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As hypothesized in the Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model, metacognitive beliefs are associated with anxiety and depression in adults. An important question is the extent to which such effects are present in children and adolescents, with the implication that the model may also apply to young people. The aim of this meta-analysis was to synthesize results on the nature and magnitude of associations between metacognitive beliefs and anxiety and depression in children and adolescents. Systematic searches were conducted to identify studies that investigated: (1) group differences in metacognitive beliefs in clinical compared to non-clinical samples or (2) correlations between metacognitive beliefs and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Forty papers were identified comprising a total sample of 9,887 participants aged 7–18 years. Meta-analyses revealed that clinical samples endorsed significantly elevated metacognitive beliefs on four out of the five domains measured (i.e., negative beliefs about worry, cognitive confidence, need for control, and cognitive self-consciousness, with the only exception being positive beliefs about worry) compared to non-clinical samples with a small to large effect (Hedges' g s = 0.45–1.22). Moreover, all five domains of metacognitive beliefs were significantly and positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression of a small to large effect (r s =.24–.53). Negative beliefs about worry showed the strongest relationship with clinical status and the magnitude of symptoms. The number of studies did not allow for an evaluation of metacognitive beliefs at a disorder-specific level. In line with the S-REF model, our findings provide evidence of robust cross-sectional relationships between metacognitions and both anxiety and depression in childhood and adolescence. • Metacognitive beliefs are positively associated with anxiety and depression in adults. • A meta-analysis evaluating such relationships in young people is needed. • Forty papers were included with a total of 9,887 participants aged 7-18 years. • Clinical groups endorsed elevated metacognitions compared to non-clinical groups. • Metacognitive beliefs positively correlated with symptoms of anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The problem of context, which explores relations between societal conditions and science, has a long and contentious tradition in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science. While the problem has received little explicit attention in recent years, two contemporary positions remain evident. First is the resources model , which seeks to maintain the autonomy of scientists by denying contextual influence, restricting the role of contexts to providing a pool of 'novel inputs'. Second is the contextual shaping position which recognizes that societal conditions influence science but remains conceptually vague and theoretically undeveloped. This paper argues, given current disciplinary conditions, the problem of context deserves renewed attention. In this paper I first review the history of the debate from the 1930s, highlighting several anxieties that continue to hamper the open study of the problem. After this historical review, I provide a critique of the resources model and assess the possibilities and shortfalls of the contextual shaping position. By addressing past and present perspectives, my goal is to move firmly beyond narrow accounts of context, as exemplified by the resources model. Instead, I propose a renewed program of research in which rich empirical studies are combined with equally rich theoretical work directed toward developing conceptual tools better able to capture the multiple intricacies evident in context-science relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endogenous opioid neuropeptide Beta-endorphin is produced in the pituitary gland and stored in vesicles, it is an analgesic and relieves pain. The natural compound morphine is widely used as a painkiller and is much more potent than any other first-line and second-line pain management however it is only used in emergencies because it results in addiction, thus sometimes results in drug tolerance. Therefore, a healthy lifestyle and healthy practices like exercises, laughter, and meditation can elevate beta-endorphin release and help in pain management, improving mental and heart health. Natural compounds like curcumin, capsaicin can boost beta-endorphin synthesis in peripheral sites and overcome stress and improve mental health. This paper reflects on the role of exercise in pain management and how regular laughter can enlighten the mood and help the individual overcome depression, anxiety, and stress. This paper also reflects light on the natural substances that can boost beta-endorphin in the body as well as the compounds that prevent the beta-endorphin release, how body fluids can be used to detect the presence of beta-endorphin level, and methods to detect it. The available standard laboratory methods are not very specific for beta-endorphin. The future approach of biosensors for beta-endorphin can improve the sensitivity and selectivity for beta-endorphin. • Role of physical activities in boosting Beta-endorphin. • Natural compounds that can boost Beta-endorphin. • Relation between exercise, laughter with heart health. • Standard laboratory techniques for beta-endorphin detection. • Future advancement for beta-endorphin detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine profiles of distress of mothers of preterm infants in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) and relate profiles to maternal and child outcomes at child age 5 years. A racially and economically diverse sample of mothers (n = 94; 39% African American, 52% White) of preterm infants (≤30 weeks of gestation) completed validated questionnaires assessing depression, anxiety (state and trait), NICU stress, and life stress at NICU discharge of their infant. Mothers reported on their own and their children's symptomatology at child age 5. A latent profile analysis was conducted to categorize maternal symptomatology. Latent profile analysis yielded 4 distinct maternal profiles: low symptomatology, high NICU stress, high depression and anxiety, and high state anxiety. Social determinants of health factors including age, education, neighborhood deprivation, and infant clinical risk distinguished the profiles. Mothers in the high depression and anxiety profile reported more anxiety and life stress at follow-up and reported their children experienced more anxious/depressed symptoms. Existing literature has gaps related to examining multiple dimensions of NICU distress and understanding how patterns of mood/affective symptoms, life stressors, and related social determinants of health factors vary across mothers. In this study, one specific profile of maternal NICU distress demonstrated enduring risks for poorer maternal and child mental health outcomes. This new knowledge underscores sources of disparate health outcomes for mothers of preterm infants and the infants themselves. Universal screening is needed to identify at-risk dyads for poor health outcomes in need of individualized interventions that address both maternal and child well-being. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The high incidence of depression in cancer patients and its impact on their quality of life. • Summarizes the potential mechanisms of comorbidity between cancer and depression. • Provides discussion and analysis of potential treatments for depression. Cancer and depression are closely interrelated, particularly in patients with advanced cancer, who often present with comorbid anxiety and depression for various reasons. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the study of depression in cancer patients, with the aim of assessing the possible triggers, predictors, adverse events, and possible treatment options for depression in several common cancers. The objective of this narrative review is to synthesize the extant literature on the relationship between the occurrence and progression of depression in several common patient categories. The authors conducted a comprehensive review of 75 articles published in PubMed over the past five years. This review was further evaluated in the present paper. Ultimately, it was determined that depression is a prevalent and detrimental phenomenon among cancer patients, particularly those with advanced disease. Consequently, there is a pressing need to prioritize research and interventions aimed at improving the quality of life and psychosocial well-being of cancer patients, including those with advanced disease. The relationship between cancer and depression has been evolving dynamically in recent times. The current research findings indicate a strong association between cancer and depression. However, the direction of causality remains unclear. Focusing on depression in cancer patients may, therefore, be beneficial for these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Administration mode of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) may influence responses. We assessed if Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale – Depression subscale (HADS-D) item responses and scores were associated with administration mode. We compared (1) self-administration versus interview-administration; within self-administration (2) research or medical setting versus private; and (3) pen-and-paper versus electronic; and within interview-administration (4) in-person versus phone. We analysed individual participant data meta-analysis datasets with item-level data for the PHQ-9 (N = 34,529), EPDS (N = 16,813), and HADS-D (N = 16,768). We used multiple indicator multiple cause models to assess differential item functioning (DIF) by administration mode. We found statistically significant DIF for most items on all measures due to large samples, but influence on total scores was negligible. In 10 comparisons conducted across the PHQ-9, EPDS, and HADS-D, Pearson's correlations and intraclass correlation coefficients between latent depression symptom scores from models that did or did not account for DIF were between 0.995 and 1.000. Total PHQ-9, EPDS, and HADS-D scores did not differ materially across administration modes. Researcher and clinicians who evaluate depression symptoms with these questionnaires can select administration methods based on patient preferences, feasibility, or cost. • Administration mode may affect patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) responses. • No systematic reviews have evaluated this in mental health symptom PROMs. • We analysed PHQ-9 (N = 34,529), EDPS (N = 16,813), and HADS-D (N = 16,768) PROMs. • Total scores did not differ materially by administration mode. • Administration mode can be selected by patient preference, feasibility, or cost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several harmful substances can get into the human body easily through different ways, including foods, drinking water, air, and so on. Moreover, there are a variety of food additives that are added to foods to extend their shelf-life, enhance flavor, or make them more attractive. However, it has also been reported that some contaminants and food additives could induce mental disorders. On the other hand, some dietary components show preventive and therapeutic effects on mental disorders caused by contaminants and food additives. This narrative review collects high-quality literature from the Web of Science Core Collection and PubMed databases that has been published in the past five years. In this paper, the effects of contaminants and food additives on mental health are summarized. Moreover, several dietary components are discussed about their preventive and therapeutic effects against these mental disorders. Some contaminants, including heavy metals, organic pollutants, antibiotics, pesticides, etc., as well as food additives, were reported to cause the occurrence of anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Several foods and dietary bioactive compounds, such as probiotics, fruits, vegetables, and spices, were found to exert protective effects against these mental disorders. This paper can be helpful to understand the safety of contaminants and food additives from another point of view by focusing on their influences on mental health. It can also shed light on the development of dietary natural products into functional foods to prevent and manage these mental disorders. • Some contaminants could cause the occurrence of mental disorders. • Several food additives could cause the occurrence of mental disorders. • Some dietary components could exert protective effect against mental disorders. • Dietary components could be developed into functional foods against mental disorders. • This paper is helpful for people to choose foods against mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stress, a pervasive issue in today's world, significantly impacts mental and physical health. With approximately 20% of adults experiencing mental health disorders each year, and depression affecting over 260 million people globally, effective stress manage- ment is crucial. Chronic stress is also associated with physical ailments, including cardiovascular diseases, the leading global cause of death. In parallel, the wearable device market has witnessed substantial growth, with over 300 million units sold worldwide in 2021. These devices offer a unique opportunity to collect physiological and behavioral data, making them invaluable for stress detection and prediction. Combining artificial intelligence (AI) and wearables, this paper explores their accuracy in capturing vital data and the potential to revolutionize stress management, ultimately improving mental and physical well-being. In this paper, the ensemble-based classifier known as the Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Classifier detected stress from heart rates with an accuracy of 73%. This establishes the independent nature of Heart Rates for stress prediction, emphasizing that there is no need for sophisticated ECG and HRV readings. This opens up the possibility of using sensors as used in wearable devices to effectively detect stress in our day-to-day lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study systematically identified the effects of physical activity (PA) on depression, anxiety and weight-related outcomes among children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PubMed were searched from January 1, 2000 to August 1, 2022 for peer-reviewed papers. Meta-analyses were conducted to ascertain the effect of physical activity on symptoms of anxiety, depression and weight-related outcomes in overweight/obese children and adolescents. Twenty-five studies representing 2188 participants, with median age 12.08 years old (8.3 to 18.44 years) were included. Depressive and anxiety symptoms, BMI, BMI z-scores, weight, waist circumference and height were evaluated. After incorporating the effects of PA interventions on children and adolescents with overweight/obesity, PA could improve depressive and anxiety symptoms, but not obesity indexes except waist circumference. While, PA combined with other interventions have a significant effect both on anxiety symptoms and BMI compared to pure PA intervention. In terms of intervention duration, we observed that durations falling within the range of 8 to 24 weeks exhibited the most positive effects on reducing depressive symptoms. We included 25 articles on the effects of physical activity on psychological states such as depression and anxiety, weight, BMI and other weight-related indicators in children and adolescents with overweight/obesity. We attempted to determine the most appropriate type of physical activity intervention for children and adolescents with overweight/obesity, as well as the most appropriate population characteristics and duration by combining the outcome data from each article. This has a great enlightening effect for health workers to carry out corresponding strategies in the future. • Physical activity is important for overweight/obese children and adolescents. • Physical activity was strongly associated with improvement in psychological symptoms. • We need more holistic, integrated forms of physical activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Prenatal testing induces elevated anxiety levels among high-risk pregnant women. • The utilization of virtual reality and music during non-stress tests alleviates anxiety and enhances satisfaction among high-risk pregnant women undergoing the procedure. • Virtual reality intervention resulted in a reduction in the duration of reactive non-stress tests. Prenatal tests cause high-risk pregnant women to experience high anxiety levels. This paper investigated the effect of Virtual Reality (VR) and music on anxiety, non-stress test parameters, and satisfaction of high-risk pregnant women undergoing non-stress tests (NSTs). This was a randomized controlled trial. The sample consisted of 102 participants randomized into three groups (VR = 34, music = 34, and control = 34). Maternal anxiety was assessed using the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-S (STAI-S) before and after NSTs. Satisfaction was evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) after NSTs. NST parameters were evaluated after NSTs. The findings were reported based on the Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials (CONSORT). The VR and music groups had significantly lower mean posttest STAI-S scores than the control group (p <.05). There was no significant difference in NST findings (reactive/nonreactive) between the groups (p >.05). The VR group had a significantly shorter reactive NST duration than the control group (p <.05). The VR and music groups had significantly higher mean VAS-satisfaction scores than the control group (p <.05) Virtual reality and music during NSTs help high-risk pregnant women experience less anxiety and satisfy them more with the procedure. We recommend that obstetric midwives and nurses use these low-cost, simple, and noninvasive methods to reduce anxiety in high-risk pregnant women during prenatal testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parental anxiety has been associated with increased risk of emotional and behavioural problems for offspring, yet the differing impact of each parent is unclear. As emotional disorders continue to present a significant challenge to the health system and with the role of mothers and fathers changing over the past two decades, we sought to systematically review the available literature for an association between parental anxiety and offspring suboptimal outcomes. A systematic review was conducted using the following databases: Ovid MEDLINE, Embase; PsycINFO and Google Scholar. Reference lists of the included papers were also searched. Data was analysed and grouped based on offspring age. Eighteen studies were included in this review. Results suggest that both parents' mental health can impact negatively on the functioning of offspring, during infancy, childhood, and adolescence. This association is weak in infancy, with equivocal results, however the association in childhood appears robust for both mothers and fathers. In adolescence, the findings suggest that maternal anxiety may be more influential than paternal anxiety. As the methodology of the included studies was heterogenous, and the timing of assessment varied across the papers, drawing concrete conclusions from the existing research is somewhat impaired. Both mothers' and fathers' anxiety have the propensity to negatively impact on their child's development. Implementing preventative interventions, which include both parents, as well as systemic interventions, which include the whole family, are essential in stemming the intergenerational transmission of mental health problems within families. • Parental anxiety is associated with increased risk of negative offspring outcomes. • This association exists when anxiety is present in either mothers or fathers. • Strongest association in childhood but evidence exists in infancy and adolescence [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Type 1 diabetes is associated with increased prevalence of individual categories of mental disorders. We aimed to systematically synthesise the prevalence of all the different categories of mental disorders to estimate the overall burden of psychiatric morbidity in the type 1 diabetes population. The electronic database of OVID was searched, and retrieved papers were screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted using a standardised data extraction form and the quality of included papers was assessed. Where possible, comparisons with control groups without type 1 diabetes were made. Prevalence data were synthesised into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders version 5 categories, a narrative data-synthesis, and a subsequent meta-analysis where possible was conducted for mental disorder categories. Thirty-eight articles were included. Depressive, anxiety, and feeding and eating disorders were the most examined mental disorders. Studies utilising diagnostic interviews reported higher prevalence of mental disorders than in studies utilising clinical registers, with an up to 24-fold difference respectively. In studies with a control group, the prevalence for nearly every mental disorder were increased for the type 1 diabetes samples. There appears to be a high prevalence of mental disorders and associated need among people with type 1 diabetes, although the quality of research needs to improve. This protocol was submitted for registration with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) (CRD42020221530). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper uses data from the Australian Journeys Home survey, a sample of disadvantaged Australians. • It studies the relationship between early mental health episodes and early homelessness, focusing on depression and anxiety. • We find that a person's first episode of depression makes a transition to homelessness more likely for both men and women. • Men's first experience of homelessness increases the likelihood of anxiety disorders. • - Anxiety disorders have no effect on homelessness and homelessness has no effect on the likelihood of developing depression. This paper studies the relationship between early mental health episodes and early homelessness, focusing on depression and anxiety amongst disadvantaged Australians. Using data from the Australian Journeys Home survey, we investigate whether the early onset of mental health conditions make a first transition into homelessness more likely. Similarly, we analyze whether early experiences of homelessness increase the likelihood of early onset of depression or anxiety. We perform our analysis separately for men and women since there are gender differences in rates of both mental health diagnosis and homelessness. After accounting for the effects of joint observed and unobserved determinants, we find that a person's first episode of depression makes a transition to homelessness more likely for both men and women. In contrast, anxiety disorders have no effect on the likelihood of experiencing homelessness. In addition, people's first experience of homelessness has no effect on the likelihood of developing depression, but does increase the likelihood of anxiety disorders for men only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autistic people are more likely to experience anxiety than their non-autistic peers. Understanding mechanisms underpinning anxiety in autism is a vital aspect of developing effective interventions. Intolerance of uncertainty (IU) and restrictive/repetitive behaviours (RRBs) are proposed to contribute to anxiety for autistic people. This paper includes the first meta-analysis to investigate the associations between all three of these variables. A systematic search identified 33 papers that measured anxiety, IU and RRBs in 8347 autistic participants. Evidence was found for positive correlations between all three variables. Analysis of average participant age demonstrated that the relationship between anxiety and IU was stronger in younger participants. No significant differences were found between the associations in studies that included participants with intellectual disabilities and those that did not. A quality assessment framework identified methodological threats to validity. Most studies had good methods of recruitment; however, many anxiety and IU measurement tools were unvalidated in autistic populations. Results suggest that IU and RRBs should be considered when designing anxiety interventions for autistic people, however, the role of RRBs in particular needs to be investigated further to prevent interventions from taking away important coping strategies due to misunderstanding of causal relationships. • Intolerance of uncertainty is related to anxiety in autistic people. • Restricted/repetitive behaviours (RRBs) are related to anxiety in autistic people. • Intolerance of uncertainty is related to RRBs in autistic people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The improved EEMD proposed in this paper effectively solves the problem of EMD pattern aliasing. • This paper proposes a BFN binarization method based on the relationship between network density and average node degree, ensuring the comparability of BFN between groups. • From the perspective of BFN, we explore the abnormal topology alters of brain, and effectively solve the problem of anxiety recognition. Most anxiety studies are based on the features of isolated electroencephalography (EEG) electrode, ignoring that the essence of EEG is the signals overlap from different neurons. Therefore, it's difficult to find abnormal topological alters of the brain from independent neuron. To this end, this paper proposes an anxitey analysis and detection framework of brain function network (BFN) based on improved Ensemble empirical mode decomposition (EEMD). Additional adaptive white noise is adopted to solve the pattern aliasing problem, and several intrinsic mode functions (IMF) for simulating independent neuron signals are obtained. Binary BFN is constructed on different IMF based on phase lag index (PLI) and proportional threshold strategy. Then complex network method is used to analyze the topology alters and attributes of BFN, and explore the potential biomarkers of anxiety detection. In addition, to evaluate the effectiveness of these potential biomarkers for anxiety detection, support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used as an evaluation tool and highest detection accuracy of 92.38% was obtained. Meanwhile, the analysis results show that the adaptive amplitude white noise can affect all extreme points, and improved EEMD can more effectively decompose EEG signals. Functional synchrony altered significantly in the frontal, temporal and central region of the left brain. Our research findings also show that the BFN of anxiety patients shows a tendency of randomization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undergoing a Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan continues to be a source of anxiety and concern for many patients. Various interventions have been developed and are used in regular clinical practice to support patients through the procedure. A novel approach which is gaining traction is that of virtual reality (VR) as a tool to support patient experience in MRI. This scoping review considers how it is currently being used and developed and discusses how effective it may be. The eight papers found show a range of approaches being used; as a preparatory tool, exposure therapy or distraction technique. All of which show general positive influence on patient anxiety, compliance, and acceptability. The more recent, but limited number of papers, show this to be a developing field. The potential for the use of VR lies in its ability to closely replicate the real world as a preparatory and exposure technique for those likely to experience concerns over the MRI procedure itself. The reality of the virtual environment also provides opportunity to spend time coaching patients in advance without the need to take up actual scanner time, thereby providing a safe space in which preparation and support can be given. It is argued that a better understanding of the theoretical basis on which VR may be working would further help development and implementation in clinical practice. This could then support a truly patient-centred approach to management of claustrophobia and associated anxieties related to MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this paper was to understand associations between low sleep duration (< 8 hours) and positive mental health screens among adolescents (ages 13-18) seen for preventive visits in primary care. METHODS: Data were from two randomized controlled trials testing the efficacy of an electronic health risk behavior screening and feedback tool for adolescent preventive visits. Participants (n = 601) completed screeners at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months which included sleep duration in hours and the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7 screeners for depression and anxiety, respectively. Main analyses included adjusted logistic regressions testing associations between low sleep duration and positive mental health screens. RESULTS: Adjusted models showed that low sleep duration was associated with significantly greater odds of a positive depression screen (OR = 1.58, 95% CI: 1.06-2.37) but not with a positive anxiety screen or co-occurring positive depression and anxiety screens. However, follow-up analyses indicated an interaction between sleep duration and anxiety in the association with a positive depression screen, such that the association between low sleep and a positive depression screen was driven by those who did not screen positive for anxiety. CONCLUSIONS: As pediatric primary care guidelines for sleep continue to evolve, further research, training, and support for sleep screening are warranted to ensure effective early intervention for sleep and mental health problems during adolescence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hysterosalpingography is a stressful procedure that causes pain and anxiety. Therefore, measures must be taken to reduce or eliminate the pain and anxiety associated with it. This paper investigated the effect of virtual reality (VR) during hysterosalpingography on pain, anxiety, fear, physiological parameters, and satisfaction. A randomized controlled trial design was used. Patients were randomized into two groups (VR group = 31, control group = 31). The study was conducted between April 26 and June 30, 2022. Anxiety was evaluated using the State Anxiety Inventory. Pain, fear, and satisfaction were evaluated using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Temperature, pulse, blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were followed up. There was a significant difference in the mean VAS scores during and 15 min after hysterosalpingography between the VR and control groups. There was no significant difference in the mean SAI scores between the groups. The VR group participants were significantly more satisfied with hysterosalpingography than the control group. There was no significant difference in physiological parameters just before, immediately after, and 15 min after hysterosalpingography between the groups. Virtual reality helps patients experience less pain and fear and makes them more satisfied with hysterosalpingography. However, it does not affect their anxiety and vital signs. Patients are highly satisfied with VR technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

About a quarter of the adults living in England have been diagnosed with a mental health condition (for example, anxiety and depression). The purpose of this paper is to discuss the difficulties faced by these people when they travel, and ways in which policy interventions could be used to encourage them to travel more. The main evidence in the paper comes from a weighted sample of 363 people with mental health conditions who completed an on-line survey. The paper concentrates on anxiety issues. The anxieties are considered under five headings: interacting with fellow travellers, interacting with staff and purchasing tickets, wayfinding, needing support, and needing to take urgent action. Policy interventions to improve access to infrastructure and services to help address the anxieties are discussed under these headings. The number of respondents who say that they would travel more if some of the interventions were introduced is then considered. The paper concludes that there are ways in which some of the anxieties that people have when travelling can be addressed and that introducing these types of intervention would increase travel by people with mental health conditions. • Psychological barriers to travel are revealed in an on-line survey. • 99% of the respondents identified aspects of travel that caused them anxiety. • The largest cause of anxiety was interacting with other people when travelling. • Other causes of anxiety included wayfinding and needing to find public toilets. • Policy interventions would encourage the respondents to travel more. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since depression often results in suicidal thoughts and leaves a person severely disabled daily, there is an elevated risk of premature mortality due to mental problems caused by depression. Therefore, it's crucial to identify the patient's mental illness as soon as possible. People are increasingly using social media platforms to express their opinions and share daily activities, which makes online platforms rich sources of early depression detection. The contribution of this paper is multifold. First , it presents five machine-learning models for Arabic and English depression detection using Twitter text. The best model for Arabic text achieved an f1-score of 96.6 % for binary classification to depressed and Non_dep. For English text without negation, the model achieved 92 % for binary classification and 88 % for multi-classification (depressed, indifferent, happy). For English text with negation, an 87 %, and 85 % f1 score was achieved for binary and multi-classification respectively. Second , the work introduced a manually annotated Arabic_Dep_tweets_10,000 corpus of 10.000 Arabic tweets, which covered neutral tweets as well as a variety of depressed and happy terms. In addition, two automatically annotated English corpora, Eng_without_negation_60.000 corpus of 60,172 English tweets and Eng_with_negation_57.000 corpus of 57,392 English tweets. Both covered a wide range of depressed and cheerful terms; however, Negation was included in the Eng_with_negation_57.000 corpus. Finally , this paper exposes a depression-detection web application which implements our optimal models to detect tweets that contain depression symptoms and predict depression trends for a person either using English or Arabic language. • More than two-thirds of suicides each year are caused by depression, which is the most common mental illness. • Social media posts can be a useful tool for tracking a variety of mental health conditions, including depression. • The lack of adequate Arabic corpora makes it difficult to use machine learning techniques in depression detection for the Arabic people. • Existing models for English language use binary classification only and does not handle negation in the text. • Twittpy is a web application developed to detect depression symptoms for persons using their text from Arabic or English tweets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To discuss the effect of non-drug interventions on anxiety and depression in patients with heart failure (HF) through Bayesian network meta-analysis. Relevant literature was searched from PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Medline from database establishment to October 2022 by a computer. Next, a screening was performed on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for the effect of non-drug interventions on anxiety and depression in HF patients, followed by a collection of the related data. This meta-analysis was conducted based on Bayesian network, and the statistical analysis was conducted using R4.2 software. A total of 23 papers were enrolled into this study. The results of Bayesian network meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group and the structured video conferencing support (SVCS) group, telephone case management (TCM) could effectively reduce the anxiety and depression of HF patients. The ranking results revealed that TCM may be the most effective intervention to lower the risk of depression in HF patients, followed by Tai Chi Chuan and Chi Kung training (TCC) and structured telephone support (STS). TCM is the most effective intervention to prevent HF patients from anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, which is a global health emergency, has potentiality had a serious impact on students' mental health. An online cross-sectional survey design that included 534 senior year college students from South India revealed a significant and direct positive effect of the fear of a third wave of COVID-19 on academic anxiety which in turn showed a significant and direct positive effect on COVID-19 burnout. Academic anxiety was also found to mediate the relationship between the fear of a third wave of COVID-19 and subsequent cases of burnout. The study suggested measures to be taken by policy makers for the broader interest and wellbeing of student communities. Managerial implications, limitations and future studies were also examined in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is rapid growth of older people in Low- and Middle- Income Countries (LMICs). The aim of this review was to assess the literature on prevalence of anxiety and depression in this demographic, which to our knowledge, has not yet been conducted. Databases including Medline, PsychInfo, Embase, Scielo and African Journals Online were searched for terms including "mental disorders", "neurotic disorders", "mood disorders" and "anxiety disorders". Studies published between 1990 and 2020 providing data on older people (≥50 years) in LMICs (defined by World Bank Criteria) were included and quality-assessed. Meta-analysis was conducted on a subset of higher-quality studies to derive pooled prevalence estimates of depression. One hundred and forty relevant studies were identified, of which thirty-two were included in meta-analysis. One hundred and fifteen studies reported depression prevalence only, 19 reported both depression and anxiety, and six reported anxiety only. In all studies identified, depression prevalence ranged from 0.5 % to 62.7 %, and Generalised Anxiety Disorder prevalence ranged from 0.2 % to 32.2 %. The pooled prevalence of depression on meta-analysis was 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 % - 11.2 %). Reported prevalence rates of depression were significantly different in studies using ICD-10 compared with DSM criteria, and between community and clinical settings. The search strategy contained bias towards English language papers and high income country (HIC) publications. There is significant heterogeneity within the meta-analysis. A wide range of methodologies and clinical criteria are used in prevalence studies of depression and anxiety in older people. Studies using screening tools found higher prevalence rates; clinicians and researchers should ensure diagnosis is made with gold-standard clinical criteria. Meta-analysis data suggest that rates of depression are similar in older people in LMICs compared to HICs but mental healthcare resources are limited, suggesting a large potential treatment gap. • First review on prevalence of depression and anxiety in older adults in LMICs covering multiple continents. • 142 studies identified: 117 (depression), 19 (depression and anxiety), 6 (anxiety). • Prevalence of depression: 0.5 %–62.7 %; Generalised Anxiety Disorder: 0.2 %–32.2 %. • Meta-analysis of depression data: prevalence of 10.5 % (95 % CI, 8.9 %–11.2 %). • Rates of depression are not higher in older people in LMICs compared to HICs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigating rating inconsistency can improve measurement fidelity and detection of treatment response. The International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology convened an expert Working Group that developed consistency checks for ratings of the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) and Clinical Global Impression of Severity of anxiety (CGI S) that are widely used in studies of mood and anxiety disorders. Flags were applied to 40,349 HAM-A administrations from 15 clinical trials and to Monte Carlo-simulated data as a proxy for applying flags under conditions of inconsistency. Thirty-three flags were derived these included logical consistency checks and statistical outlier-response pattern checks. Twenty-percent of the HAM-A administrations had at least one logical scoring inconsistency flag, 4 % had two or more. Twenty-six percent of the administrations had at least one statistical outlier flag and 11 % had two or more. Overall, 35 % of administrations had at least one flag of any type, 19 % had one and 16 % had 2 or more. Most of administrations in the Monte Carlo- simulated data raised multiple flags. Flagged ratings may represent less-common presentations of administrations done correctly. Conclusions-Application of flags to clinical ratings may aid in detecting imprecise measurement. Flags can be used for monitoring of raters during an ongoing trial and as part of post-trial evaluation. Appling flags may improve reliability and validity of trial data. • A set of expert consensus and statistical flags to help identify possible errors in HAMA ratings. • Flags elaborated in paper can be applied. • Flags represent actual patterns of inconsistencies found. • Application of flags to ratings may improve reliability of ratings and validity of trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NHS England Radiotherapy Service Specification calls for routine use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs). However, barriers exist at patient, healthcare professional and service levels. The aim of the present study was to determine the current use of PROMs within radiotherapy services in England. The current attitudes, barriers and enablers to the implementation of PROMs in radiotherapy practice were evaluated and practical recommendations to inform future implementation were developed. A mixed-methods approach was adopted to obtain quantitative and qualitative data. An online questionnaire was developed and disseminated to all radiotherapy operational delivery network managers across England. The questionnaire consisted of 12 open and closed questions relating to PROMs use, with the option to provide free-text responses. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted on free-text comments, whereas descriptive statistics were used to analyse quantitative data. In total, 182 responses were received from 40 of the 50 radiotherapy providers, resulting in a response rate of 84%. The current use of PROMs was analysed, including rationale for use, tools used, format of PROMs collection and timing within the radiotherapy pathway. Most respondents indicated that PROMs were used in the context of clinical trials only. Through thematic analysis, four identical key themes were identified relating to both barriers and enablers to PROMs use; these included IT infrastructure, time, human/financial resources and training/education. A fifth theme, standardisation, was identified as a key enabler to PROMs use. Our findings show that outside of clinical trials, PROMs are not routinely used in radiotherapy services due to barriers identified at professional and service levels. Here we provide recommendations to mitigate the barriers identified and implement PROMs in radiotherapy, including training for healthcare professionals and standardisation of PROMs tools and storage. This study provides a key first step in driving PROMs implementation within radiotherapy services across England. • Outside of clinical trials, PROMs were not widely used within radiotherapy services. • Common PROMs used included QOL, anxiety/depression and urinary/bowel function tools. • PROMs are completed using either paper or electronic forms, by staff or patients. • Barriers include IT infrastructure, time, resources (staff/finances) and training. • Enablers included IT, time, resources, training and standardisation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study reviewed forced family separation as the result of migration policies. • Forced family separation is linked to negative mental health outcomes for children. • Forced family separation is linked to adverse health among parents/caregivers. • There is racial and ethnic discrimination in punitive immigration policies. This paper aims to systematically look at the impacts of child separation from the primary caregiver as the result of migration policies from a racial and ethnic equity perspective. An online systematic search of Web of Science Core Collection, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Sociological Abstracts with keywords relevant to migration, family separation, and health outcomes was conducted in January 2022. The studies retrieved through the search were independently reviewed by two of the authors using the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews and Covidence systematic review software. Based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria of the study, 14 papers were included in the scoping review. We found that none of the studies were centered on a racial and ethnic equity framework. The reviewed studies showed that forced separation was associated with negative mental health outcomes including anxiety, depression, emotional and behavioral problems, post-traumatic stress or post-traumatic stress disorder, sleep disturbance, and stress among children. Similar adverse health outcomes were reported among caregivers. These negative mental health outcomes can have long-term and even generational impacts on the well-being and health of the communities in the U.S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Psychomotor retardation has long been recognized as a major feature of depression, and anxiety disorders have been linked with freeze and flight motor responses. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed a) to synthesize available evidence of motor alterations comparing individuals with depression and anxiety disorders to healthy individuals and b) to evaluate the effect of experimental manipulations of motor displays within these clinical groups.Method: The databases PubMed and PsycINFO were searched for studies either assessing motor differences between clinical and healthy control groups or manipulating the motor system within a clinical group.Results: The literature search yielded 87 relevant papers, comprising 82 studies comparing a clinical group to a healthy group and 5 studies investigating motor manipulations within a clinical sample. The results of the meta-analysis (K = 71) indicated a statistically significant combined estimate of differences between healthy and clinical groups (g = 0.38 [0.31, 0.45], adjusted for publication bias g = 0.26 [0.19, 0.33]) of a small size. This effect did not vary according to type of disorder (anxiety vs. depression, p = .468). From a narrative review of experimental studies within clinical groups, four out of five studies reported statistically significant effects of manipulating the motor system on affective outcomes.Discussion: This synthesis adds to the accumulating empirical evidence of motor alterations in depression and anxiety disorders. Future research will need to investigate how individuals suffering from depression or anxiety disorders could benefit from psychological, behavioral, and physical interventions directly aimed at the motor system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black adults with anxiety and/or depressive disorders underutilize outpatient psychotherapy and pharmacological treatment compared to White adults. Notably, anxiety and depressive disorders tend to be chronic and Black individuals with these disorders experience greater functional impairment than White individuals. Documented racial disparities in mental health treatment initiation indicate a need for research that addresses culture-specific barriers to treatment. This review paper critically evaluates existing theoretical models of treatment seeking among Black adults to inform a novel integrated, culturally contextualized model. This model extends previous ones by incorporating factors relevant to treatment seeking among Black adults (e.g., racial identity, perceived discrimination, medical mistrust) and critically examines how these factors intersect with key factors at three levels of influence of the treatment seeking process: the individual level, the community level, and the societal level. We posit interactions among factors at the three levels of influence and how these may impact treatment seeking decisions among Black adults. This model informs suggestions for enhancing interventions designed to support outpatient service use among Black adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a summary of the role of nitric oxide (NO) and hormones in the development of chronic stress, anxiety, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). These mental health conditions are prevalent globally and involve complex molecular interactions. Although there is a significant amount of research and therapeutic options available, the underlying mechanisms of these disorders are still not fully understood. The primary pathophysiologic processes involved in chronic stress, anxiety, depression, and PTSD include dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, the intracellular influence of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) on transcription factors, an inflammatory response with the formation of nitrergic oxidative species, and reduced serotonergic transmission in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Despite the extensive literature on this topic, there is a great need for further research to clarify the complexities inherent in these pathways, with the primary aim of improving psychiatric care. • Nitric oxide plays an important role in different psychiatric conditions. • Hormone signaling affects nitric oxide pathways across various psychiatric disorders. • Neuronal nitric oxide synthase is commonly involved in major molecular pathways. • Further research to outline molecular processes in a more precise manner is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper studies correlations between anxiety, SD, and PROMs in LD patients. • Anxiety was positively correlated with SD, depression, back pain, and disability. • SD was positively correlated with depression, back pain, leg pain, and disability. • Anxiety and SD were negatively correlated with physical function. Patients with lumbar spinal pathology often suffer from anxiety and sleep disturbance, but correlations between anxiety and sleep disturbance and other patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) before and after surgical intervention have not been explored. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlations between patient-reported anxiety, sleep disturbance , and PROMs before and after lumbar decompression. All patients undergoing elective, primary, lumbar decompression were retrospectively queried from a prospectively-maintained single spine surgeon database. Demographic and perioperative data and pre- and postoperative PROMs were extracted. Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Information System (PROMIS)-Anxiety, PROMIS-Sleep Disturbance (SD), PROMIS-Physical Function (PF), 9-Item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), Visual Analog Scale (VAS)-Back, VAS-Leg, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were obtained preoperatively and through two years postoperatively. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between PROMIS-Anxiety, PROMIS-SD , and the other PROMs of interest. PROMIS-Anxiety was positively correlated with PROMIS-SD (range: r = 0.473–0.828, p ≤ 0.006, all), PHQ-9 (range: r = 0.613––0.890, p ≤ 0.006, all), VAS-Back (range: r = -0.410–0.798, p ≤ 0.039, all), and ODI (range: r = 0.503–0.732, p ≤ 0.033, all) at all timepoints. PROMIS-Anxiety was negatively correlated with PROMIS-PF through 1 year postoperatively (range: r = -0.323– -0.729p ≤ 0.033, all). PROMIS-Anxiety was positively correlated to VAS-Leg at preoperative, 6-week, 12-week, and 2-year postoperative timepoints (range: r = 0.333––0.707, p ≤ 0.022, all). PROMIS-SD was positively correlated with PHQ-9 (range: r = 0.600–0.836), VASBack (range: r = 0.383–0.734), VAS-Leg (range: r = 0.399–0.811), and ODI (range: r = 0.404–0.812) at all timepoints (p ≤ 0.031, all). PROMIS-SD was negatively correlated with PROMIS-PF at all timepoints (range: r = -0.339–0.665, p ≤ 0.035, all). Patient-reported anxiety and sleep disturbance are significantly correlated with depressive burden, back pain, disability, and physical function, before and after lumbar decompression. Future studies should aim to determine the directionality of the associations and test interventions to improve health-related quality of life following lumbar decompression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media is the flawless fantasy land of our dreams - we can choose the friends we want from anywhere, present our ideal online persona, and everything we post on social media is flawless. But is perfection actually possible? On the contrary, social media is the ideal place for someone to become so frustrated that they consider taking their own life. Everyone tries to present the ideal version of themselves, but in real life, everyone forgets who they really are. The concept of 'social media mirage' (SMM) is elaborated in this paper, a scale is developed and validated to quantify how this mirage emerges through 35 items drawn from behavioral and psychological dimensions. The methodology in the study includes focus group discussion, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The SMM scale is observed as a seven-factor model consisting of Obsession of Comparison and Recognition (OoCR) (F1), Bragging about a Satisfied Life (F2), Self-Esteem (F3), Anxiety of Being Disliked/Rejected (F4), Dominance over Peers/Friends (F5), Mood Regulator (F6), and Social Affirmation (S7). This research is useful for social media managers and decision-makers who wish to assess the impact of social media on the psychological well-being of consumers. • Scale development of Social Media Mirage • 35 items drawn from behavioral and psychological dimensions • Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) are conducted. • A seven-factor model is observed. • Model is developed to measure the impact of social media on the psychological well-being of consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using cross-sectional data from a representative sample of the French population (the 2008 Disability Health survey), this paper examines whether the SF-6D, a widely used preference-based measure of health-related quality of life in economic evaluations, fully captures the variation in subjective well-being (SWB) due to chronic illnesses. We conduct a mediation analysis to disentangle the direct and indirect, through the SF-6D, effects of various chronic conditions on SWB (happiness). Our results show that the SF-6D reflects changes in happiness due to most illnesses except mental illness. Changes in SWB mediated by the SF-6D account for 74% of the total effect. The variation unexplained by the SF-6D is significant and increases substantially in the presence of multimorbidity when a chronic illness is combined with anxiety or depression. Overall, our results suggest that the SF-6D incompletely captures the subjective experience of chronically ill patients, especially those with comorbid conditions. • 74% of the effect of chronic illness on happiness is captured by the SF-6D. • The SF-6D does not fully capture the effect of mental illness on happiness. • The effect not captured by the SF-6D increases significantly with multimorbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the reasons why many people are reticent about travelling in a COVID-adapted world. It reports on a study of residents of Southeast Queensland, Australia conducted in mid-2022, up to six months after borders reopened after a prolonged COVID-19 shutdown. About one quarter of respondents were less interested in travel in a COVID-adapted world than they were before the pandemic struck. They were a diverse group whose reasons for their reticence could be categorised into four broad risk groups of: ongoing anxiety; fear of catching the disease; satisfaction risk, and; travel risk as reflected by an overall loss of interest in travel. Each group displayed different COVID-adapted travel patterns that reflect the operationalisation of different risk categories. A follow-up survey conducted in August 2023 confirmed that up to one in four people still have less desire to travel as a result of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has highlighted higher prevalence of autism amongst gender diverse individuals compared to cisgender individuals. Both the autistic population, and gender diverse population, have been found to be at an increased risk of developing mental health conditions compared to the general population. However, little is understood about the mental health outcomes of those that are both autistic and gender diverse. Aims: The aims of this review were to assess the mental health outcomes in gender diverse autistic individuals and whether these outcomes were affected by biological sex or age. A literature review was conducted using the following databases: MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE and CINAHL. The review was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42023408287). Search terms relating to autism, gender diversity and mental health were used. 12/820 retrieved papers were included in the review. The most common health outcomes studied were depression, anxiety and suicidality. Gender diverse autistic individuals' mental health was poorer in all 7 studies when comparing to cisgender autistic individuals, in all 8 studies when comparing to gender-diverse non-autistic individuals and in all 6 studies when comparing to cisgender non-autistic individuals. Gender diverse autistic individuals appear to be particularly vulnerable to experiencing mental health problems, more so than gender diverse individuals and autistic individuals. ● Gender diverse autistic individuals are at an increased risk of poor mental health. ● The most common health outcomes studied are depression, anxiety and suicidality. ● Evidence on the effect of age and biological sex on mental health is limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxytocin (OXT), a neuropeptide consisting of only nine amino acids, is synthesized in the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei of the hypothalamus. Although OXT is best known for its role in lactation and parturition, recent research has shown that it also has a significant impact on social behaviors in mammals. However, a comprehensive review of this topic is still lacking. In this paper, we systematically reviewed the effects of OXT on social behavior in mammals. These effects of OXT from the perspective of five key behavioral dimensions were summarized: parental behavior, anxiety, aggression, attachment, and empathy. To date, researchers have agreed that OXT plays a positive regulatory role in a wide range of social behaviors, but there have been controversially reported results. In this review, we have provided a detailed panorama of the role of OXT in social behavior and, for the first time, delved into the underlying regulatory mechanisms, which may help better understand the multifaceted role of OXT. Levels of OXT in previous human studies were also summarized to provide insights for diagnosis of mental disorders. [Display omitted] • We summarize the effects of oxytocin on different social behaviors. • We summarize the molecular mechanisms by which oxytocin regulates social behavior. • We summarize the potential of oxytocin pathway targets for clinical therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clinicians responding to disasters are at risk of experiencing psychosocial problems that can negatively impact them during, upon their return and years after the deployment. Clinicians often respond to disasters as members of organised Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs). The aim of this paper was to review and synthesise the literature regarding psychosocial problems and support provided to medical personnel in the preparedness, response, and recovery phases of a disaster. A comprehensive search for literature was conducted using four databases: EMBASE; CINAHL; MEDLINE; and PsychInfo. Medical Subject Heading and key terms used in the search included: Disasters; First Responder; Disaster Medical Assistance Team (DMAT); Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychosocial problems were identified amongst DMAT members in all phases (preparedness, response and recovery) of disaster assistance. These ranged from pre-existing stress and anxiety to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Psychosocial support was mostly reported in the recovery phase of the disaster deployment. A range of strategies exist to support psychosocial problems DMAT members experience, however, these tend to focus on the recovery phase of deployment with limited focus on preparedness and response phases. Further research is required to identify, implement, and evaluate short and long term psychosocial support needs and strategies for DMAT members in all phases of a disaster deployment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rumination and worry represent two types of repetitive negative thinking (RNT), and their predictive and maintaining roles are well-established in depression and anxiety, respectively. Furthermore, there is an emerging literature on the link between RNT and psychological wellbeing in the perinatal period.Methods: We conducted a scoping review of studies that have investigated the relationship between RNT and perinatal depression and anxiety. We identified 87 papers eligible for inclusion in the review; they included cross-sectional and longitudinal studies, as well as treatment evaluations (pilot trials and randomised controlled trials).Results: Cross-sectional studies provided evidence of an association between RNT (i.e., rumination and worry) and depression and anxiety, in both pregnancy and postpartum. Longitudinal findings were mixed. Whilst antenatal worry consistently predicted subsequent depression and anxiety (both later in pregnancy and postpartum), rumination did not consistently predict depression. However, there was some evidence that rumination interacted with other processes to predict later psychopathology. Three randomised controlled trials evaluated whether psychological treatments reduce RNT in the perinatal period, only one of which included a clinical sample.Limitations: No experimental investigations were eligible for inclusion in the review.Conclusions: Further studies are needed to further our understanding of the nature and role of RNT in pregnancy and postpartum, and its consequences for maternal mental health. These include (but are not limited to) experimental investigations, studies with large clinical samples, and RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of psychological interventions targeting RNT to prevent and treat perinatal depression and anxiety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We distinguish 4 groups of drivers based on driving behaviour and personality. • Risky drivers and Anxious-aggressive drivers are the most problematic for traffic safety. • Risky and Anxious-aggressive drivers own or wish to own large and powerful cars. • Both groups deliberately violate traffic laws and oppose stricter traffic safety legislation. • Voters for conservative and liberal parties are overrepresented in these groups. Traffic safety is high on the agenda of European governments. Yet, countries including Germany maintain policies that are commonly identified as increasing traffic risks, such as speed limits set too high or trends of greater car motorization and mass. To better understand some of the interrelationships of driver characteristics and car segments, this paper identifies different groups of drivers, based on a representative sample of German automobilists (n = 1211). Psychological instruments used to identify driver segments include the Driver Behavior Questionnaire (DBQ), the Multidimensional Driving Style Inventory (MDSI), and the HEXACO Personality Inventory. Based on k-means clustering, we identified four distinct groups: Risky drivers, Showy anxious-aggressive drivers, Anxious drivers and Calm drivers. Questions focused on socio-demographics, political orientation, and traffic laws are used to describe these psychographic segments. Findings suggest that Risky and Showy anxious-aggressive drivers represent a greater threat to traffic safety than other driver segments for different reasons: they drive more powerful and larger cars, deliberately violate traffic laws – creating unsafe traffic conditions for others –, and oppose legislation making traffic safer, while also voting for parties holding on to the status quo. As their political choices appear dominated by automobile interests, there are widespread implications for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA) may increase the risk for psychological problems. • Results indicated negative MVA's consequences in at least one psychopathology. • Untreated MVA-related psychological consequences could have long-term effects. • Trauma-related MVA injuries are associated with elevated psychological distress. • Frequently effects were PTSD, depression, anxiety, phobia, and emotional distress. People involved in motor vehicle accidents (MVA) are at increased risk for psychological problems. Although the existing literature states that MVAs cause substantial negative mental health effects, summarizing and comparing these effects to understand their consequences could be more explored. This systematic literature review provides an overview of the literature surrounding the psychological consequences of MVAs to summarize and quantify their effects on mental health. The studies published in an English-language journal in the last 20 years (2001–2021) that present psychological consequences of MVAs were included. Web of Science, Scopus, and PubMed databases were used for the literature search. The systematic literature search found 23 eligible studies. After identifying all relevant studies on the topic, we synthesized the applied psychological assessment methods and the psychological consequences of MVAs. Current gaps in the reviewed papers and what future research are needed are also discussed. Results indicated that negative psychological consequences following an MVA are substantial, with all studies pointing to negative consequences in at least one psychopathology. Trauma-related MVA injuries are associated with elevated psychological distress, and MVA-related psychological consequences could have long-term effects if left untreated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Older adults with anxiety disorders do not have sufficient access to cognitive-behavioral treatment. • Diagnosing anxiety disorders in late life requires consideration of how age-related factors can impact symptom presentation. • Cognitive-behavioral treatment can and should be modified to meet the needs of older adults with anxiety disorders. • There is a pressing need to increase research on, and dissemination of, cognitive-behavioral therapy protocols for older adults with anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are among the most frequently diagnosed mental disorders in late life. As older adults comprise a growing segment of the population, evidence-based treatments for anxiety disorders in late life have come into sharper focus. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for anxiety disorders in late life has received less empirical attention and widespread dissemination relative to other age groups. Increasing older adults' access to timely assessment and effective treatment can help reduce the personal and societal costs of anxiety disorders. The purpose of this review paper is to discuss important considerations for the assessment of anxiety disorders in older adults and offer adaptations to CBT treatment for this population. As part of assessment considerations, we discuss how physical health conditions, cognitive impairment, and functional limitations can impact anxiety disorder diagnoses with older adults. We also outline validated self-report measures of anxiety disorder symptoms for older adults and highlight the importance of assessing older adults' suitability for CBT. Several recommendations for adapting CBT protocols for older adults with anxiety disorders are described, such as extending psychoeducation, altered treatment pacing, use of content aids, and medical contraindications for interoceptive exposure. A case study is included that illustrates helpful assessment and treatment adaptions for an older woman with panic disorder. We highlight the pressing need to increase research and dissemination of CBT for anxiety disorders for older adults to meet the needs of an increasing segment of the population worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Parent-only interventions for childhood anxiety may be an important alternative to resource and time intensive child-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate the efficacy of parent-only interventions in reducing symptoms of anxiety disorders in school-aged children.Methods: A systematic search of five databases (inception to March 2021) identified 29 eligible studies. A range of study designs were captured, including randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and case series. A narrative synthesis was conducted. Random effects meta-analyses were performed on parent- and child-reported outcomes and pre-test post-test effect sizes were calculated for uncontrolled studies.Results: Findings indicated a significant treatment effect for parent-only interventions compared to waitlist controls. No significant differences were found when comparing parent-only interventions with other active interventions; anxiety symptoms reduced in both conditions. No significant treatment effects were found for child-rated outcomes. Calculated effect sizes for uncontrolled studies were typically large, although sample sizes were small. No clear evidence was found for a superior type, duration or format of intervention.Limitations: The methodological quality of many studies in this review (19/29) was rated 'weak'. Only English language papers were included.Conclusions: To date, this is the first systematic review and meta-analysis of the efficacy of parent-only interventions for reducing symptoms of child anxiety disorders. Our results suggest that parent-only interventions may be effective in reducing child anxiety. These findings are important for clinical practice because they suggest that efficient, low intensity interventions delivered to parents may lead to positive outcomes for children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on the results of three studies that take key steps toward developing and validating a survey instrument to assess the readiness of individuals who are about to sojourn abroad – the Sojourn Readiness Assessment (SRA). The first study presents the development of 20 items to measure three readiness dimensions (knowledge, motivation, and anxiety) and the results of an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) performed on responses from 336 students about to study abroad. The EFA results led us to drop 10 items and one dimension (knowledge). In the second study, we administered a second 10-item version of the SRA to 154 students and ran a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), which confirmed the two-factor structure and further led us to drop two more items. In the third study, we translated the survey to Chinese and administered it to 136 Chinese students who were preparing to come to the U.S. The two-factor structure was confirmed through CFA for the Chinese version of the instrument. The three studies provide initial validity evidence for the Sojourn Readiness Assessment instrument. The need for further studies and some potential uses of the instrument are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Pedestrians experience mutualised anxiety, especially at night and in narrow public spaces, due to information asymmetry. • Pedestrians struggle to communicate distancing preferences, reveal their inclinations, and forecast alternative behaviours. • Game theory reveals Perfect Bayesian equilibria, but there exist communicative barriers to the optimisation of welfare. • We propose gestures, infrastructures, visual, audial, and haptic technologies to improve pedestrian safety and wellbeing. Whereas the mental health and personal safety of pedestrians have been the subject of both debates in the public sphere and discourses in social sciences, the interpersonal dynamic of citizens on foot remains so far unexplored. This paper takes a game-theoretical approach to the psychology, behaviour, and welfare of pedestrians, who experience different levels of mutualised anxiety and confidence in spontaneous encounters with strangers on the road. Through a combined method of survey, modelling, and theory, it proposes an equilibrium-analysis of inter-pedestrian signalling, as well as a set of public policy recommendations aimed to reduce unnecessary frictions, improve information transparency, and therefore promote public safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attachment styles influence mental health and relationships through life. Few studies examine the adolescent factors associated with adult attachment styles. This paper examines the association between adolescent emotional and behavioral problems and maternal-adolescent communication with attachment style in early adulthood. Data from 3423 participants in a birth cohort study were examined. At 14-years, participants' mothers completed the Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale. Participants completed the Youth Self-Report at 14-years which measures internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and the Attachment Style Questionnaire (ASQ) at 21-years. The ASQ comprises five domains of internal working models of interpersonal relationships and attachment style: confidence (security), discomfort with closeness and relationships as secondary (avoidance), need for approval and preoccupation with relationships (anxiety). Associations were examined using general linear models. After adjustments, internalizing symptoms score was associated with all domains of attachment and externalizing symptoms score was associated with four domains of attachment insecurity, but not attachment security. Low openness in maternal-adolescent communication was most strongly associated with decreased confidence and high problem maternal-adolescent communication was associated with viewing relationships as secondary. Adolescents with emotional and behavioral problems and maternal-adolescent communication may benefit from attachment-based interventions to support the development of healthy relationships and attachments in young adulthood. • Adolescent internalizing symptoms predict attachment in early adulthood. • Adolescent externalizing symptoms predict attachment in security in early adulthood. • Maternal-adolescent communication has small association with early adult attachment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parents with babies in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) experience high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression. The NICU experience may also lead to impaired parenting and early childhood socio-emotional problems. Psychosocial interventions can reduce NICU parent distress. Yet many are time-intensive and costly to deliver. Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), an evidence-based psychological therapy, may address these needs. ACT has been shown to be effective in reducing distress of parents of children with chronic illnesses, particularly when combined with parent education. Therefore, the primary aim of this study is to determine if a digital intervention that uses a brief form of ACT plus parent education will reduce the stress of primary caregivers with preterm babies in the NICU more than a digital education-only intervention or standard care control group. In a randomised controlled cluster trial design, participants will be randomly assigned to one of three groups: ACT plus education; education-only; or standard care control. The primary outcome will be parental/caregiver stress levels, measured on the Parental Stress Scale: Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Secondary outcomes include overall stress, anxiety, and depression. Outcome measures will be evaluated at baseline, two weeks after enrolment, discharge to home, and 3-months post-discharge. This study will explore the efficacy of a digital ACT plus education intervention on parental stress levels. While position papers have advocated for the use of ACT with NICU parents, this study will be the first to test ACT as a stand-alone intervention with this population. This trial was prospectively registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry on 14 June 2023 (ACTRN12623000641695p). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aftermath of seismic disasters presents a multifaceted challenge for survivors, impacting various aspects of their well-being and mental health. The present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of resilience in the relationships between social comparison, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. The study included 388 participants (age range: 18–69 years; mean age = 34.50 ± 13.18) who were residing in the most earthquake-stricken regions of Turkey and completed the self-reported measures of social comparison, resilience, life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety using a paper-and-pencil format. The results showed that social comparison significantly predicted resilience, satisfaction with life, depressive symptoms, and anxiety. Resilience significantly predicted life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. More importantly, resilience partially mediated the associations between social comparison and life satisfaction, depression, and anxiety. These findings suggest the importance of interventions that contribute to resilience in earthquake survivors. Post-disaster interventions should focus on strategies to diminish the influence of social comparison on mental health and well-being by cultivating the capacity to bounce back from adversity and cope effectively with challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]