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[Display omitted] • We studied the role of chlorogenic acid (CGA) in intestinal barrier function. • CGA downregulated CD14 to block the NF/κB signaling pathway. • CGA inhibited proinflammatory cytokine secretion via its effect on NF/κB signaling. • CGA was highly effective at preserving cell membrane integrity. Chlorogenic acid (CGA) is a polyphenol compound present in plant foods. CGA is a differentially excreted gut microbial metabolite in fecal samples of irritable bowel syndrome model mice and normal control mice. Here, we aimed to clarify the protective effect of CGA on intestinal barrier function. We used Caco-2 cells to create an intestinal epithelial cell barrier model, and evaluated tight-junctional permeability with fluorescein isothiocyanate–dextran. We treated Caco-2 cells with lipopolysaccharide and CGA, and measured tight-junction protein expression, TLR4/NF-κB pathway activation, and proinflammatory cytokine levels. CGA blocked the NF-κB pathway by downregulating CD14 and p65, and preventing phospho-p65 from entering cell nuclei. CGA showed anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, and IL-6 production, and thereby restored intestinal epithelial tight-junction integrity. In conclusion, CGA was highly effective at preserving cell membrane integrity, and inhibited proinflammatory cytokine secretion by downregulating CD14 to block the NF-kB pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the long-term efficacy, prognostic factors, and safety of posteroventral globus pallidus internus deep brain stimulation (DBS) in patients with refractory Tourette syndrome (RTS). This retrospective study recruited 61 patients with RTS who underwent posteroventral globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS from January 2010 to December 2020 at the Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital. The Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS), Yale-Brown Obsessive-Compulsive Scale (YBOCS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome Quality-of-Life Scale (GTS-QOL) were used to evaluate the preoperative and postoperative clinical condition in all patients. Prognostic factors and adverse events following surgery were analyzed. Patient follow up was conducted for an average of 73.33 ± 28.44 months. The final postoperative YGTSS (32.39 ± 22.34 vs 76.61 ± 17.07), YBOCS (11.26 ± 5.57 vs 18.31 ± 8.55), BDI (14.36 ± 8.16 vs 24.79 ± 11.03) and GTS-QOL (39.69 ± 18.29 vs 78.08 ± 14.52) scores at the end of the follow-up period were significantly lower than those before the surgery (p < 0.05). While age and the duration of follow-up were closely related to prognosis, the disease duration and gender were not. No serious adverse events were observed and only one patient exhibited symptomatic deterioration. Posteroventral-GPI DBS provides long-term effectiveness, acceptable safety and can improve the quality of life in RTS patients. Moreover, DBS is more successful among younger patients and with longer treatment duration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]