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Intimate partner violence (IPV) has been recognized as a preventable public health crisis for over 20 years. Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) injuries are exceedingly common among victims of IPV. The objective of this study was to determine whether assault due to IPV is different than other types of assault. A retrospective cohort study using data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample data sets from 2016 to 2018. Additionally, the case control was matched for age, sex, and race for patients within the initial sample of assault patients (n = 52,632). Our final study sample consisted of 1,114 patients. Patients with IPV were less likely to have concussions (1.7 vs 3.6%; P <.01) and traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhages (2.1 vs 4.1%; P <.01), but more likely to have diffuse traumatic brain injuries (26.1 vs 18.7%; P <.01). Patients with IPV were less likely to have schizoaffective disorder (1.5 vs 2.8%; P <.05) but were more likely to have depressive episodes (19.8 vs 13.6%; P <.01), major depressive disorder (10.7 vs 5.3%; P <.01), and adjustment disorder (4.8 vs 2.2%; P <.01). We found that victims of IPV would be more likely to be female, delay care, have a mental health diagnosis, and present with worse intracranial injuries than other forms of assault. We hope our study informs and empowers maxillofacial surgeons to be a vigilant member of the interdisciplinary team. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Le Fort III fractures are the most severe subtype of the Le Fort fractures and are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors for mortality among patients who suffer Le Fort III fractures.Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was completed using the 2016-2018 National Inpatient Sample. Patients with isolated Le Fort III fractures were selected. Patients who incurred bone fractures or organ injuries outside the head and neck were excluded. There were multiple, heterogenous predictor variables. The primary outcome variable was mortality. Relative risk was used to determine independent risk factors of mortality. Statistical significance was deemed for P values less than .05.Results: The final sample consisted of 559 patients (mean age, 45.9 years) who suffered a Le Fort III fracture, of whom 15 patients (2.68%) died. Most patients were male (82.7%) middle-aged adults (42.9%) of White race (66.5%) within the lowest income quartile (31.7%) that lived in large metro areas (54.9%). Relative to males, females were nearly 62 times more likely to die (P < .01). Relative to privately insured subjects, uninsured subjects were 23 times (P < .05) more likely to die. Relative to weekday admissions, weekend admissions increased the risk of mortality by 8 times (P < .05). Cranial vault fractures (odds ratio, 7.24; P < .05) and upper cervical fractures (odds ratio, 63.27; P < .05) were risk factors for mortality. Relative to males, females were at an increased risk for mortality (relative risk [RR] 7.14, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.60, 19.61). Skull base fracture (RR 2.99, 95 CI 1.04, 8.63), cranial vault fracture (RR 3.04, 95 CI 1.07, 8.65), subdural hemorrhage (RR 2.98, 95 CI 1.10, 8.05), subarachnoid hemorrhage (RR 6.73, 95 CI 2.34, 19.35), and injury of blood vessels at neck level (RR 13.24, 95 CI 2.46, 71.16) were each risk factors for mortality.Conclusions: Intracranial injury was not a risk factor for mortality. Instead, cranial vault fractures and skull base fractures increased the risk for mortality. In addition, uninsured patients and female patients were each at an increased risk for mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The geriatric population is a constantly growing population that is especially vulnerable to trauma. The primary purpose of this study was to determine what factors are associated with increased rates of hospital admission in geriatric patients who sustain craniomaxillofacial fractures secondary to falls.Materials and Methods: This is a 5-year retrospective cross-sectional study that was conducted using the NEISS database. There were several, heterogenous predictor variables. The primary outcome variable was admission rate, which was used as a proxy to the severity of injury. Patient and injury characteristics were compared using chi-square and independent-sample t-tests. Binary logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk of hospital admission.Results: The final sample included 2,879 cases in total. The mean age of the study sample was 78.8 years (SD, 8.6 years). Most patients were white (51.6%) females (64.2%) who were injured at their respective homes (58.7%). Relative to injuries that took place at a sports center, injuries that took place at the patient's home (OR, 2.52; P < .05) independently increased the risk for admission. Relative to maxilla fracture, orbital bone fracture (OR, 3.91; P < .05) was an independent risk factor for admission. Relative to lacerations, intracranial injuries (OR, 3.76; P < .01) increased the risk of admission.Conclusions: Craniomaxillofacial fractures that took place at the patients' home were at increased risk for admission. Orbital bone fractures and intracranial injuries were at increased risk for admission. From our, and other studies findings, screening and fall prevention interventions should be implemented amongst the geriatric population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indocyanine green has been used for fluorescence-guided surgery of liver metastasis and labeling of liver segments. However, indocyanine green is nonspecific, and indocyanine green labeling does not always clearly outline tumor margins. In addition, it is difficult to distinguish between a tumor and its adjacent liver segment colored with indocyanine green alone. In the present study, we performed fluorescence-guided surgery in an orthotopic colon-cancer liver metastasis mouse model by labeling the metastatic liver tumor with an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen fluorescent antibody and with indocyanine green restricted to the adjacent liver segment. A liver metastasis model was established with human LS174T colon cancer tumor fragments. To label the tumor, mice received SGM-101, an anti-carcinoembryonic antigen antibody conjugated to a near-infrared fluorophore (700 nm), currently in clinical trials, 3 days before surgery. Indocyanine green (800 nm) was injected after ligation of the tumor-bearing Glissonean pedicle with fluorescence labeling restricted to the liver segment adjacent to the tumor. Bright-light surgery and fluorescence-guided surgery were performed to resect the liver metastasis. To assess recurrence, mice underwent necropsy 3 weeks after surgery and the tumor was weighed. Fluorescence-guided anatomic left lateral lobectomy and fluorescence-guided partial liver resection were both performed with color-coded double labeled imaging. Tumor weight 3 weeks after surgery was significantly lower with fluorescence-guided surgery compared to bright-light surgery (38 ± 57 mg vs 836 ± 668 mg, P =.011) for partial liver resection. The present study provides a proof-of-concept that color-coded and double labeling of the tumor and adjacent liver segment has the potential to improve liver metastasectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Light/medium truck drivers involved had higher FROI rates than heavy truck drivers involved in crashes. • Younger light/medium truck drivers were represented at a higher proportion in crash FROIs compared to younger heavy truck drivers. • The retail trade industry made up the largest percentage of light/medium truck local crash FROIs (47%); the transportation and warehousing industry was most frequently cited in heavy truck FROIs. • Light/medium truck crashes most frequently involved being rear-ended, running red lights, and turning in front of other vehicles. Objective: Multiple heavy truck driver injury studies exist, but there is a paucity of research on light and medium truck driver injuries. The objective of this study was to use first report of injury (FROI) data to: (a) compare demographic and injury characteristics; (b) assess workers' compensation (WC) claim disposition and lost work time status; and (c) describe injury scenarios by vehicle type for heavy truck and light/medium truck driver local crashes. Method: Kentucky Department of Workers' Claims FROI quantitative and free text data were analyzed for years 2010–2019. Of 800 total FROIs, 451 involved heavy trucks and 349 involved light or medium trucks. Results: There was a higher light/medium truck driver crash FROI rate compared to the heavy truck driver crash FROI rate. There was a higher proportion of younger light/medium truck driver crash FROIs compared to younger heavy truck driver crash FROIs. The retail trade industry made up the largest percentage of light/medium truck local crash FROIs (47%); the transportation and warehousing industry was most frequently cited in heavy truck FROIs (46%). The heavy truck types most frequently identified in FROIs were semi-trucks (13%) and dump trucks (11%). The most common light/medium truck type identified was delivery trucks (30%). Most commonly, heavy truck crash FROIs involved rollovers, driving off/overcorrecting on narrow roadways, and driving downhill/unable to downshift. Light/medium truck crash FROIs most frequently involved being rear-ended, running red lights, and turning in front of other vehicles. Conclusions: The utilization of WC FROI data highlighted top injury scenarios and specific vehicle types for targeting driver safety training among truck drivers, particularly light/medium truck drivers. Road safety policies regarding driver training, crash reviews, and in-vehicle monitoring systems are needed for truck drivers with previous crash injuries, especially for light and medium truck drivers. Practical applications: Enhanced safety training on speeding on narrow roadways, on nearing intersections, and on downshifting on hills is needed for semi-truck, dump truck, and coal truck drivers with previous crash injuries. Rear-end crash prevention training (e.g., gradual stopping and checking mirrors) is needed for drivers of furniture, automotive parts and accessories, and groceries and soft drink delivery trucks with previous crash injuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Quasi-static breaking of a porphyry copper ore with in-situ X-ray µCT imaging. • A new textural analysis method for ore breakage type characterization. • 3D mapping of micro-porosity and its effects on ore breakage. • Ore texture and breakage characteristics on Cu minerals surface liberation. As the mining industry continues to seek greater energy efficiency, it needs more effective characterization of ore material as it progresses from mine to mill. The energy cost of ore mineral liberation, for example, is critically dependent on management of rock breakage from blasting to comminution. The study reported here presents a quantitative method for 3D characterization of ore texture and breakage based on X-ray micro-CT and in-situ micromechanical test. A porphyry copper ore is studied from its initial mechanical failure to the onset of fragmentation. This work integrates a quantitative ore textural analysis with 3D mapping of both the dominant minerals and micro-porosity in the ore sample. It enables us to show, as the fractured ore is still under loading, that internal breakage of feldspar grains dominates grain boundary fracturing. We discuss how the microporous regions, mostly found in hydrothermally altered plagioclase, may act as a weakening factor leading to the dominant breakage of plagioclase. We measure quantitatively and discuss how size reduction, ore texture and breakage characteristics control the degree of liberation of Cu minerals. Combining characterisation of ore texture with breakage in 3D could provide much needed insights for achieving more energy-efficient comminution and optimal liberation of critical minerals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A library of closely related diacetylenes has been synthesised, comprising docosa-10,12-diynediamides with small n -alkyl or cycloalkyl substituents on the termini. Colour changes of these solids in response to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and heating were analysed using a range of analytical techniques, including UV–visible/near-infrared reflectance, hand-held Raman and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (ssNMR) spectroscopies. Colorimetric studies showed that this class of diacetylene undergoes clear colour changes that are very sensitive to even small alterations in molecular structure. The colour change transitions of diacetylenes bearing either cyclopentyl or cyclohexyl substituents were more similar to each other than to those of analogous diacetylenes bearing either n -pentyl or n -hexyl substituents. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) also reflected these differences, with the cycloalkyl substituted diacetylenes showing endothermic transitions at significantly higher temperatures than both acyclic analogues. From this library, an n -hexyl substituted diacetylene shows the greatest potential as a colour change pigment, with three distinct colours that are stable at room temperature (white, blue, red), as well as an unstable yellow colour at elevated temperatures. The colour change properties of a family of simple diacetylenes are very sensitive to small differences in structure. [Display omitted] • Four diacetylenes with analogous alkyl substituents have been synthesised. • Diacetylene colour changes were analysed using multiple spectroscopic techniques. • Diacetylene colour change properties were sensitive to small differences in structure. • One diacetylene material gives stable white, blue and red colours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]