overview of salinity stress resistance mechanism involving synchronized routes of ET metabolism by SA and PAs, connecting regulated network of central physiological processes governing through the action of AOX, β-CAS, SOS and ANTOX pathways, which might be crucial for the development of tomato. • Tomato is an important crop for anti-oxidative and anti-cancer properties. • Salinity stress is a serious environmental risk in tomato production. • Salinity induced ethylene and cyanide toxicity and ROS leads to oxidative damage. • Salicylic acid/polyamines decline risk reduction from excess ethylene and cyanide. • AOX, β-CAS, SOS and ANTOX signalling and mechanism of salinity stress tolerance. • Innovation in molecular studies improves understating of salinity stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]