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Motivated by the consideration of integrable systems in three spatial dimensions in Euclidean space with integrals quadratic in the momenta we classify three-dimensional Abelian subalgebras of quadratic elements in the universal enveloping algebra of the Euclidean algebra under the assumption that the Casimir invariant p â†' â‹... l â†' vanishes in the relevant representation. We show by means of an explicit example that in the presence of magnetic field, i.e. terms linear in the momenta in the Hamiltonian, this classification allows for pairs of commuting integrals whose leading order terms cannot be written in the famous classical form of Makarov et al [17]. We consider limits simplifying the structure of the magnetic field in this example and corresponding reductions of integrals, demonstrating that singularities in the integrals may arise, forcing structural changes of the leading order terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Alase et al (2022 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 55 244003), Alase et al wrote that 'the constraint of quasi-Hermiticity on observables' is not 'sufficient to extend the standard quantum theory' because 'such a system is equivalent to a standard quantum system.' Three addenda elucidating the current state of the art are found necessary. The first one concerns the project: in the related literature the original 'aim of extending standard quantum theory' has already been abandoned shortly after its formulation. The second comment concerns the method, viz., the study in 'the framework of general probabilistic theories' (GPT). It is noticed that a few other, mathematically consistent GPT-like theories are available. The authors do not mention, in particular, the progress achieved, under the quasi-Hermiticity constraint, in the approach using the effect algebras. We add that this approach already found its advanced realistic applications in the quasi-Hermitian models using the unbounded operators of observables acting in the infinite-dimensional Hilbert spaces. Thirdly, the 'intriguing open question' about 'what possible constraints, if any, could lead to such a meaningful extension' (in the future) is given an immediate tentative answer: the possibility is advocated that the desirable constraint could really be just the quasi-Hermiticity of the observables, provided only that one has in mind its recently developed non-stationary version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A class of left bialgebroids whose underlying algebra A ♯ H is a smash product of a bialgebra H with a braided commutative Yetter–Drinfeld H -algebra A has recently been studied in relation to models of field theories on noncommutative spaces. In Borowiec and Pachoł (2017 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 50 055205) a proof has been presented that the bialgebroid A F ♯ H F where HF and AF are the twists of H and A by a Drinfeld 2-cocycle F = ∑ F 1 ⊗ F 2 is isomorphic to the twist of bialgebroid A ♯ H by the bialgebroid 2-cocycle ∑ 1 ♯ F 1 ⊗ 1 ♯ F 2 induced by F. They assume H is quasitriangular, which is reasonable for many physical applications. However the proof and the entire paper take for granted that the coaction and the prebraiding are both given by special formulas involving the R-matrix. There are counterexamples of Yetter–Drinfeld modules over quasitriangular Hopf algebras which are not of this special form. Nevertheless, the main result essentially survives. We present a proof with a general coaction and the correct prebraiding, and even without the assumption of quasitriangularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors replies to the comment made by Yang and Zhou (2024 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor.) on his 2015 paper entitled 'Critical points of Potts and O(N) models from eigenvalue identities in periodic Temperley–Lieb algebras' (Jacobsen 2015 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48 454003). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superintegrable systems in two-dimensional (2D) Darboux spaces were classified and it was found that there exist 12 distinct classes of superintegrable systems with quadratic integrals of motion (and quadratic symmetry algebras generated by the integrals) in the Darboux spaces. In this paper, we obtain exact solutions via purely algebraic means for the energies of all the 12 existing classes of superintegrable systems in four different 2D Darboux spaces. This is achieved by constructing the deformed oscillator realization and finite-dimensional irreducible representation of the underlying quadratic symmetry algebra generated by quadratic integrals respectively for each of the 12 superintegrable systems. We also introduce generic cubic and quintic algebras, generated respectively by linear and quadratic integrals and linear and cubic integrals, and obtain their Casimir operators and deformed oscillator realizations. As examples of applications, we present three classes of new superintegrable systems with cubic symmetry algebras in 2D Darboux spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Z 2 × Z 2 -graded Lie superalgebra g is a Z 2 × Z 2 -graded algebra with a bracket [ [ ⋅ , ⋅ ] ] that satisfies certain graded versions of the symmetry and Jacobi identity. In particular, despite the common terminology, g is not a Lie superalgebra. We construct the most general orthosymplectic Z 2 × Z 2 -graded Lie superalgebra o s p (2 m 1 + 1 , 2 m 2 | 2 n 1 , 2 n 2) in terms of defining matrices. A special case of this algebra appeared already in work of Tolstoy in 2014. Our construction is based on the notion of graded supertranspose for a Z 2 × Z 2 -graded matrix. Since the orthosymplectic Lie superalgebra o s p (2 m + 1 | 2 n) is closely related to the definition of parabosons, parafermions and mixed parastatistics, we investigate here the new parastatistics relations following from o s p (2 m 1 + 1 , 2 m 2 | 2 n 1 , 2 n 2) . Some special cases are of particular interest, even when one is dealing with parabosons only. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yang–Baxter integrable vertex models with a generic Z 2 -staggering can be expressed in terms of composite R -matrices given in terms of the elementary R -matrices. Similarly, integrable open boundary conditions can be constructed through generalized reflection algebras based on these objects and their representations in terms of composite boundary matrices K ± . We show that only two types of staggering yield a local Hamiltonian with integrable open boundary conditions in this approach. The staggering in the underlying model allows for a second hierarchy of commuting integrals of motion (in addition to the one including the Hamiltonian obtained from the usual transfer matrix), starting with the so-called quasi momentum operator. In this paper, we show that this quasi momentum operator can be obtained together with the Hamiltonian for both periodic and open models in a unified way from enlarged Yang–Baxter or reflection algebras in the composite picture. For the special case of the staggered six-vertex model, this allows constructing an integrable spectral flow between the two local cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present paper we study the representations of the Jacobi algebra. More concretely, we define, analogously to the case of semi-simple Lie algebras, the Verma modules over the Jacobi algebra G 2 . We study their reducibility and give explicit construction of the reducible Verma modules exhibiting the corresponding singular vectors. Using this information we give a complete classification of the reducible Verma modules. More than this we exhibit their interrelation of embeddings between these modules. These embeddings are illustrated by diagrams of the embedding patterns so that each reducible Verma module appears in one such diagram. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complete classification of 2D quadratically superintegrable systems with scalar potential on two-dimensional conformally flat spaces has been performed over the years and 58 models, divided into 12 equivalence classes, have been obtained. We will re-examine two pseudo-Hermitian quantum systems E 8 and E 10 from such a classification by a new approach based on extra sets of ladder operators. They correspond in fact to two of those equivalence classes. Those extra ladder operators are exploited to obtain the generating spectrum algebra and the dynamical symmetry one. We will relate the generators of the dynamical symmetry algebra to the Hamiltonian, thus demonstrating that the latter can be written in an algebraic form. We will also link them to the integrals of motion providing the superintegrability property. This demonstrates how the underlying dynamical symmetry algebra allows to write the integrals in terms of its generators and therefore explains the symmetries. Furthermore, we will exploit those algebraic constructions to generate extended sets of states and give the action of the ladder operators on them. We will present polynomials of the Hamiltonian and the integrals of motion that vanish on some of those states, then demonstrating that the sets of states not only contain eigenstates, but also generalized states which are beyond the well-known eigenstates of diagonalizable Hamiltonians and satisfy more complicated polynomial identities. Our approach provides a natural framework for such states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present an algorithm to compute the exact critical probability h (n) for an n × ∞ helical square lattice with random and independent site occupancy. The algorithm has time complexity O (n 2 c n) and space complexity O (c n) with c = 2.7459... and allows us to compute h (n) up to n = 24. Since the extrapolation result of h (n) is inconsistent with the current best estimation of pc, we also compute and extend the exact critical probability p c (n) for an n × ∞ cylindrical square lattice to n = 24. Our calculation shows that the current best result of p c = 0.592 746 050 792 10 (2) by Jacobsen (2015 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48 454003) is incorrect and the corrected value should be 0.592 746 050 7896 (1) . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We study solutions of the reflection equation related to the quantum affine algebra U q ( s l n ^) . First, we explain how to construct a family of stochastic integrable vertex models with fixed boundary conditions. Then, we construct upper- and lower-triangular solutions of the reflection equation related to symmetric tensor representations of U q ( s l n ^) with arbitrary spin. We also prove the star–star relation for the Boltzmann weights of the Ising-type model, conjectured by Bazhanov and Sergeev, and use it to verify certain properties of the solutions obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the potential connection between metric-affine gravity and linear generalized uncertainty principle (GUP) in the phase space, we develop a covariant form of linear GUP and an associated modified Poincaré algebra, which exhibits distinctive behavior, nearing nullity at the minimal length scale proposed by linear GUP. We use three-torus geometry to visually represent linear GUP within a covariant framework. The three-torus area provides an exact geometric representation of Bekenstein's universal bound. We depart from Bousso's approach, which adapts Bekenstein's bound by substituting the Schwarzschild radius ( r s ) with the radius (R) of the smallest sphere enclosing the physical system, thereby basing the covariant entropy bound on the sphere's area. Instead, our revised covariant entropy bound is described by the area of a three-torus, determined by both the inner radius r s and outer radius R where r s ⩽ R due to gravitational stability. This approach results in a more precise geometric representation of Bekenstein's bound, notably for larger systems where Bousso's bound is typically much larger than Bekensetin's universal bound. Furthermore, we derive an equation that turns the standard uncertainty inequality into an equation when considering the contribution of the three-torus covariant entropy bound, suggesting a new avenue of quantum gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We extend the method for constructing symmetry operators of higher order for two-dimensional quantum Hamiltonians by Kalnins et al (2010 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 43 265205). This expansion method expresses the integral in a finite power series in terms of lower degree integrals so as to exhibit it as a first-order differential operators. One advantage of this approach is that it does not require the a priori knowledge of the explicit eigenfunctions of the Hamiltonian nor the action of their raising and lowering operators as in their recurrence approach (Kalnins et al 2011 SIGMA 7 031). We obtain insight into the two-dimensional Hamiltonians of radial oscillator type with general second-order differential operators for the angular variable. We then re-examine the Hamiltonian of Tremblay et al (2009 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 42 242001) as well as a deformation discovered by Post et al (2011 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 44 505201) which possesses reflection operators. We will extend the analysis to spaces of constant curvature. We present explicit formulas for the integrals and the symmetry algebra, the Casimir invariant and oscillator realizations with finite-dimensional irreps which fill a gap in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop the quantum cluster algebra approach recently introduced by Sun and Yagi to investigate the tetrahedron equation, a three-dimensional generalization of the Yang-Baxter equation. In the case of square quiver, we devise a new realization of quantum Y -variables in terms q -Weyl algebras and obtain a solution that possesses three spectral parameters. It is expressed in various forms, comprising four products of quantum dilogarithms depending on the signs in decomposing the quantum mutations into the automorphism part and the monomial part. For a specific choice of them, our formula precisely reproduces Sergeev's R matrix, which corresponds to a vertex formulation of the Zamolodchikov-Bazhanov-Baxter model when q is specialized to a root of unity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the scaling behavior of the ground-state entanglement entropy in a model of free fermions on folded cubes. An analytical expression is derived in the large-diameter limit, revealing a strict adherence to the area law. The absence of the logarithmic enhancement expected for free fermions is explained using a decomposition of folded cubes in chains based on its Terwilliger algebra and s o (3) − 1 . The entanglement Hamiltonian and its relation to Heun operators are also investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are different methods of discretizing integrable systems. We consider semi-discrete analog of two-dimensional Toda lattices associated to the Cartan matrices of simple Lie algebras that was proposed by Habibullin in 2011. This discretization is based on the notion of Darboux integrability. Generalized Toda lattices are known to be Darboux integrable in the continuous case (that is, they admit complete families of characteristic integrals in both directions). We prove that semi-discrete analogs of Toda lattices associated to the Cartan matrices of all simple Lie algebras are Darboux integrable. By examining the properties of Habibullin's discretization we show that if a function is a characteristic integral for a generalized Toda lattice in the continuous case, then the same function is a characteristic integral in the semi-discrete case as well. We consider characteristic algebras of such integral-preserving discretizations of Toda lattices to prove the existence of complete families of characteristic integrals in the second direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to study the relation between S -expansions and other transformations of Lie algebras. In particular, we prove that contractions, deformations and central extensions of Lie algebras are preserved by S -expansions. We also provide several examples and give conditions so transformations of reduced subalgebras of S -expanded algebras are preserved by the S -expansion procedure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We show, using the methods of geometric algebra, that Runge–Lenz vector in the Kepler problem is a 3-dimensional projection of SO(4) moment map that acts on the phase space of 4-dimensional particle motion. Thus, Runge–Lenz vector is a consequence of geometric symmetry of R 4 × R 4 phase space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the Plancherel measure on irreducible components of tensor powers of the spinor representation of s o 2 n + 1 . The irreducible representations correspond to the generalized Young diagrams. With respect to this measure the probability of an irreducible representation is the product of its multiplicity and dimension, divided by the total dimension of the tensor product. We study the limit shape of the generalized Young diagram when the tensor power N and the rank n of the algebra tend to infinity with N / n fixed. We derive an explicit formula for the limit shape and prove convergence to it in probability. We prove central limit theorem for global fluctuations around the limit shape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the general case of deformed Heisenberg algebra leading to the minimal length, we present a definition of the δ ′(x) potential as a linear kernel of potential energy operator in momentum representation. We find exactly the energy level and corresponding eigenfunction for δ ′(x) and δ (x) âˆ' δ ′(x) potentials in deformed space with arbitrary function of deformation. The energy spectrum for different partial cases of deformation function is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We start a systematic investigation of possible isometries of the asymptotically de Sitter solutions to Einstein equations. We reformulate the Killing equation as conformal equations for the initial data at I + . This allows for partial classification of possible symmetry algebras. In particular, if they are not maximal, they may be at most four-dimensional. We provide several examples. As a simple corollary it is shown that the only spacetime in which the Killing horizon intersects I + (after a conformal completion) is locally the de Sitter Universe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spacetime in the interior of a black hole can be described by an homogeneous line element, for which the Einsteinâ€"Hilbert action reduces to a one-dimensional mechanical model. We have shown in Geiller et al (2021 SciPost Phys. 10 022) that this model exhibits a symmetry under the (2 + 1)-dimensional PoincarĂ© group. Here we extend the PoincarĂ© transformations to the infinite-dimensional BMS3 group. Although the black hole model is not invariant under those extended transformations, we can write it as a geometric action for BMS3, where the configuration space variables are elements of the algebra b m s 3 and the equations of motion transform as coadjoint vectors. The BMS3 symmetry breaks down to its PoincarĂ© subgroup, which arises as the stabilizer of the vacuum orbit. This symmetry breaking is analogous to what happens with the Schwarzian action in AdS2 JT gravity, although in the present case there is no direct interpretation in terms of boundary symmetries. This observation, together with the fact that other lower-dimensional gravitational models (such as the BTZ black hole) possess the same broken BMS3 symmetries, provides yet another illustration of the ubiquitous role played by this group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]