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This paper, discussed the high-pressure homogenization (HPH) method for the preparation of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharide conjugates (LYTP), and the effects of LYTP on physicochemical properties as well as antioxidant activity were investigated. The results show that HPH extraction time was less than 0.5 h, and extraction rate reached 15.4%, which was nearly 1.8 times faster than that of hot water extraction (HWE). Component analysis showed that the total polysaccharide content of LYTP was higher, while the contents of polyphenols and free protein were lower than those of HWE. It is noteworthy that the 9.1% free protein content at 40 MPa was lower than that of the Sevag method (11.2%), indicating that HPH can eliminate the cumbersome protein removal process and is more environmentally. The small-molecule polysaccharide content extracted by HPH increased, but the monosaccharide composition did not change. Meanwhile, HPH decreased the particle size of the polysaccharides, and the changes in the surface topography of LYTP upon homogenization were confirmed with scanning electron microscopy. As a consequence, HPH extraction can improve the antioxidant capacity of LYTP. HPH extraction is an efficient, rapid and environmentally method for the preparation of polysaccharides, which could be widely used in the food industry. [Display omitted] • High-pressure homogenization extraction of polysaccharide from large-leaf yellow tea. • This non-heating method is efficient, and can greatly shorten the extraction time. • The physicochemical properties of the tea polysaccharides were determined and compared. • The polysaccharides exhibited stronger antioxidant activities in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide fraction (ATP) was obtained from Armillariella tabescens mycelium. Structural analysis suggested that the backbone of ATP was →4)- α -D-Glc p (1 → 2)- α -D-Gal p (1 → 2)- α -D-Glc p (1 → 4)- α -D-Glc p (1→, which branched at O-3 of →2)- α -D-Glc p (1 → and terminated with T- α -D-Glc p or T- α -D-Man p. Besides, ATP significantly alleviated ulcerative colitis (UC) symptoms and inhibited the production of pro-inflammation cytokines (IL-1 β , IL-6). Meanwhile, ATP could improve colon tissue damage by elevating the expression of MUC2 and tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin and claudin-1) levels and enhance intestinal barrier function through inhibiting the activation of MMP12/MLCK/ p -MLC2 signaling pathway. Further studies exhibited that ATP could increase the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria such as f. Muribaculacese , g. Muribaculaceae , and g. Alistips , and decrease the relative abundance of g. Desulfovibrio , g. Colidextribacter , g. Ruminococcaceae and g.Oscillibacter , and regulate the level of short-chain fatty acids. Importantly, FMT intervention with ATP-derived microbiome certified that gut microbiota was involved in the protective effects of ATP on UC. The results indicated that ATP was potential to be further developed into promising therapeutic agent for UC. [Display omitted] • A new polysaccharide of Armillariella tabescens (ATP) was purified and characterized. • ATP significantly alleviated UC symptoms and regulated inflammatory response. • ATP improved the integrity of intestinal epithelial barrier in UC mice. • ATP could modulate gut microbiota and SCFAs levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intestinal dysbiosis is one of the major causes of the occurrence of metabolic syndromes, such as obesity, diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and cardiovascular diseases. Polysaccharide-based microbial therapeutic strategies have excellent potential in the treatment of metabolic syndromes, but the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain elusive. Identification of the internal regulatory mechanism of the gut microbiome and the interaction mechanisms involving bacteria and the host are essential to achieve precise control of the gut microbiome and obtain valuable clinical data. Polysaccharides cannot be directly digested; the behavior in the intestinal tract is considered a "bridge" between microbiota and host communication. To provide a relatively comprehensive reference for researchers in the field, we will discuss the polysaccharide extraction and purification processes and chemical and structural characteristics, focusing on the polysaccharides in gut microbiota through the immune system, gut-liver axis, gut-brain axis, energy axis interactions, and potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new polysaccharide fraction HLP-1 (2.55 × 105 Da) was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Helvella leucopus. Structural characterization of HLP-1 was elucidated by infrared spectroscopy, monosaccharide composition analysis, methylation analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and Congo red assay. HLP-1 was a mannan with a backbone of →6)- α -D-Man p (1 → 4)- α -D-Man p (1 →6)- α -D-Man p (1 → 3)- α -D-Man p (1 → 4)- α -D-Man p (1 → 3)- α -D-Man p (1→, which branched at the O-6 position and terminated with T- β -D-Man p. Moreover, HLP-1 could significantly improve the proliferation and neutral red phagocytosis of RAW264.7. Besides, HLP-1 could stimulate the production of nitric oxide (NO), ROS, tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). HLP-1 induced macrophage activation via NF-κB signal pathway. These findings indicated that HLP-1 was a potential immune enhancement agent applied in functional foods. • A new mannan HLP-1 was obtained from the fruiting bodies of Helvella leucopus. • Structural characterization of HLP-1 was analyzed. • HLP-1 possessed significantly immunostimulatory activity in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this study were (1) to prepare Armillariella tabescens mycelia polysaccharides (PAT) with remarkably growth inhibitory effect on typical food-borne pathogenic bacteria using a green and efficient polyamide method and (2) to explore the antibacterial mechanism of PAT for use as a natural antibacterial agent. The sugar and uronic acid contents of PAT were 93.41% and 12.24%, respectively. PAT could inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli , Proteus vulgaris , Bacillus subtilis , and Staphylococcus aureus cells, with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 4.0, and 4.0 mg/mL, respectively. Ultra-high-resolution field emission scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis revealed cell wall and membrane rupture of E. coli treated with PAT. Further, 0.5–4.0 mg/mL PAT was found to significantly (P < 0.01) and concentration-dependently increase the conductivity of the broth, exudation of the intracellular protein, and alkaline phosphatase and β-galactosidase activities. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed morphological changes in E. coli DNA after PAT treatment and intracellular reactive oxygen species accumulation; flow cytometry revealed E. coli cell apoptosis. Our findings provide a theoretical basis and technical support for the development of PAT as a natural antibacterial product. • Preparation of antibacterial polysaccharides (PAT) using the polyamide method • PAT damaged E. coli cell wall and cell membrane. • PAT induced DNA morphological changes in E. coli. • PAT caused intracellular ROS accumulation in E. coli. • Multi-targeting ability of PAT, inducing drug resistance was difficult for E. coli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucus penetration is one of the physiologic barriers of inhalation and nanocarriers can effectively facilitate the permeation of drugs. The interactions between the nanocarriers and mucin are crucial for penetration across the mucus layer on the respiratory tract. In this study, we proposed a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method for the screening of polysaccharides that acted as the surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration. MD revealed all-atom interactions between the monomers of polysaccharides, including dextran (DEX)/hyaluronic acid (HA)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and the human mucin protein MUC5AC (hMUC5AC). The obtained data showed that DEX formed stronger non-covalent bonds with hMUC5AC compared to HA and CMCS, which suggested that HA and CMCS had better mucus permeability than DEX. For the in vitro verification, HA/CMCS-coated liposomes and DEX/PEG-inserted liposomes were prepared. The results of mucin interactions and mucus penetration studies confirmed that HA and CMCS possessed the weakest interactions with mucin and facilitated the mucus penetration, which was in consistent with the data from MD simulation. This work may shed light on the MD simulation-based screening of surface modification materials for inhalable nano-preparations to facilitate mucus penetration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemotherapy, the most common class of anticancer drugs, is considerably limited owing to its adverse side effects. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the protective effect and mechanism of action of large-leaf yellow tea polysaccharides (ULYTP-1, 1.29 × 104 Da) against chemotherapeutic 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu). Structural characterisation revealed that ULYTP-1 was a β-galactopyranouronic acid. Furthermore, ULYTP-1 promoted autolysosome formation, activating autophagy and reducing the oxidative stress and inflammation caused by 5-Fu. Our in vivo study of 4 T1 tumour-bearing mice revealed that ULYTP-1 also attenuated 5-Fu toxicity through modulation of the gut microbiota. Moreover, ULYTP-1 effectively protected immune organs and the liver from 5-Fu toxicity, while promoting its tumour-inhibitory properties. The current findings provide a new strategy for optimising chemotherapy regimens in the clinic. [Display omitted] • Polysaccharide ULYTP-1 was extracted from large-leaf yellow tea. • ULYTP-1 is a β-galactopyranouronic acid with a spongy steric configuration. • ULYTP-1 activates autophagy to alleviate 5-fluorouracil-induced liver injury. • ULYTP-1 alleviated gut dysbiosis in 4 T1 tumour-bearing mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

M1 polarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising approach to breaking through therapeutic barriers imposed by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). As a clinically-used immunopotentiator for cancer patients after chemotherapies; however, the immunomodulatory mechanism and potential of polyporus polysaccharide (PPS) remains unclear. Here, we present mannose-decorated PPS-loaded superparamagnetic iron-based nanocomposites (Man/PPS-SPIONs) for synergistic M1 polarization of TAMs and consequent combinational anti-breast cancer therapy. Once internalized by M2-like TAMs, PPS released from Man/PPS-SPIONs induces the M1 polarization via IFN-γ secretion and downstream NF-κB pathway activating. The SPIONs within the nanocomposites mediate a Fenton reaction, producing OH· and activating the subsequent NF-κB/MAPK pathway, further facilitating the M1 polarization. The Man/PPS-SPIONs thereby establish a positive feedback loop of M1 polarization driven by the "IFN-γ-Fenton-NF-κB/MAPK" multi-pathway, leading to a series of anti-tumoral immunologic responses in the TME and holding promising potential in combinational anticancer therapies. Our study offers a new strategy to amplify TME engineering by combinational natural carbohydrate polymers and iron-based materials. [Display omitted] • Man/PPS-SPIONs exhibit tumor accumulation facilitated by an external magnetic field. • PPS and iron-based nanocarriers synergistically induce M1 polarization of TAMs. • The "IFN-γ-Fenton-NF-κB/MAPK" multi-pathway works for M1 polarization of TAMs. • Man/PPS-SPIONs created a favorable condition for celastrol-based therapy. • Man/PPS-SPIONs overcomes the limitations of celastrol in anti-tumor therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, lycopene-loaded nanofibers were successfully fabricated by electrospinning of oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions stabilized by whey protein isolate-polysaccharide TLH-3 (WPI–TLH-3) complexes. The lycopene encapsulated in the emulsion-based nanofibers exhibited enhanced photostability and thermostability, and achieved improved targeted small intestine-specific release. The release of lycopene from the nanofibers followed Fickian diffusion mechanism in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) and first-order model in simulated intestinal fluid (SIF) with the enhanced release rates. The bioaccessibility and cellular uptake efficiency of lycopene in micelles by Caco-2 cells after in vitro digestion were significantly improved. The intestinal membrane permeability and transmembrane transport efficiency of lycopene in micelles across Caco-2 cells monolayer were greatly elevated, thus promoting the effective absorption and intracellular antioxidant activity of lycopene. This work opens a potential approach for electrospinning of emulsions stabilized by protein–polysaccharide complexes as a novel delivery system for liposoluble nutrients with enhanced bioavailability in functional food industries. • Fabrication of lycopene-loaded nanofibers by electrospinning of O/W emulsions • Lycopene encapsulated exhibited enhanced photostability and thermostability. • The targeted small intestine-specific release of lycopene was achieved. • The bioaccessibility and cellular uptake efficiency of lycopene were improved. • The transport efficiency of lycopene across Caco-2 cells monolayer was elevated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ORP-1 can restore a healthy gut microbial population to handle age-related gut microbiota dysbiosis mainly by facilitating the proliferation and adhesion of intestinal probiotics L. acidophilus and B. bifidum in the colon to compete with pathogenic microbes E. coli for ecological niches. Furthermore, ORP-1 strengthened the intestinal structural integrity primarily by abolishing the aggravation of apoptosis and the age-associated alterations of TJ protein expression in intestine. [Display omitted] • ORP-1 is a novel bioactive component of edible fungus Oudemansiella raphanipes. • ORP-1 facilitates the adhesion of probiotics to compete with intestinal pathogenic. • ORP-1 abolishes the aggravation of apoptosis and heightened intestinal structural integrity. • ORP-1 strengthens intestinal barrier integrity by abolishing TJ proteins and mRNA expression. Age-associated increase in intestinal permeability is known to relate with gut microbiota dysbiosis and loss of epithelial tissue integrity. To improve healthy aging and prevent age-associated chronic disabilities, the protective potential of polysaccharides from Oudemansiella raphanipes (ORP-1) against age-associated intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in d -galactose-induced Caco-2 cells monolayer was investigated. In-vitro results demonstrated that ORP-1 can restore a healthy gut microbial population to handle age-related gut microbiota dysbiosis mainly by facilitating the proliferation and adhesion of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) and Bifidobacterium bifidum (B. bifidum) to compete with intestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli) for ecological niches and nutrition. Meanwhile, ORP-1 strengthened the intestinal structural integrity primarily by abolishing the aggravation of apoptosis and the age-associated alterations of tight junction (TJ) proteins expression in intestine. These findings highlighted that ORP-1 could be a potential functional food component with preventive utility against age-associated intestinal barrier injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Ultra-high pressure (UHP) could change the primary and spatial structure of polysaccharides. • UHP could enhance the content of uronic acid and the bioactivity of polysaccharides. • UHP treatment was more efficient than Sevage's method in removing protein. In this study, the changes of structure and bioactivity of polysaccharides from large leaf yellow tea (LYTP) were investigated under ultra-high pressure (UHP). Native yellow tea polysaccharide were treatmented with ultra-high pressure (200, 400 and 600 MPa) for 5 min to yield yellow tea polysaccharide including 200 MPa-LYTP, 400 MPa-LYTP and 600 MPa-LYTP. It was found that the monosaccharide composition of LYTP changed significantly after the ultra-high pressure treatment. The molecular weight (Mw) of 200 MPa-LYTP (from 563.6 to 11.7 kDa), 400 MPa-LYTP (from 372.2 to 11.8 kDa) and 600 MPa-LYTP (from 344 to 11.6 kDa) sharply decreased upon ultra-high pressure treatment compared with LYTP (771.5 kDa), coincidentally particle size was also significantly reduced for 200 MPa-LYTP (23.2 %), 400 MPa-LYTP (40.2 %) and 600 MPa-LYTP (25.9 %). The results of the scanning electron microscope showed that ultra-high pressure also changed the surface and spatial morphology of LYTP. LYTP after ultra-high pressure treatment (UHP-LYTP) could further ameliorate alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. In addition, UHP treatment can more efficiently remove protein than the Sevages method. With the gradual removal of protein, its hepatoprotective effect increased. These findings demonstrated that UHP treatment could change the primary structure and spatial structure of LYTP, increase the content of acidic polysaccharides, and improve its bioactivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In our continuous exploration for bioactive polysaccharides, a novel polysaccharide FMP-2 was isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of Morchella esculenta by alkali-assisted extraction. FMP-2 had an average molecular weight of 1.09 × 106 Da and contained mannose, glucuronic acid, glucose, galactose, and arabinose in a molar ratio of 4.10:0.22:1.00:5.75:0.44. The backbone of FMP-2 mainly consisted of 1,2- α -D-Gal p , 1,6- α -D-Gal p , and 1,4- α -D-Man p , with branches of 1,4,6- α -D-Man p and 1,2,6- α -D-Gal p. FMP-2 can stimulate phagocytosis and promote the secretion of NO, ROS, and cytokines like IL-6, IL-1 β , and TNF- α in RAW264.7 cells ranging from 25 to 400 μg/mL. FMP-2 had great repairing effect on the immune injury of zebrafish induced by chloramphenicol. The phagocytosis ability of zebrafish macrophages and the proliferation of neutrophils can be greatly enhanced by polysaccharide FMP-2 with concentrations from 50 to 200 μg/mL. These findings suggest that FMP-2 might be used as a potential immunomodulator in the food and pharmaceutical industries. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]