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The current status of clinical trials utilizing nanoparticle drug delivery system (NDDS) for brain tumors was summarized. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-cancer drugs with various mechanisms emerge in succession, but most of free therapeutics are accompanied by some disadvantages, such as poor safety and effectiveness, inability to target tumor cells, and short circulation time. Nanotechnology provides new solutions for overcoming the intrinsic limits of free therapeutics and navigating biological barriers. Considerable technological and clinical success have been achieved in cancer nanomedicines, but the main obstacle to the clinical translation of nanomedicine is an incomplete understanding of the requirements of clinical trials in new and established research scientists and the latest research of nanomedicine in clinicians. In this review, by searching the authoritative database, we introduce the progress and challenges of nanomedicines that have entered the clinical market or are ubiquitous in clinical trials for cancer therapy, including lipid-based nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles and albumin-based nanoparticles. Furthermore, we introduce several biomolecule-based nanomedicines that are promising for clinical application in the future, including biomimetic membranes, virus-like particles and DNA-based nanomachine, and highlight their advanced nanoparticle designs, advantages and challenges. [Display omitted] • By searching the authoritative database, we summary the cancer nanomedicines in clinical use and clinical trials. • We summary the progress, challenges and opportunities in cancer nanomedicine. • Biomolecule-based nanostructures show great potentials for clinical transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Compassionate use (CU) refers to the therapeutic use of unapproved drugs outside of clinical trials to expand treatment options for critically ill patients. • Given the potential risks, CU requires more specific protections for patients than standard clinical care, calling for sound legal regulatory related to CU. • In China, however, almost all current laws fail to mention the specific regulations on CU, leaving a lot of room for improvement in fulfilling the responsibilities of CU. • Over the last decade, China has been striving to improve relevant laws and regulations for CU with initial results. • To meet the urgent needs of critically ill patients, we call for establishment sound management system for CU as soon as possible in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• NK cells are safe in allogeneic applications and therefore are ideal off-the-shelf drugs. • NK cell-based therapeutics have shown satisfying safety profiles and promising efficiency in cancer treatment. • NK cells possess a reservoir of innate immune receptors targeting various types of cancer cells. • With proper engineering, NK cells can function as the universal anti-cancer drugs that are not restricted to HLA and cancer types. Natural killer (NK) cell therapy is emerging as a cancer treatment. NK cells are innate cytotoxic lymphocytes that act as first-line responders to kill target cells without prior encounters. NK cells recognize cancer cells, virus-infected cells, and other types of stressed cell through a reservoir of germline-encoded receptors. NK cells are safe for allogeneic applications. Therefore, they are the ideal off-the-shelf cell, which overcome the low efficiency issue caused by the patient-by-patient nature of autologous cell therapy. Unlike T cells, NK cells cannot form a strong immune memory; therefore, they suffer from short in vivo persistence. However, different from T cells, NK cells have a reservoir of innate immune receptors targeting a variety of malignant cells. In addition, they can utilize antibody guidance in target recognition. With suitable engineering, NK cells can function as universal anticancer drugs that are not restricted to HLA and cancer types, which will benefit the large cohort of patients with rare cancer types and patients with no convenient drug targets for precision and personalized medicine. Here, we summarize and discuss the designs of current anticancer NK cell therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug conjugates are conjugates comprising a tumor-homing carrier tethered to a cytotoxic agent via a linker that are designed to deliver an ultra-toxic payload directly to the target cancer cells. This strategy has been successfully used to increase the therapeutic efficacy of cytotoxic agents and reduce their toxic side effects. Drug conjugates are being developed worldwide, with the potential to revolutionize current cancer treatment strategies. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) have developed rapidly, and 14 of them have received market approval since the first approval event by the Food and Drug Administration in 2000. However, there are some limitations in the use of antibodies as carriers. Other classes of drug conjugates are emerging, such as targeted drugs conjugated with peptides (peptide-drug conjugates, PDCs) and polymers (polymer-drug conjugates, PolyDCs) with the remaining constructs similar to those of ADCs. These novel drug conjugates are gaining attention because they overcome the limitations of ADCs. This review summarizes the current state and advancements in knowledge regarding the design, constructs, and clinical efficacy of different drug conjugates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]