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• Interaction feature pair (IFP) is introduced as carriers of interaction intents. • A product information model is established for interaction intent transmission. • Behaviors of cognizing interaction structures are achieved based on IFP matching. • Parts are endowed with the cognition behavior to mate with each other autonomously. Interactions of a part with other parts in an assembly constitute the behavior of the part. However, currently parts interact with each other lifelessly in assembly environment due to their incapability of cognizing interaction structures between them, making the assembly modeling of complex products suffer from considerable manual interventions. An intelligent assembly modeling method is proposed for complex products in this paper, by endowing parts with the ability of cognizing interaction structures between them. In this method, the concept of interaction feature pair (IFP) and the corresponding automatic construction algorithms are developed to explicitly describe interaction intent (i.e., how a part will mate with other parts) in designer's mind, providing carriers for part cognition behaviors and dynamical interaction intent in the assembly modeling process. On this basis, an object-oriented product information model considering IFP is established to facilitate the complete capture of interaction intent at part modeling stage and the consistent transmission of it to assembly modeling stage, endowing parts with the cognition ability of foreseeing how to mate with other parts before and after loading into assembly modeling environment. Then, IFP matching algorithms are designed to support the part cognition behaviors of actively cognizing interaction structures, perceiving potential mating parts and mating with other parts with high efficiency. Assembly modeling case studies of a reducer and a Mecanum wheel with few manual interventions indicate the feasibility of the proposed approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• There is a shift from a perspective biased towards visual methods to a broader understanding of the multisensory phenomenon known as "sensescape". Yet, the interplay among senses remains underexplored. • There is a lack of a universally agreed-upon definition for certain affects which are often characterized by their longer durations, ambiguity, and irreducibility. • Some functional studies explore attitudes to enhance cycling rates, while identity research emphasizes local context. Identities of cyclists in our sample face marginalization, stigma, disadvantage, and invisibility. • Retrospective surveys and interviews are dominant, but growing interest in mobile methods enhances real-time and context-specific data collection. • The positive values of cycling experiences have been largely ignored in our sample of studies, suggesting that the dominant narrative is still guided by the assumption that mobility is a disutility. When evaluating cycling subjective experiences (CSE), mobility researchers have questioned the depictions of cycling as an efficient, fast, and solitary mobility mode. By reframing cycling in terms of its emotional impact on the cyclist, research to date has explored dimensions such as fun, relaxation, and sociability of cycling experiences. Yet, these insights have not been integrated into a holistic understanding of CSE. Addressing this gap, this paper asks: what is the CSE exactly and how do we measure it? We selected and analysed in-depth 50 articles with the aim of unpacking the innate characteristics of CSE. The paper makes a contribution to the research on CSE by presenting a novel framework that clarifies the relationships within existing literature, and identifies measurement methods aligned with this framework. The three interrelated core aspects of CSE are 1) sensory interpretation, 2) affective states, and 3) cognitive construction. Additionally, the three identified methods are 1) retrospective, 2) interceptive, and 3) mobile methods. Notably, retrospective surveys and interviews emerged as the dominant methods employed in the field. However, there has been a growing interest in mobile methods, which enable the collection of real-time and context-specific data, thereby enhancing the generalizability of research findings. Through our analysis we have found that the positive values of cycling experiences have been largely ignored in our sample of studies, revealing a bias of researchers to focus on mobility as a disutility. Based on our findings, we urge planners and scholars to rethink their implicit efforts to mitigate the negative effects of cycling experiences and look for opportunities to optimize for positive cycling experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stakeholder participation is increasingly seen as beneficial for short and long term responses to climate change risks. Past research highlights the role social networks play as both a key outcome of participation, as well as an important step towards other environmental governance goals. This paper focuses on the social relation of mutual understanding , which is often discussed in the environmental governance literature, but has yet to be studied as an empirical social network in its own right. Our paper builds and tests a conceptual framework linking participation to mutual understanding and social learning. We analyze three waves of network and perceptions data gathered on stakeholders participating in the Integrated Coastal Resiliency Assessment (ICRA) project, a 2.5 year-long project aimed at developing a collaborative research assessment on the vulnerabilities to climate change experienced by an island community located in the Chesapeake Bay, USA. Our findings suggest that participation (measured as co-attendance in project events) leads to the formation of mutual understanding ties among stakeholders, but these ties do not necessarily lead to more similarity in stakeholders' perceptions on climate change. We reflect on these findings, and the project more broadly, noting that our study lends support to scholars arguing that feelings of mutual understanding are potentially more important for certain forms of collective action, as opposed to whether or not stakeholders increase their shared beliefs or perceptions about the environmental problem in question. • We conceptualize and test the links between participation, mutual understanding and social learning. • We use Stochastic Actor Oriented Models (SAOMs) to examine the evolution of mutual understanding as a non-directed, cognitive network. • Findings show tendencies for stakeholder participation leading to mutual understanding. • There is no support for mutual understanding leading to greater similarity in climate change perceptions. • For certain collective actions, mutual understanding is more important than increased similarity in perceptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Examining the relationship between the responses of a number of different cognitive trainings on cognitive functioning in middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Randomized controlled experimental studies published publicly from the time of inception to October 30, 2023 were searched through Web of Science, PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases. Traditional and network meta-analyses were performed using Stata 17.0 software. Fifty papers on 4 types of cognitive training were included. Traditional meta-analysis showed that virtual reality training (SMD = 0.53, 95% CI : [0.36,0.70], P = 0.00), neuropsychological training (SMD = 0.44, 95% CI : [0.18,0.70], P = 0.00), cognitive strategy training (SMD = 0.26, 95% CI : [0.16,0.36], P = 0.00), and cognitive behavioral therapy (SMD = 0.25, 95% CI : [0.08,0.41], P = 0.00) all had significant improvement effects on the cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment. Network meta-analysis revealed neuropsychological training as the best cognitive training, and subgroup analysis of cognitive function subdimensions showed that neuropsychological training had the best effects on working memory, lobal cognitive function, memory, and cognitive flexibility improvement. Meanwhile, virtual reality training had the best effects on processing speed, verbal ability, overall executive function, spatial cognitive ability, and attention improvement. Cognitive training can significantly improve the cognitive function of middle-aged and elderly patients with mild cognitive impairment, and neuropsychological training is the best intervention, most effective in interventions lasting more than 8 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 conspiracy theories have become widespread since the onset of the pandemic and compound the existing challenges of decisional capacity assessment. This paper aims to review the literature pertaining to decisional capacity assessment in the context of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs and synthesize a practical approach with an emphasis on differential diagnosis and clinical pearls for the practicing physician. We reviewed papers on decisional capacity assessment and differential diagnosis in the context of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs. A literature search was conducted using the US National Library of Medicine's PubMed.gov resource and Google Scholar. The resulting article content was utilized to synthesize a practical approach to decisional capacity assessment in the context of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs. Specifically, aspects related to the history, taxonomy, evaluation, and management are reviewed. Appreciating the nuanced differences between delusions, overvalued ideas, and obsessions while with integrating the non-cognitive domains of capacity into the assessment are crucial to navigating the wide differential diagnosis of COVID-19 conspiracy beliefs. It is important to attempt to clarify and optimize patient decision-making abilities by addressing circumstances, attitudes, and cognitive styles specific to patients with seemingly irrational beliefs about COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Decreases in cognitive function impair occupational performance, reduce occupational safety, and increase musculoskeletal injury risk. The aim of this paper was to identify measures that may be used to monitor cognitive function in the warfighter. A rapid review. A rapid search of Academic Search Complete, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and SPORTSDiscus databases was conducted. Eligibility criteria: original peer reviewed research articles, written in English, published between 2002 and 2022, and using human participants with no health issues in military training environments or active service. Of the 248 articles screened, 58 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility and 29 included in the review. Of these, 16 papers presented data from multi-stressor military training environments, or experimental studies where simulated military tasks were being performed. Thirteen papers focused on an aspect of military work and the implications for cognitive function (i.e., physical load, periods of extended wakefulness or fatigue, and hypoxic conditions). The domains of cognitive function that were assessed (i.e. vigilance, reaction time, working memory, situational awareness, and decision-making) were somewhat consistent among studies. Prolonged exposure to high-stress military environments compromises multiple aspects of cognitive function. These findings highlight the need for a suite of biomarkers to monitor cognitive function and assess the ability of military personnel to attend to and process mission-critical information and make appropriate decisions on the battlefield and other high-stress environments. Our findings suggest that a suite of common tests may provide useful information about cognitive function in the warfighter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correlations between cognitive ability and psychopathology are well recognized, but prior research has been limited by focusing on individuals with intellectual disability, single-diagnosis psychiatric populations, or few measures of psychopathology. Here, we quantify relationships between full-scale IQ and multiple dimensions of psychopathology in a diverse care-seeking population, with a novel focus on differential coupling between psychopathology dimensions as a function of IQ. A total of 70 dimensional measures of psychopathology, plus IQ and demographic data, were collated for 2,752 children and adolescents from the Healthy Brain Network dataset. We first examined univariate associations between IQ and psychopathology, and then characterized how the correlational architecture of psychopathology differs between groups at extremes of the IQ distribution. Associations with IQ vary in magnitude between different domains of psychopathology: IQ shows the strongest negative correlations with attentional and social impairments, but is largely unrelated to affective symptoms and psychopathy. Lower IQ is associated with stronger coupling between internalizing problems and aggression, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity/inattentiveness. Our analyses reveal that variation in general cognitive ability is associated not only with significant and selective shifts in severity of psychopathology, but also in the coupling between different dimensions of psychopathology. These findings have relevance for the clinical assessment of mental health in populations with varying IQ, and may also inform ongoing efforts to improve the measurement of psychopathology and to understand how relationships between cognition and behavior are reflected in brain organization. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex balance in the selection of non-human subjects. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comprehension tends to be less effective when reading on screens than on paper, particularly with texts that require a deeper understanding or when reading under time pressure. Recent evidence indicates that digital readers exhibit a tendency towards more shallow or superficial text processing and less metacognitive regulation. Emerging evidence on the reading of dynamic digital texts reaffirms the importance of visual and attentional constraints as per the reading of static texts, but also highlights the critical role played by contextual factors in guiding the use of reading strategies in digital environments. Although readers can develop adaptive reading strategies in response to different conditions, the efficacy of those strategies depends on various cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors. People increasingly read text displayed on digital devices, including computers, handheld e-readers, and smartphones. Given this, there is rapidly growing interest in understanding how the cognitive processes that support the reading of static text (e.g., books, magazines, or newspapers) might be adapted to reading digital texts. Evidence from recent experiments suggests a complex interplay of visual and cognitive influences on how people engage with digital reading. Although readers can strategically adjust their reading behaviors in response to their immediate reading context, the efficacy of these strategies depends on cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors. A better understanding of the factors that influence reading offers the promise of leveraging digital technologies to enhance the reading experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Our study provide strong evidence of the correlation between T1 and T2 lesions and cognitive function in MS patients. • These findings emphasize the importance of early detection and treatment of lesions to preserve cognitive function. Considering the different results regarding the correlation between Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) structural measures and cognitive dysfunction in patients with MS, we aimed to perform a systematic review and meta -analysis study to investigate the correlation between T1 and T2 weighted lesions and cognitive scores to find the most robust MRI markers for cognitive function in MS population. The literature of this paper was identified through a comprehensive search of electronic datasets including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase in February 2022. Studies that reported the correlation between cognitive status and T1 and T2 weighted lesions in MS patients were selected. 21 studies with a total of 3771 MS patients with mean ages ranging from 30 to 57 years were entered into our study. Our analysis revealed that the volume of T1 lesions was significantly correlated with Symbol Digit Modality test (SDMT) (r: −0.30, 95 %CI: −0.59, −0.01) and Paced Auditory Serial-Addition Task (PASAT) scores (r: −0.23, 95 %CI: −0.36, −0.10). We investigated the correlation between T2 lesions and cognitive scores. The pooled estimates of z scores were significant for SDMT (r: −0.27, 95 %CI: −0.51, −0.03) and PASAT (r: −0.27, 95 %CI: −0.41, −0.13). In conclusion, our systematic review and meta -analysis study provides strong evidence of the correlation between T1 and T2 lesions and cognitive function in MS patients. Further research is needed to explore the potential mechanisms underlying this relationship and to develop targeted interventions to improve cognitive outcomes in MS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep AI and big data have reshaped the IT field. Since AI refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by computer systems for problem solving, the current landscape of IT provides an excellent opportunity for us to re-examine how human cognition has responded to new developments in IT. In this paper, we discuss several issues related to human cognition in IT at AI-enriched big data era. First, we note that deep AI reflects human beings' needs for causality and explanations, and review a couple of related aspects. We then examine human cognition in IT from two perspectives: On the theoretical side, recent developments in quantum computing has the potential to reveal complex nature of human cognition in the form of quantum cognition, and on the practical side, cognitive bias may play a negative role, as demonstrated in the way of dealing with fake news. The complexity of human cognition in IT leads to a proposed multi-layer concept description which is based on our view that a complete concept definition is impossible without incorporating human cognitive feedback in the loop. We conclude this paper by emphasizing the need for integrated study of human cognition in IT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humans can make assertions and can judge the assertions of other to be true or false. In doing so, humans represent the world. As far as we know, only human being are capable of staking a claim in this way; rocks, roses, and rabbits can't do it. The question addressed in this paper is how children become capable of doing so. Philosophers have imagined that answering this question requires us to give a theory of the nature of the representational content of an assertion – that is, of the way it represents the world. In this paper I apply what we might call the metalinguistic approach , as championed by Talbot Taylor, to the problem of representational content. I do so by providing an account of how children come to be able to engage in acts of assertion and properly respond to the assertions of others in terms of their developing skills. For telling this story, I will rely on an embodied approach to cognition. In particular, I argue that reflexive linguistic skills enable the child to develop a sensitivity to the conditions under which speech acts are correct. Once the reflexive dimension of claim-making practices has come into focus, I conclude that no theory of content is required. Instead, I propose to shift talk away from content to an ability of individuals which I refer to as content-sensitivity. • I propose a metalinguistic approach to the notion of representational content philosophers take to be central to assertions. • This approach enables embodied approaches to cognition to explain how children come to be able to make assertions. • I talk about a child's developing content-sensitivity as expressed in reflexive skills instead of seeing contents as things. • Once we understand the normative reflexive dimension of language, a theory of language's true nature is no longer required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obesity is now well-recognized as an independent risk factor for cognitive decline. Although extensive research has been conducted on cognitive outcomes following bariatric surgery in young adults, very little is known about the impact of advanced age on the cognitive benefits of weight-loss procedures. This study aimed to assess cognitive function in older Iranian patients before and after bariatric surgery. University Hospital In this prospective longitudinal study, 24 older adults were examined before and 4 months after bariatric surgery using the Digit Span Test (DGS), the computerized version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST-64), and the paper-and-pencil versions of the Trail Making Test (TMT), parts A and B, spanning the 4 cognitive domains of attention, working memory, processing speed, and executive functioning. The bariatric surgery group was simultaneously compared to a waiting list control group. At 4 months of follow-up, comparisons between the groups revealed that the surgical group performed significantly better than the control group on the forward DGS, WCST, and TMT parts A and B. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups on the backward DGS. Further within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in forward DGS, WCST, and TMT components A and B. Nevertheless, the same variables did not alter significantly over time in the control group. The study suggests measurable cognitive benefits following bariatric surgery in older adults. • This study assessed cognitive function in older Iranian patients before and 4 months after surgery and compared them with a waiting list control group. • At 4 months of follow-up, comparisons between the groups revealed that the surgical group performed significantly better than the control group on the Forward Digit Span Test (DGS), Wisconsin Card Sorting Test-64 (WCST), and Trail Making Test (TMT) parts A and B. In contrast, there was no significant difference between groups on the Backward DGS. • Further within-group comparisons demonstrated significant improvements from baseline in Forward DGS, WCST, and TMT components A and B. Nevertheless, the same variables did not alter significantly over time in the control group. • The study suggests measurable cognitive benefits following bariatric surgery in older adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Screen media activity (SMA) consumes considerable time in youth's lives, raising concerns about the effects it may have on youth development. Disentangling mixed associations between SMA of youth and developmental measures should move beyond overall screen time and consider types and patterns of SMA. This study aimed to identify reliable and generalizable SMA patterns among youth and examine their associations with behavioral developmental measures and developing brain functional connectivity. Three waves of Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) data were examined. The Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D) was interrogated as an independent sample. ABCD participants included 11,876 children at baseline. HCP-D participants included 652 children and adolescents. Youth-reported SMA and behavioral developmental measures (neurocognitive performance, behavioral problems, psychotic-like experiences, impulsivity, and sensitivities to punishment/reward) were assessed with validated instruments. We identified SMA patterns in the ABCD baseline data using K-means clustering and sensitivity analyses. Generalizability and stability of the identified SMA patterns were examined in HCP-D data and ABCD follow-up waves, respectively. Relations between SMA patterns and behavioral and brain (resting-state brain functional connectivity) measures were examined using linear mixed effects modeling with false discovery rate (FDR) correction. SMA data from 11,815 children (mean [SD] age = 119.0 [7.5] months; 6,159 [52.1%] boys) were examined; 3,151 (26.7%) demonstrated a video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern, and 8,664 (73.3%) demonstrated a lower-frequency pattern. SMA patterns were validated in similarly aged HCP-D youth. Compared with the lower-frequency SMA pattern group, the video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern group showed poorer neurocognitive performance (β = −.12, 95% CI [−0.08, −0.16], FDR-corrected p <.001), more total behavioral problems (β =.13, 95% CI [0.09, 0.18], FDR-corrected p <.001), and more psychotic-like experiences (β =.31, 95% CI [0.27, 0.36], FDR-corrected p <.001). The video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern group demonstrated higher impulsivity, more sensitivity to punishment/reward, and altered resting-state brain functional connectivity among brain areas implicated previously in cognitive processes. Most of the associations persisted with age in the ABCD data, with more participants (n = 3,378, 30.4%) in the video-centric higher-frequency SMA group at 1-year follow-up. A social communication–centric SMA pattern was observed in HCP-D adolescents. Video-centric SMA patterns are reliable and generalizable during late childhood. A higher-frequency video entertainment SMA pattern group showed altered resting-state brain functional connectivity and poorer developmental measures that persisted longitudinally. The findings suggest that public health strategies to decrease excessive time spent by children on video entertainment–related SMA are needed. Further studies are needed to examine potential video-centric/social communication–centric SMA bifurcation to understand dynamic changes and trajectories of SMA patterns and related outcomes developmentally. We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Students' ability to solve mathematical problems is a standard mathematical skill; however, its cognitive correlates are unclear. Thus, this study aimed to examine whether spatial processing (mental rotation, paper folding, and the Corsi blocks test) and logical reasoning (abstract and concrete syllogisms) were correlated with mathematical problem-solving (word problems and geometric proofing) for college students. The regression results showed that after controlling for gender, age, general IQ, language processing, cognitive processing (visual perception, attention, and memory skills), and number sense and arithmetic computation skills, spatial processing skills still predicted mathematical problem-solving and geometry skills in Chinese college students. Contrastingly, logical reasoning measures related to syllogisms did not predict after controlling for these variables. Further, notably, it did not correlate significantly with geometry performance when no control variables were included. Our results suggest that spatial processing is a significant component of math skills involving word and geometry problems (even after controlling for multiple key cognitive factors). • Revealed the key cognitive factor predicting mathematical problem-solving. • The additional factors were strictly controlled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simulation is a technique being used increasingly in healthcare education which offers opportunities to evaluate nursing proficiencies. The use of valid and reliable instruments is recognised as the foundation for a robust assessment, however competency-based health assessment courses for graduate nurses can consequently become reductionist in measuring proficiencies. The specific review question was: In simulation-based education, what are the criteria that evaluate graduate nursing student's competence in obtaining a health history and performance of patient assessment? Eleven studies were included in the review. Papers were critically appraised with The Joanna Briggs Institute quasi-experimental studies checklist. Bloom's taxonomy was used to structure this narrative review. Seven papers evaluated cognition through questionnaires and two papers used a Likert-scale to determine self-perceived knowledge. Six papers evaluated psychomotor skills with a behavioural checklist. Diversity of application was factored into the studies when testing affective skills. Three papers used Likert-scales to evaluate preparedness, six papers used Likert-scales to evaluate self-confidence and one used a Likert-scale to evaluate autonomy. Three papers used a checklist to evaluate professionalism. Four papers used faculty member/ standardised patient feedback. Reductionist evaluation instruments create a barrier when evaluating competency. The limited validity and reliability of assessment instruments in simulation, as well as the lack of standardisation of affective skills assessment, presents a challenge in simulation research. Affective skills encompass attitudes, behaviours and communication abilities, which pose a significant challenge for standardised assessments due to their subjective nature. This review of the simulation literature highlights a lack of robustness in the evaluation of the affective domain. This paper proposes that simulation assessment instruments should include the standardisation of affective domain proficiencies such as: adaptation to patients' cognitive function, ability to interpret and synthesise relevant information, ability to demonstrate clinical judgement, readiness to act, recognition of professional limitations and faculty/standardised-simulated patient feedback. The incorporation of the affective domain in standardised assessment instruments is important to ensure comprehensive assessment of simulation particularly in the development of health history and physical assessment proficiencies. Attention to all of the domains in Blooms taxonomy during simulation assessment has the potential to better prepare professionals for the patient care setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The terms "extended cognition" and the "extended mind" identify two strands of philosophical argument that are commonly subsumed under the general heading of active externalism. The present paper describes an integrated approach to understanding extended cognition and the extended mind—one that papers over the differences between these two, ostensibly distinct, forms of cognitive extension. As an added bonus, the paper describes how active externalism might be applied to the realm of non-cognitive phenomena, thereby yielding an expansion in the theoretical and empirical scope of the active externalist enterprise. Both these points of progress stem from what is called the dispositional hypothesis. According to the dispositional hypothesis, extended cognition occurs when the mechanisms responsible for the manifestation of dispositional properties include components that lie beyond the borders of the thing to which the dispositional properties are ascribed. • A clearer explication of active externalist theses is required. • According to the dispositional hypothesis, cognitive extension occurs when the mechanisms responsible for the manifestation of dispositional properties extend beyond the borders of the entity to which dispositional properties are ascribed. • A consideration of dispositional properties provides the basis for a unified approach to understanding extended cognition and the extended mind. • Active externalism can be applied to phenomena that do not fall within the empirical orbit of cognitive science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) automatic target recognition (ATR) is a crucial technique utilized in various scenarios of geoscience and remote sensing. Despite the remarkable success of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) in optical vision tasks, the application of CNNs in SAR ATR is still a challenging area due to the significant differences in the imaging mechanisms of SAR and optical images. This paper analytically addresses the cognitive gap of CNNs between optical and SAR images by leveraging multi-order interactions to measure their representation capacity. Furthermore, we propose a subjective evaluation strategy to compare human interactions with those of CNNs. Our findings reveal that CNNs operate differently for optical and SAR images. Specifically, for SAR images, CNNs' representation capacity is comparable to that of humans, as they can encode intermediate interactions better than simple and complex ones. In contrast, for optical images, CNNs excel at encoding simple and complex interactions, but not intermediate interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is the primary question addressed by this study? Can propofol enhance slow wave sleep in geriatric patients to address core pathophysiology of depression and associated cognitive dysfunction? • What is the main finding of this study? Two older adults with treatment-resistant depression received two morning infusions of propofol. One of the two demonstrated slow wave sleep enhancement and a sustained improvement of depression. • What is the meaning of the finding? The above case series lays the groundwork for an ongoing open-label Phase I clinical trial by providing proof-of-concept of propofol-induced slow wave sleep enhancement and antidepressant response. Slow wave sleep (SWS), characterized by large electroencephalographic oscillations, facilitates crucial physiologic processes that maintain synaptic plasticity and overall brain health. Deficiency in older adults is associated with depression and cognitive dysfunction, such that enhancing sleep slow waves has emerged as a promising target for novel therapies. Enhancement of SWS has been noted after infusions of propofol, a commonly used anesthetic that induces electroencephalographic patterns resembling non-rapid eye movement sleep. This paper 1) reviews the scientific premise underlying the hypothesis that sleep slow waves are a novel therapeutic target for improving cognitive and psychiatric outcomes in older adults, and 2) presents a case series of two patients with late-life depression who each received two propofol infusions. One participant, a 71-year-old woman, had a mean of 2.8 minutes of evening SWS prior to infusions (0.7% of total sleep time). SWS increased on the night after each infusion, to 12.5 minutes (5.3% of total sleep time) and 24 minutes (10.6% of total sleep time), respectively. Her depression symptoms improved, reflected by a reduction in her Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score from 26 to 7. In contrast, the other participant, a 77-year-old man, exhibited no SWS at baseline and only modest enhancement after the second infusion (3 minutes, 1.3% of total sleep time). His MADRS score increased from 13 to 19, indicating a lack of improvement in his depression. These cases provide proof-of-concept that propofol can enhance SWS and improve depression for some individuals, motivating an ongoing clinical trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04680910). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper presents a unique set of data relating to 1,573 older people attending the Memory Clinic of the University Hospital of Angers, France, from the MERE cohort. • Orthostatic hypotension (OH) was associated with executive disorder on the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB). • Among the sub-scores of the FAB, only that for the motor sequence of Luria was associated with OH. • These findings shed new light on the relationship between orthostatic hypotension and executive function, which appears to be clinically relevant and may suggest an effect of OH on brain motor control. Orthostatic hypotension (OH) seems to be implicated in cognitive impairment. Nevertheless, not all the cognitive functions affected by OH have been identified. Participants from the MERE cohort were evaluated for OH (i.e. drop in blood pressure ≥20 mmHg for systolic and ≥10 mmHg for diastolic between lying and standing) and executive functions, implicated in brain motor control, and evaluated with the Frontal Assessment Battery (FAB) and its sub-scores. Of the 1573 patients selected, 338 had OH (21.5 %). We found an inverse cross-sectional association between OH and linear FAB score and an association with the sub-score for the motor sequence of Luria. In the MERE cohort, OH was associated with executive function disorder and with a pathological motor sequence of Luria as a melo-kinetic praxis disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Van Duijn and colleagues propose that minimal cognition can be understood in terms of sensorimotor coordination – that is the coordination between sensory apparatus of an organism and the motor processes that move it around the environment (2006). Despite there being much to recommend this account it still faces some challenges. For example, it does not accord with the intuition that there are cognitive processes that have little to do with sensorimotor coupling, it relies on a strong distinction between metabolic and cognitive processes, and perhaps counterintuitively it denies cognition to plants but grants it to the bacteria on their roots that perform various functions for them. Moreover, it is difficult to see how to account for cognition over the transition from single to multicellular organisms. This paper proposes taking a more radical view of cognition to be what happens in swarms – the coordination of multiple processes through the traces of their actions in the environment. Key to this approach is the observation that the structure of the environment plays an active coordinative role and that this structure results in part from the actions of the system that it helps coordinate. Systems develop sensitivity to the appropriate trace variables in the environment. Viewed as collections of processes bacteria, biofilms, plants, animals can be viewed as cognitive systems in this framework and it has the potential to be applied to the social world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Atypical cultural goods offer novelty and influence how cultural markets evolve. • Measures taken to contain crises such as COVID-19 lockdowns induce negative affects. • Both cognition and affects determine how individuals evaluate categorical atypicality. • Negative affects negatively moderate the impact of atypicality on audiences' evaluations. This paper investigates the impact of atypicality on cultural goods reception. While prior research has assumed controlled and highly cognitive mechanisms in audience evaluations, this paper probes the influence of affective states. We suggest that crises, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, trigger affective states and sway evaluations of atypical cultural goods. In a longitudinal study on movie evaluations ("Study 1"), we analyze how the external shock of the COVID-19 lockdown announcement — proxying heightened negative affects including anxiety — interacted with movies' atypicality and their subsequent audience evaluations. Furthermore, two preregistered controlled experiments establish causal links at the individual level. Study 2 corroborates the causal relationship between the COVID-19 lockdown announcement and increased negative affects. Study 3 shows that higher negative affects moderate how perceived novelty mediates atypicality's effect on audience evaluations. Overall, this paper has important implications for research on categorization, social evaluations, and the consequences of COVID-19 policy consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Military information is gradually overloaded due to the diversity of sources and the exponential growth in quantity, which greatly affects the accuracy of intelligence personnel in extracting and analyzing military information. The modern warfare approach has also evolved from the traditional physical domain to the cognitive domain, and competing for advantages in the cognitive domain has become a key objective of combat. Therefore, constructing domain knowledge graphs and mining the relationships between data play an important role in cognitive domain analysis. In this paper, we propose a convolutional network recognition method based on improved two-layer bi-directional BiLSTM networks named the BERT- α BiLSTMs-RECNN-CRF (BDBRC) model. For the difficulties of military entities generally having long names and low extraction accuracy, as well as the existence of a large number of composite entities that are difficult to recognize, an improved two-layer BiLSTM model is devised first. In view of the fact that the BiLSTMs model always extracts features equally in long-distance text sequences without actually considering the different influences of different sentence contexts, contribution factor a is added to extract the contribution of the above and below to the target entity in different sentences respectively. Then, aiming at the strong problem of the domain of military news texts and the high level of inter-entity ambiguity, we propose a method that utilizes a modified convolutional network (RECNN) for partial feature extraction and jointly with a modified two-layer BiLSTM network for entity recognition. The experiment on the self-constructed dataset shows that the F1 value of the model proposed in this paper reaches 93.18%, and the F1 value, P, and H of our model are all better than the baseline model, which verifies the performance of the model. At the same time, we use public data sets MSRA and CLUB2020, and the experimental results show that the model proposed in this paper also has a good performance in the public data set, verifying the universality of the model. It can provide methodological support for the construction of the military knowledge graph. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a need for effective interventions to stave off cognitive decline in older adults. Cognitive training has variably produced gains in untrained tasks and daily functioning. Combining cognitive training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may augment cognitive training effects; however, this approach has yet to be tested on a large-scale. This paper will present the primary findings of the Augmenting Cognitive Training in Older Adults (ACT) clinical trial. We hypothesize that receiving active stimulation with cognitive training will result in greater improvements on an untrained fluid cognition composite compared to sham following intervention. 379 older adults were randomized, and 334 were included in intent-to-treat analyses for a 12-week multidomain cognitive training and tDCS intervention. Active or sham tDCS was administered at F3/F4 during cognitive training daily for two weeks then weekly for 10 weeks. To assess the tDCS effect, we fitted regression models for changes in NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite scores immediately following intervention and one year from baseline controlling for covariates and baseline scores. Across the entire sample, there were improvements in NIH Toolbox Fluid Cognition Composite scores immediately post-intervention and one year following baseline; however, there were no significant tDCS group effects at either timepoint. The ACT study models rigorous, safe administration of a combined tDCS and cognitive training intervention in a large sample of older adults. Despite potential evidence of near-transfer effects, we failed to demonstrate an additive benefit of active stimulation. Future analyses will continue to assess the intervention's efficacy by examining additional measures of cognition, functioning, mood, and neural markers. • Post-tDCS and cognitive training, the sample improved on an untrained fluid cognition composite. • Improvements on the untrained fluid cognition composite maintained one year following baseline. • In the overall sample, there were no significant tDCS effects on changes in cognitive performance. • It is feasible to administer tDCS and cognitive training safely in older adults on a large scale. • Using individualized tDCS dosing parameters may better facilitate a treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite evidence that cognitive remediation improves cognitive and employment outcomes in persons with severe mental illnesses (SMI), its effects have not been systematically compared between Black and White participants. Considering that Black adults have more negative experiences receiving mental health treatment, providers may have greater difficulty engaging and retaining Black Americans in cognitive remediation. Due to the effects of structural racism on reducing employment opportunities for Black Americans, it is unclear whether Black participants will reap the same benefits of cognitive remediation on work outcomes as White Americans. This paper addressed this question. A secondary analysis was conducted of five randomized controlled trials comparing cognitive remediation (the Thinking Skills for Work program: TSW) and vocational rehabilitation vs. vocational rehabilitation only in 137 Black and 147 White Americans (64.2% schizophrenia-schizoaffective disorder) who were followed up for two years. Comparable proportions of Black and White participants were engaged and retained in TSW (>75%). Participants who received TSW improved significantly more in cognition than those receiving vocational services alone, with no racial differences in benefit. Participants in TSW obtained more work, earned more wages, and worked more weeks than those receiving vocational services alone, with no differences between the races. The findings indicate that Black Americans with SMI receiving vocational services could be successfully engaged in and benefit from cognitive remediation, highlighting the vital role of healthcare service systems in giving credence to structural racism to more effectively mitigate racial disparities in treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The second-generation antidepressants (SGAs) are used widely in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) for the treatment of mood disorder, sleep disturbance and psychiatric symptoms. Several evidences from AD mice confirmed that antidepressants could delaying cognitive decline. However, the conclusions varied in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) based on patients. This meta-analysis summarizes the cognitive impact of SGAs on AD patients with different neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS). Results show there is no effect on cognition and depression between SGAs treatment and controls, and this remains in subgroups analyses of duration of medication (<12 weeks or ≥12 weeks), drug classes (SSRIs or non-SSRIs), combination with anti-dementia medication, various NPS, and degree of AD. The available evidence provides no support for the efficacy of SGAs for cognition and depression of AD patients. The implications of the findings and their mechanism relevance are also discussed in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• COVID-19 associated impairment in neural stem cell activity may contribute to cognitive impairment and hyposmia. • Neural stem cell dysfunction may be a neuropathological link between neurodegeneration and hyposmia. • Therapeutic upregulation of neural stem cell activity may improve symptoms of long COVID. • SARS-CoV-2 may have a role in oncolytic virotherapy by targeting brain tumour stem cells. Endogenous neural stem cells are thought to continue to generate new neurons throughout life in the human brain. Endogenous neurogenesis has been proposed to contribute to physiological roles in maintaining and regenerating olfaction, as well as promoting normal cognition, learning and memory. Specific impairments in these processes in COVID-19 – impaired olfaction and cognition – may implicate the SARS-CoV-2 virus in attenuating neurogenesis. Furthermore, neurogenesis has been linked with neuroregeneration; and impaired neuroregeneration has previously been linked with neurodegenerative diseases. Emerging evidence supports an association between COVID-19 infection and accelerated neurodegeneration. Also, structural changes indicating global reduction in brain size and specific reduction in the size of limbic structures – including orbitofrontal cortex, olfactory cortex and parahippocampal gyrus – as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been demonstrated. This paper proposes the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair endogenous neural stem cell activity. An attenuation of neurogenesis may contribute to reduction in brain size and/or neurodegenerative processes following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Furthermore, as neural stem cells are thought to be the cell of origin in glioma, better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 interaction with tumorigenic stem cells is indicated, with a view to informing therapeutic modulation. The subacute and chronic implications of attenuated endogenous neurogenesis are explored in the context of long COVID. Modulating endogenous neurogenesis may be a novel therapeutic strategy to address specific neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and potential applicability in tumour virotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with specific learning disorder (SLD) have some cognitive and postural stability problems compared to typically developing (TD) children. Their single and dual-task gait performance may be affected depending on these problems. Are there any differences between the gait parameters of children with SLD and TD under single- and dual-task conditions? A comparative-descriptive study was conducted among 35 children with SLD and 33 TD children. All participants were assessed for gait parameters using a custom wireless inertial sensor under single and dual-task conditions. In the dual-task gait tests, there were the following tasks: to carry a glass of water and to tell apart the color of the paper. The children with SLD exhibited gait deterioration in both single and dual-task gait (p < 0.05). Dual-task cost cognitive values were higher in children with SLD (p < 0.05). This study highlights the worse gait performance of children with SLD under single- and dual-task conditions compared with TD children. However, interventions for their gait impairments are limited. At this point, SLD specialists can focus on multitasking to improve their walking skills. • Single- and dual-task gait parameters were affected in children with SLD. • Dual-task cost cognitive values increased in children with SLD. • Dual-task trainings should be added to SLD rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the discourse of 19 episodes from Seasons 1 and 2 of "Paranormal Survivor," a reality TV show about ghosts, haunted property, eeriness, fear, dread, and relief. Using various approaches to discourse analysis and multimodal discourse analysis we uncover the macro-, meso, and micro-level patterns of meaning creation in "Paranormal Survivor" that relate dually to the affective/psychological/sensory experiences of the protagonists as well as the cognitive puzzles, doubts, and (un)certainties underlying such paranormal phenomena. The macro-level analysis relates to the narrative structure of the program delivered through achronological multi-party perspectives, reflecting varying levels of emotional intensity/objectivity. The meso-level uncovers the various coherently related themes underlying the program. The micro-level examines the smaller bits of discourse that combine as they build the meso- (thematic) and macro- (structural) components of the larger spates of discourse through affect, emotion, believability, evidence, and empathy. This three-tiered analytic approach serves to systematically reveal the ways in which discursive mechanisms combine to enhance suspense, intensify horror, bolster both believability and relatability, and ultimately seek to establish and augment audience engagement. • Stance-taking is a discursively psycho-social cognitive and affective reaction to external stimuli. • Reality TV is both a reflection and magnification of everyday life. • Audience engagement in reality TV is a complex communicative process. • Suspense, curiosity, and surprise link both the affective and epistemic/cognitive domains of stance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• What is known on the subject?. The number of dementia patients in the world is increasing year by year, and the disease leads to progressive decline in the cognitive function of patients, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients. CST is currently recognized as a non-drug intervention with significant efficacy for dementia patients. However, the application effect of CST in dementia patients, especially on neuropsychiatric symptoms, remains unclear. • What the paper adds to existing knowledge?. CST has no significant effect on neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia patients. The effect of CST on anxiety and depression levels in dementia patients was not statistically significant. • What are the implications for practice?. CST can be used to improve the cognitive ability and quality of life of dementia patients, and to help them maintain their language skills. It is necessary to conduct in-depth discussion and research on the effect of CST on the neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia patients, and carry out more rigorous and reliable high-quality studies. Many scholars have explored the effect of cognitive stimulation therapy (CST) on dementia patients, however, due to different experimental designs and insufficient sample sizes, research results are inconsistent. Furthermore, there is a scarcity of high-quality quantitative results. To assess the effectiveness of CST for improving cognition, quality of life (QoL) and neuropsychiatric symptoms in people with dementia (PwD). Chinese and English databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) between establishment of and April 2022, with another search done in May 2022. Finally, 10 studies on the application of CST in PwD for improving cognition, QoL, behavior, language and activities of daily living were reviewed. Based on the results of the 10 RCTs, CST significantly improved cognitive performance (MMSE: WMD = 1.98, 95% CI: 1.24–2.72, P <0.01), QoL (WMD = 3.12, 95% CI: 2.52–3.72, P <0.01), language (NLT: WMD = 2.71, 95% CI: 1.07–4.35, P <0.01) and activities of daily living (DAD: WMD = 7.27, 95% CI: 0.97–13.56, P <0.01) in PwD. However, no significant improvements in ADAS-Cog (WMD = 0.55, 95% CI: -3.04–4.14, P = 0.76), depression (SMD = -0.12,95% CI: -0.29–0.04, P = 0.15), anxiety (RAID: WMD = -1.05, 95% CI: -3.85–1.75, P = 0.46) or neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI: WMD = 0.23, 95% CI: -2.62–3.07, P = 0.88) were found. CST improved the cognitive ability, QoL, language and activities of daily living of PwD. However, the effect of neuropsychiatric symptoms on PwD requires further exploration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In language comprehension, we use perceptual cues to infer meanings. Some of these cues reside on perceptual dimensions. For example, the difference between bear and pear is cued by a difference in voice onset time (VOT), which is a continuous perceptual dimension. The present paper asks whether, and when, experience with a single value on a dimension behaving unexpectedly is used by the learner to reweight the whole dimension. We show that learners reweight the whole VOT dimension when exposed to a single VOT value (e.g., 45 ms) and provided with feedback indicating that the speaker intended to produce a /b/ 50% of the time and a /p/ the other 50% of the time. Importantly, dimensional reweighting occurs only if 1) the 50/50 feedback is unexpected for the VOT value, and 2) there is another dimension that is predictive of feedback. When no predictive dimension is available, listeners reassociate the experienced VOT value with the more surprising outcome but do not downweight the entire VOT dimension. These results provide support for perceptual representations of speech sounds that combine cues and dimensions, for viewing perceptual learning in speech as a combination of error-driven cue reassociation and dimensional reweighting, and for considering dimensional reweighting to be reallocation of attention that occurs only when there is evidence that reallocating attention would improve prediction accuracy (Harmon, Z., Idemaru, K., & Kapatsinski, V. 2019. Learning mechanisms in cue reweighting. Cognition , 189 , 76–88.). • We investigate the learning mechanisms behind perceptual adaptation to a new accent. • Learners experience a single cue residing on a perceptual dimension (voice onset time). • When this would improve prediction accuracy, learners reweight the whole dimension. • Learners also reassociate experienced cues with a priori unexpected outcomes. • Error-driven learning involves both reassociating cues and reweighting dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Reducing modifiable risk factors could prevent the onset of cognitive decline. • Physical multimorbidity–cognitive function association was mediated by depression. • Routine screening for depression in multimorbidity patient may delay dementia onset. This paper explores the role of depressive symptoms (mediator/moderator) in the association between physical multimorbidity (exposure) and cognitive function (outcome) among older adults in the three most populous middle-income countries. This study used cross-sectional data from China (2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study), India (2017/2018 Longitudinal Ageing Study in India), and Indonesia (2014/2015 Indonesian Family Life Survey), with a total sample of 73,199 respondents aged ≥ 45 years. Three domains of cognitive tests were harmonised across surveys, including time orientation, word recall, and numeracy. The four-way decomposition analysis assessed the mediation and interaction effects between exposure, mediator/moderator, and outcome, adjusted for covariates. The mean age of the respondents (in years) was slightly younger in Indonesia (56.0, SD = 8.8) than in China (59.5, SD = 9.3) and India (60.0, SD = 10.5). The proportion of male respondents was 49.3 % in China, 47.3 % in India, and 47.5 % in Indonesia. Respondents in China had the highest mean cognitive function z scores (54.7, SD = 19.9), followed by India (51.1, SD = 20.0) and Indonesia (51.0, SD = 18.4). Physical multimorbidity was associated with lower cognitive function in China and India (p < 0.0001), with 48.4 % and 40.0 % of the association explained by the mediating effect of depressive symptoms ('overall proportion due to mediation'). The association was not found in Indonesia. Cognitive functions were lower among individuals with physical multimorbidity, and depressive symptoms mainly explained the association. Addressing depressive symptoms among persons with physical multimorbidity is likely to have not only an impact on their mental health but could prevent cognitive decline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilient system performance in high-stakes settings, which includes the ability to monitor, respond, anticipate, and learn, can be enhanced for trainees through simulation of realistic scenarios enhanced by augmented reality. Active learning strategies can enhance simulation-based training, particularly the mental model articulation principle where students are prompted to anticipate what will happen next and the reflection principle where students self-assess their performance compared to a gold standard expert model. In this paper, we compared simulation-based training for trauma care with and without active learning strategies during pauses in the simulated action for progressively deteriorating patients. The training was conducted online and real-time without a facilitator, with 42 medical students viewing training materials and then immediately taking an online quiz for three types of trauma cases: hemorrhage, airway obstruction, and tension pneumothorax. Participants were randomly assigned to either the experimental or control condition in a between-subjects design. We compared performance in the control and experimental conditions based on: A) the proportion of cues correctly recognized, B) the proportion of accurate diagnoses, C) the proportion of appropriate treatment interventions, and D) verbal briefing quality on a 1–5 scale. We found that the training intervention increased recognition of subtle cues critical for accurate diagnosis and appropriate treatment interventions; the training did not improve the accuracy of diagnoses or the quality of the verbal briefing. We conclude that incorporating active learning strategies in simulation-based training improved foundational capabilities in detecting subtle cues and intervening to rescue deteriorating patients that can increase the readiness for trainees to contribute to resilient system performance in the high-stakes setting of emergency care in hospitals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with executive function deficits that are improved with medications. However, meta-analyses of stimulant effects on cognition have mostly tested single-dose effects, and there is no meta-analysis of non-stimulant effects. This systematic review and meta-analysis tested the clinically more relevant longer-term effects of Methylphenidate (20 studies; minimum 1 week) and Atomoxetine (8 studies; minimum 3 weeks) on reaction time, attention, inhibition, and working memory, searching papers on PubMed, Embase, Ovid MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. The meta-analysis of 18 studies in 1667 subjects showed that methylphenidate was superior to placebo in all cognitive domains with small to medium effect sizes (Hedges g of 0.34–0.59). The meta-analysis of atomoxetine included 7 studies in 829 subjects and showed no effects in working memory, but superior effects in the other domains with medium to large effect sizes (Hedge's g of 0.36–0.64). Meta-regression analysis showed no drug differences on cognitive effects. The meta-analyses show for the first time that chronic Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine have comparable effects of improving executive functions in people with ADHD. • First meta-analysis of chronic medication effects on cognition in ADHD. • Cognitive domains included attention, inhibition, reaction time and working memory. • Chronic methylphenidate improved performance on all cognitive domains. • Chronic Atomoxetine improved performance on all domains except working memory. • Methylphenidate and Atomoxetine had comparable effects on improving cognition in ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Patient and healthcare professional perspectives. • Cognitive impairment in MS and its impact on employment. • Cognitive symptoms of multiple sclerosis. • Workplace adjustments for cognitive symptoms of MS. • Qualitative interview-based study. Cognitive impairment can considerably impact the work life of people who have multiple sclerosis (MS). Cognitive symptoms are associated with an increased likelihood of unemployment, changes in employment and decreased working hours. This qualitative interview-based study aims to gather real-word experiences and perspectives from both people living with MS and healthcare professionals, to explore how cognitive symptoms are experienced in the workplace, how their impact is addressed, and what can be done to support people in managing and minimizing this impact on employment. Semi-structured, one-to-one interviews were conducted with people living with MS who experience cognitive symptoms, and with healthcare professionals working in MS care. Participants were recruited from a healthcare market research agency based in the United States. The data obtained from the interviews were subsequently analysed using a Grounded Theory method, in order to identify the core themes that form the basis of this paper. A total of 20 participants (n = 10 people living with MS; n = 10 healthcare professionals) from the United States were interviewed. Overall, 9 themes were identified from the raw data, which were grouped into three core themes describing the perspectives and experiences reported by both people living with MS and healthcare professionals: (1) The implications of cognitive symptoms on work; (2) Challenges in addressing cognitive impairment and its impact on work in MS care; (3) Strategies and support for managing the impact of cognitive symptoms. The real-world insights of PwMS and HCPs gained from this qualitative study show that a multi-faceted approach to addressing cognitive impairment and its impact on the employment of PwMS is required. Workplace adjustments can range from self-implemented changes to changes put in place by employers to accommodate the various ways in which cognitive symptoms may impact a person's work. This study provides valuable information on how people living with MS can be affected by cognitive symptoms in the context of their employment; furthermore, that preparing early when possible and maintaining a proactive approach to managing their impacts on work are important for maintaining a good quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This comprehensive review delves into Electroencephalogram (EEG) applications for assessing human experiences in thermal environments, focusing on thermal perception, cognition, and emotions. Our analysis categorizes EEG studies into statistical investigations and discrimination models. Statistical studies, encompassing various frequency bands and indices, yield inconclusive outcomes due to diverse findings. Discrimination models employ a diverse range of EEG features tailored to specific experimental conditions. The lack of a consistent knowledge foundation on EEG's spectral and topographical properties to distinct aspects of human thermal experience, along with the absence of a universally recognized thermal perception index and variations in defining cognition and emotion indices, contributes to this diversity. Through a thorough examination of methodological aspects, including experimental and data analysis approaches, our review exposes significant gaps and limitations in current thermal experience research. The paper proposes key recommendations to advance the field, emphasizing the importance of a comprehensive environmental portrayal, standardized perceptual descriptors, multidomain studies, and dynamic thermal research. Advocating for investigations into individual thermal variable influences, within-subject experiments, and addressing cognitive interferences, the review also highlights the need for improved data granularity, standardized EEG protocols, and a broader exploration of EEG analysis methods. Addressing these aspects is vital for establishing a more consistent knowledge base, enhancing research reliability, and improving result communication. Our findings contribute to a deeper understanding of human thermal experience, providing recommendations to bridge identified gaps and limitations, fostering a more robust foundation for future research in this domain. • Systematic review of EEG uses for human thermal perception, cognition, and emotion. • Addressing inconclusiveness in the literature findings. • Critical assessment of methods: environmental, experimental, and data analysis. • Providing key recommendations to advance the field and research reliability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to identify what individual experiences contribute to the development of students' intercultural competence in study abroad contexts and how these experiences positively or negatively impact their intercultural development. Fifty-one students completed the IDI both before and after their year-long sojourn abroad. Upon their return, twenty-six students participated in focus group debriefing sessions in which they answered questions regarding their personal growth and intercultural development while abroad. Thirteen categories of experiences—ten related to intercultural gains and three intercultural regressions—were identified and further abstracted into three broad themes (cognitive, behavioral, and affective). These findings partially confirm existing frameworks describing intercultural competence but add more nuance and complexity. Through the exploration of both the positive and negative learning outcomes by focusing on students' experiences at the individual level during study abroad, this study answers key questions of why study abroad experiences can lead to positive changes in intercultural competence for some students but negative ones for others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, new wireless applications and services are exploding. These new applications and services usually need wider bandwidth and higher speed. The voice of people calling for a fast and convenient network is getting stronger and stronger, and the wireless network must be the main development direction of the network in the future world. In order to make the development of wireless communication technology not limited by limited resources, resource optimization design has always been a research hotspot of scientists. Among them, the optimal resource algorithm can get the theoretical global optimal solution, while the sub-optimal resource allocation algorithm, as a supplement to the former, can be used to reduce costs and improve efficiency when the system structure is too complex. In this paper, a resource optimization method based on sparse clustering algorithm is proposed, and the matching relationship between spectrum resources and the services carried by cognitive terminals is established, so that the effectiveness of collaboration and cognitive systems is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the current demand of heterogeneous, cross domain, many service platforms, wide distribution and low-cost resource sharing platform construction of agricultural public welfare information service resources, this paper puts forward a set of standardized and orderly data acquisition and interpretation sharing methods. Methods combined with the characteristics of multi domain resource sharing, metadata semantic modeling based on cognition is proposed to establish the mapping between metadata cognition and metadata semantics to resource description model, build a basic framework of resource sharing, extract the minimum core metadata required for resource sharing, define the basic rules for the existence of resource sharing data, and give the resource sharing description model. At the same time, in order to clearly explain the semantic annotation information in the model, the construction method of shared resource semantics is introduced. In order to reduce the difficulty of resource description, sharing and publishing on heterogeneous platforms, a shared resource description tool based on "resource sharing semantic description model" is introduced. This method combines the advantages of existing methods. At the same time, through the production of description tools and the introduction of semantics, the development difficulty and development volume of each service platform are reduced, the development cost is saved, the data sharing efficiency is improved, and the requirements of low-cost, cross domain, light dependence, resource readability and machine solvability for the construction of agricultural public welfare information service resource sharing platform are better solved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with a broad range of deficits in cognitive functions which has significant implications for quality of life. Psychostimulants are demonstrated to improve symptoms of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity, however, their impact on cognition remains incompletely characterized. Herein, the aim of this systematic review is to synthesize the extant literature reporting on the effects of psychostimulants on cognitive function in individuals with ADHD. A systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to July 2021 was conducted. Additional studies were identified through Google Scholar and a manual search of the reference lists of relevant articles. Inclusion criteria were original studies that evaluated the cognitive function of individuals with ADHD taking psychostimulants drugs. We assessed the quality of the included papers using the Newcastle–Ottawa scale (NOS). A total of 10 studies involving 753 subjects with ADHD and 194 healthy controls were identified and eligible for inclusion. Nine studies evaluated the impact of methylphenidate on cognitive function and one study investigated the use of lisdexamfetamine. Results indicated that attentional deficits such as memory, vigilance, divided attention, phasic and tonic alertness, and focused attention were improved in ADHD patients treated with psychostimulants. The efficacy of psychostimulants in improving other domains of cognition remains inconclusive due to conflicting evidence or insignificant findings (ie. academic performance and executive function). Overall, results indicate that psychostimulants may improve only select domains of cognition (ie. memory and attention). Psychostimulants are reported to improve several disparate aspects of cognition among individuals with ADHD. Further research is needed to better understand the complex relationships between cognition and behavior in ADHD, as well as the impact of medication on these distinct aspects of functioning. Further research is also needed to determine whether the pro-cognitive effect of stimulants would be transferable to other mental disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with a host of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems. As mortality rates have declined for severe TBI, attention has turned to the cognitive, affective, and behavioral sequelae of injuries across the severity spectrum, which are often more disabling than residual physical effects. Moderate and severe TBI can cause personality changes including impulsivity, severe irritability, affective instability, and apathy. Mild TBI, once considered a largely benign phenomenon, is now known to be associated with a range of affective symptoms, with suicidality, and with worsening or new onset of several psychiatric disorders including posttraumatic stress disorder and major depressive disorder. Repetitive head impacts, often in athletic contexts, are now believed to be associated with a number of emotional and behavioral sequelae. The nature and etiology of mental health manifestations of TBI (including a combination of brain dysfunction and psychological trauma and interrelationships between cognitive, affective, and physical symptoms) are complex and have been a focus of recent epidemiological and mechanistic studies. This paper will review the epidemiology of psychiatric and neurobehavioral problems after TBI in military, civilian, and athletic contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The review focuses on Aβ, p-tau, NfL, GFAP, NDEs, and TDP-43 as blood AD biomarkers. • Progress in the area was accelerated in part due to advanced analytic platforms. • Blood biomarkers enable broad initial screening, succeeded by in-depth assessments. • Blood biomarkers can evaluate the impact of AD-modifying treatments. • Equitable diagnosis across socioeconomics is needed to mitigate disparities. The field of blood-based biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease (AD) has advanced at an incredible pace, especially after the development of sensitive analytic platforms that can facilitate large-scale screening. Such screening will be important when more sophisticated diagnostic methods are scarce and expensive. Thus, blood-based biomarkers can potentially reduce diagnosis inequities among populations from different socioeconomic contexts. This large-scale screening can be performed so that older adults at risk of cognitive decline assessed using these methods can then undergo more complete assessments with classic biomarkers, increasing diagnosis efficiency and reducing costs to the health systems. Blood-based biomarkers can also aid in assessing the effect of new disease-modifying treatments. This paper reviews recent advances in the area, focusing on the following leading candidates for blood-based biomarkers: amyloid-beta (Aβ), phosphorylated tau isoforms (p-tau), neurofilament light (NfL), and glial fibrillary acidic (GFAP) proteins, as well as on new candidates, Neuron-Derived Exosomes contents (NDEs) and Transactive response DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43), based on data from longitudinal observational cohort studies. The underlying challenges of validating and incorporating these biomarkers into routine clinical practice and primary care settings are also discussed. Importantly, challenges related to the underrepresentation of ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged persons must be considered. If these challenges are overcome, a new time of cost-effective blood-based biomarkers for AD could represent the future of clinical procedures in the field and, together with continued prevention strategies, the beginning of an era with a lower incidence of dementia worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Modeling reading comprehension processes is a critical task for Learning Analytics, as accurate models of the reading process can be used to match students to texts, identify appropriate interventions, and predict learning outcomes. This paper introduces an improved version of the Automated Model of Comprehension, namely version 4.0. AMoC has its roots in two theoretical models of the comprehension process (i.e., the Construction-Integration model and the Landscape model), and the new version leverages state-of-the-art Large Language models, more specifically ChatGPT, to have a better contextualization of the text and a simplified construction of the underlying graph model. Besides showcasing the usage of the model, the study introduces three in-depth psychological validations that argue for the model's adequacy in modeling reading comprehension. In these studies, we demonstrated that AMoC is in line with the theoretical background proposed by the Construction-Integration and Landscape models, and it is better at replicating results from previous human psychological experiments than its predecessor. Thus, AMoC v4.0 can be further used as an educational tool to, for example, help teachers design better learning materials personalized for student profiles. Additionally, we release the code from AMoC v4.0 as open source in a Google Collab Notebook and a GitHub repository. • Introduce the Automated Model of Comprehension version 4.0 that integrates state-of-the-art Large Language models - ChatGPT. • Perform 3 in-depth psychological validation studies to support the model's adequacy in modeling reading comprehension. • AMoC v4.0 aligns with theoretical frameworks, namely Construction-Integration and Landscape models. • The model outperforms its predecessor and replicates results from human psychological experiments. • AMoC v4.0 can serve as an educational tool for designing personalized learning materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-attribute group decision-making (MAGDM) is an analytical decision-making framework which gathers the views of multiple experts, and they often assess alternatives by degree adverbs in realistic scenarios. In order to treat expert opinions well, q-rung orthopair fuzzy sets (q-ROF) emerged as a data disposal tool, however, how to aggregate the information rationally remains a challenge. In this paper, q-ROF evidential reasoning methodology (q-ROF ERM) is proposed to guarantee the functionality in the case of conflicting, extreme information evaluations from experts and attributes. Second, the q-ROF attribute reduction (AR) framework is invented for attribute importance measurement. The flexibility and elegance of the model are boosted by the variation of the λ parameter and its lead to the elimination of redundant attributes. In addition to this, the q-ROF output three-way decision (TWD) framework is created to give the classification and ranking of alternatives. The relative output function derived from fuzzy distance measure and the adjustable utility pursuit coefficient τ afford both objectivity and subjectivity to the program selection, allowing the evaluation outcomes to be relevant to human cognition. Finally, the comparative experiments and sensitivity analyses of the two cases illustrate the scientificity and reliability of the presented framework in the MAGDM scenario. • A q-ROF contradictory information fusion method is proposed. • A similarity attribute reduction with λ method is established for q-ROF weights. • Q-ROF output three-way decision considers the utility pursuit τ is designed. • A q-ROF classification and ranking that fits human psychology is conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every day we trust other individuals as we engage in social interactions in which various desirable outcomes depend on others acting the way we hope, or they have indicated. Trust extends beyond specific individuals, however, as we might trust unknown others – individuals, institutions, corporations, and governments. Some also say that we trust various artifacts, such as machines. But what is the basis of trust, and can we really trust technology? Trust is intimately connected to the notion ethos from the study of rhetoric and human persuasion, which is often used to describe various characteristics of the speaker, the audience, the relationship between the speaker and the audience, and the wider context in which communication and interaction occurs. In this article I explore to what degree machines can be considered to have ethos, and consequently whether ethos is a useful concept for understanding persuasive and credibility-related situations in HMI and by extension key aspects of human-machine trust. This allows us to draw on a long lineage of research from, for example, rhetoric, communication studies, and cognitive and social psychology to better understand the usefulness – or not – of using the notion of trust to describe our relationship with machines. • Trust in machines partly parallels trust in humans, institutions, and artifacts. • Ethos, from rhetoric, relates to credibility and trust in human-machine interaction. • This paper explores if machines can have ethos, and how this relates to trust. • Machine ethos is about perceived credibility and not the machine's ethics. • Examining ethos enriches understanding of trust and design in HMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper draws a parallel between creative cognition and a multi-armed bandit problem involving learning from experience in an uncertain environment. Special emphasis is put on the optimal sequencing of divergent and convergent behavior by showing that divergence must be inhibited at one point to converge toward creative behavior so that excessive divergence is counterproductive. We test this hypothesis with a behavioral experiment, using measures of individual divergence and convergence components of creative potential in high school students. Results confirmed that a mix of divergence and convergence predicted high performance in a bandit task but not in a purely random task or in a simple repetitive task. These predictions are maintained after controlling for sex, personality, incentives, and other factors. As hypothesized, creative cognition was necessary for high performance under the appropriate conditions. However, it was not necessary to get high grades in a traditional school system. Relating to the goal of educators and public policies in the 21st century to make children and adolescents more creative, and schools more receptive to creative thinking, this research focuses on the creative potential and behavior of high school students. It provides an evidence-based policy argument in support of the screening and development by the educational sector of the creative potential of students. • We draw a parallel between creative cognition and the multi-armed bandit problem. • Divergence (exploration) must be inhibited at one point to converge toward creative behavior. • Adolescents with a high creative potential behave optimally as efficient explorers and convergers. • Creative cognition is necessary for high performance in these tasks. • Creative cognition was not necessary to get high grades in a traditional school system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of China's cultural innovation industry, enhancing brand equity and increasing brand value has become the only way for enterprises to achieve leapfrog development. Taking Chinese animation brand equity as an example, this paper constructs a brand equity driven model from the perspective of consumer cognition. Firstly, based on the brand resonance model, the theoretical model of animation brand equity is established. And then from the mass of product reviews, the focus of consumers on the brand is mined to form the latitude of brand equity. Finally, the theoretical model of brand equity is tested based on the Chinese consumer questionnaire data and structural equation model. This study provides a reference for the construction of Chinese animation brand equity, and also provides a new idea for the establishment of cultural brand equity management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a substantial energy policy for poverty alleviation in China, photovoltaic poverty alleviation projects (PPAPs) have achieved a combination of poverty alleviation development, energy conservation and pollution emissions reduction. It is essential to explore how to improve the beneficiaries' satisfaction of the PPAPs, and thus to play a sustainable role in poverty alleviation. Based on the 1000 households' survey data collected in 41 poor villages in rural China. This paper explores the factors influencing beneficiaries' satisfaction using the entropy weight method (EWM), factor analysis, and ordinal regression model. The results indicate that:(1) there are some geographical differences in beneficiaries' satisfaction with PPAPs, and they are positively associated with the economic development performance of the poor areas; (2) beneficiaries' cognitive factors and environmental factors have disproportionate effects on the satisfaction, while the socio-demographic characteristics of beneficiaries have no significant influence on the comprehensive satisfaction. • A field survey of 1000 photovoltaic poverty alleviation beneficiaries was conducted in eight provinces of China. • The satisfaction of beneficiaries reflects the effectiveness of the poverty alleviation policy. • Perception factors have an impact on beneficiaries' satisfaction with poverty alleviation projects. • Beneficiaries' satisfaction differences also exist among regions, solar resource areas, and environmental factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the architectural styles of 5G technology started supporting advance vehicle-to-everything (V2X) services. From standardization viewpoint, Service-oriented architecture Model Language (SoaML) specification has been used to model and design services for reusable environments. However, the system designers made less effort in addressing the issues related to visual representations (notations) in SoaML. In this paper, we present a novel evaluation approach to obtain the cognitive effectiveness of SoaML's visual notations by applying the scientific principles from Physics of Notations (PoNs). Furthermore, we evaluated results of the cognitive effectiveness of SoaML via survey-based empirical study for reference architecture, intra-cloud space, and organizational boundary symbols. Our results indicate the applicability of the new proposed notations and improvements in cognitive effectiveness of the SoaML notation. For future work, we plan to test the proposed architectural improvements for designing V2X service-based use cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gender gaps in skills exist around the world but differ remarkably among countries. This paper uses a unique data set with more than 20,000 adolescents in rural India to explore gender gaps in cognitive and noncognitive skills. We find that boys have considerable advantages over girls on several indicators of cognitive and noncognitive skills that remains robust to a wide range of controls and specification choices. We also examine the correlates of cognitive and noncognitive outcomes, paying close attention to socioeconomic status (SES) and pro-female gender attitudes. We find a steep positive gradient in SES as well as for pro-female gender attitudes, with stronger associations between the SES gradient and skills. Further, high socioeconomic status and more pro-female gender attitudes are both strongly correlated with reducing the gender gap in cognitive and noncognitive outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]