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One method for disposing of old, damaged, or misprinted Qur’an pages is to burn them. Recently, there have been cases of al-Quran mushaf disposal management that do not comply with the maqasid of al-Quran text disposal as stipulated in established guidelines. Furthermore, the number of damaged al-Quran manuscripts is growing, making the collection site increasingly limited in capacity. To save money and space, it was discovered that some institutions in charge of disposal have delegated this task to unauthorized parties, such as non-Muslim parties, which disposed of al-Quran text at paper mills. Therefore, this article discusses the perspectives and evaluations of religious scholars on the methods used by Malaysian institutions to dispose of al-Quran text. Document analysis and interviews with the State Muftis of Selangor, Kelantan and Terengganu were used to collect data. It was done through semi-structured interviews and descriptive analysis. According to findings, the Malaysian government has implemented several methods. One method used is to burn it to ashes, bury it, and then wash it into the sea. Many authorised institutions carry out disposal in accordance with the established guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrating Quranic verses with acquired knowledge is necessary, along with knowledge and technology development. This helps in understanding the Quranic verses that are relevant to those fields and further exploring the contents of the Quran more broadly. However, the form of integration of the Quran with aqli knowledge and the conditions for such integration based on the expert agreement have not been highlighted. This study aims to design and develop the integration of Quranic verses with acquired knowledge form and its condition based on the discipline of Quranic exegesis. The study used the three-phase Design and Development Research (DDR) approach, and this paper only discussed the second phase, design and development. The form of the integration and its condition was designed based on the literature review and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) by seven (7) experts in the related field of study. Then, the Fuzzy Delphi Method (FDM) was used to develop the form and condition. Twelve (12) experts in Quranic exegesis have participated in FDM. Experts’ consensus has been obtained in developing the forms for integrating Quranic verses with acquired knowledge and its conditions. The forms involve eleven items: Discussion of Concept, Discussion of the Quranic Approach, Explanation of function, Explanation of feature, Explanation of process, Explanation of cause and effect, Rational explanation of aspects of language, Explanation of Islamic legislation’s wisdom, Explanation of historiography and geography of the stories in the Quran, Inspirational Innovation by the Quran, Translational Technology from the Quran. The conditions for integrating consist of nine items and the experts emphasise the conditions concerning ethics more than the conditions relating to interpretation content. This study has significant implications for using new methods, namely design and development research. This study also contributes to the Quranic studies itself using quantitative and qualitative studies that combine various methods in one study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood plasma is one of the constituents of blood. It is used in food products today due to its rich protein content. Its purpose is to increase the chewiness and improve the texture of food products, especially in producing processed products such as meatballs and surimi. There needs to be clarity regarding the determination of blood plasma ruling, whether it follows the ruling principles established in Islam or not. Thus, this paper intended to apply the principle of determining the ruling of blood plasma in food products according to Islam. This qualitative study used expert interviews and literature review methods by referring to books and journals related to blood plasma. This study established four application principles in determining blood plasma ruling: the principle of halal and haram food, the principle of istihalah, the principle of maslahah, and the principle of darurah. The use of blood plasma is haram because it contradicts the requirements of Islamic sharia and thus opposes the principles of determining the ruling of food based on blood plasma. This study is relevant for authorities such as JAKIM’s Halal Hub to improve the existing system. Further, it benefits the manufacturers and the general public in preparing and choosing food according to the ruling principles set by Islam. Analyses related to the use of blood plasma in food products involving laboratory studies and fiqh research can also be carried out in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saadia Al-Fayyumi was one of the medieval scholars of Jewish law who lived in Muslim societies. He was the first in Iraq to defend Rabbinic Judaism against the opponents and skeptics of its religious heritage and he was influenced in his defense by Islamic thought. Previous studies discussed Saadia’s defense of the Written and Oral law and illustrated Saadia’s polemical writings against the Karaites. The current paper discusses the influence of Islam on Saadia’s method in defending Rabbinic Judaism. Also, this essay illustrates the influence of Islamic thought on Saadia’s arguments to pave the way for the Rabbis to use reason like the Mu’tazilah to defend their beliefs and provided them with arguments and proofs. Clearly, Islamic thought was a principle for Saadia to establish the foundations of faith. He laid down the principles of faith just as the Mu’tazilah and was influenced by Mu’tazilah’s thoughts, Muslim jurists, Islamic theological doctrines, and their various ideas related to religious matters. Also, Saadia agreed with the Islamic theological sects in using logical evidences and religious texts as defensive tools to defend his beliefs. This Islamic influence on Jewish thought was a factor in its development, especially in light of the Arab-Islamic civilization in the medieval ages between 10th and the 15th centuries CE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper highlights the scholarship of a Moroccan Muslim luminary, ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Talīdī. Although his scholarship is recognised by numerous scholars across the globe and appreciated through his works, there has been no academic studies, especially in the Malay language that explores the history, the scholarship, and the contribution of al-Talīdī to the intellectual tradition of Islam. This paper attempts to fill this gap by conducting a library study and a targeted analysis within his works. It also provides an overview of al-Ṣiddīqiyyah al-Ghumāriyyah school due to its tremendous influence on al-Talīdī. The study of this scholarship will further explain the Salafi and Sufi polemics that underlie the neo-traditionalist endeavours in Morocco. Subsequently, al-Talīdī’s work Bidāyat al-Wuṣūl bi-Lubb Ṣiḥāḥ al-Ummāhāt wa al-Uṣūl will be given a detailed analysis for it is not limited to only ṣaḥīḥ ḥadīths but covers all important acceptable ḥadīths. The work can be regarded an extended version of al-Nawawī’s 40 ḥadīths, yet without limitation to a particular theme such as in Riyāḍ al-Ṣāliḥīn or Bulūgh al-Marām. This study finds that the diversity of stances and conflicts within the circle of al-Ṣiddīqiyyah al-Ghumāriyyah prove that ijtihād has been constantly practised alongside the zāwiyah tradition. Although al-Talīdī was not well known as a nāqid in the contemporary ḥadīth scholarship, he has contributed to the education of the public through Bidāyat al-Wuṣūl. This demonstrated that the verification of ḥadīth and the sifting away of rejected ḥadīths are significantly crucial in the modern discourse of Islam. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During Trump’s administration, the United States has introduced a peace plan in the Middle East known as the “Deal of the Century” (DOTC). The DOTC was a plan to propose a “solution” for the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The plan has invited criticisms following Trump’s administration which recognized Jerusalem as the capital of Israel and moved the US embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. What was the content of the peace plan and how will it be implemented? Why such a decision has been taken by Trump? Will Joe Biden, who is now replacing Trump as the US President, continue with the DOTC plan? To answer these questions, this paper aims to examine the content of the deal and analyze its impacts on the Israeli-Palestinian peace process and stability in the Middle East region. To achieve this objective, critical content analysis has been made on the DOTC peace plan as well as existing reports and studies related to DOTC. Basically, the content of the DOTC peace plan gave more advantage to Israel, which indicates the US’ pro-Israel attitude. The deal will further complicate the peace process between Israel and Palestine because it only benefits one side. In addition, the DOTC also has the potential to cause a remapping process of the Middle East and invite the involvement of regional powers. This paper argues DOTC as a failed project because it was unable to attract the stakeholders to the negotiation. The deal is expected not to be continued by Biden who is likely to come up with his own peace plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Islāmiyyāt: International Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamiyyat: International Journal of Islamic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Waqf development in Malaysia benefits the economy and society, mostly in terms of facilities, education, investment, and others. Due to the massive development of the waqf industry, digitalization is deemed as a facilitative instrument in the operation of waqf. With the usage of digital platforms, the collection of waqf funds becomes more efficient and widely dispersed among Muslims. In this context, blockchain has become a new phenomenon, functioning as a ground-breaking innovation connected to bitcoin. The core idea behind a blockchain is that its users can access the ledger independently of a third party. Additionally, the blockchain counts all network nodes equally, taking human and computer communication into account without any special treatment or discrimination. Without realizing it, several waqf institutions have already applied this approach using their own platform. Therefore, this study aims to systematically review the potential application of blockchain in waqf institutions by referring to previous applications in other countries in the Middle East and Asia such as Oman, Bahrain, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Indonesia, and Malaysia. Methodology wise, this paper employs the Systematic Literature Review which consists of the processes of identification in evaluation of the data from September 2022 until October 2022 by using related keywords to study. Secondly, is screening process which entails the process of choosing articles based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. This study screened all the 49 selected articles by choosing the criteria for articles selection which is done automatically based on the sorting function available in the database. Thirdly, eligibility which the authors manually monitored the retrieved articles to ensure all the remaining articles (after the screening process) are in line with the criteria. Lastly, the quality appraisal which to ensure that the substance of the articles was of high quality. The findings are important for waqf institutions to realize the potential benefit of blockchain in improving the efficiency of waqf operations towards attaining sustainable socio-economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli was a well-known ulama (scholar) in education as well as an important political figure. This paper discusses the political activities of Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli using a content analysis approach with historical methods. In addition, this paper also uses the creative minority theory developed by Toynbee that oppression always gives birth to a small group of creative minority. The findings in this study are that, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli as a politician, dealt with colonialism by taking a cooperative way which politically benefitted the Minangkabau community. During the Dutch colonial period, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli successfully established VIOS (Vereeniging Ittihadul Oelama Sumatra), the Tarbiah Islamiyah Association (PERTI), and stopped the Marriage Bill which was drafted by the Dutch colonialists from becoming law. During the Japanese occupation, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli formed the Minangkabau Islamic High Council (MITM), served as General Chair of the Assembly and successfully inspired youth to join the People’s Army. After independence, Sheikh Sulaiman al-Rasuli became chairman of the Constituent Assembly session in 1955 and was the highest advisor to the Tarbiyah Islamiyah Unity Party. He was also one of the founding figures of Lasykar Muslimin Indonesia (Lasymi), advisor to the Military Governor of Central Sumatra and Chairman of the MUSI Commission (All Indonesian Ulema Council) in Palembang in opposing communism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A teacher plays a vital role in shaping students’ character other than parents. The character of a teacher must be aligned with Islamic law in every aspect and portray Islam as a holistic way of life before educating students to become a comprehensive human being. This concept paper aims to study the characteristics that must be present within every Muslim teacher to become an excellent educator. Qualitative research method through content analysis research design was used. Data collected from books, articles in journals, proceedings, theses and dissertations were analyzed descriptively. The study discusses a teacher’s characteristics that were documented by Islamic scholars. Albeit lack of extensive study thus far, previous literature recorded that the effective characteristics of a Muslim teacher should be given attention. Based on Islamic scholars such as Imam al-Ghazali, Imam al-Nawawi, Imam al-Ajurri, Imam al-Mawardi and Imam al-Nahlawi, the characteristics of a Muslim teacher can be summarized into six main elements which are: stable faith, good character, skillful in teaching, constantly giving advice, possessing psychological knowledge, knowledgeable and practicing the knowledge. Educational organizations, especially every Muslim teacher must give the characteristics its due attention and take proper action so that as to increase the quality of teachers in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extremism is a long-standing issue. When this ideology is linked to religion, it not only revolves around the implications of violence but also becomes the basis for the formation of heretical and deviant teachings from the flow of Sunah Waljamaah members. To eradicate it, the approach should be collective and require the cooperation of all parties. The basic concept of it should be true, authentic and convincing. It must come from a complete, systematic and consistent source and academic structure so that criticism and reflection on this ideology is seen to be organized, fair and easy to understand. Among the great figures of Islam who have evaluated and written systematically about this ideology is Yusuf al-Qaradawi, a Muslim scholar born in Egypt who resides in Doha, Qatar. He was one of the most influential Islamic scholars during his lifetime. He is also known as a simple but firm thinker. His views on simplicity have been widely commented, quoted and dissected by other Islamic scholars around the world. But despite this modesty, he is also known as a firm person who has a hard and consistent view on the ideology of extremism and religious extremism. Therefore, this paper will examine and discuss his views, criticisms and reflections on the ideology of extremism and religious extremism. This article is part of the findings of a study on Islam and extremism in Malaysia that uses a qualitative and quantitative approach as a data collection method. Content analysis which mostly involved materials from his writings was used in addition to semi-structured interviews which were used to get the views of religious figures, activists and local authorities related to this matter. Analysis of the results of the study found that Yusuf al-Qaradawi has covered this in many of his writings, either reflecting specifically on this ideology or mentioning the implications of this ideology through his writings in matters of life in general. His views are also central to most of the writings of other Islamic figures when writing and talking about extremism and religious extremism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Istibdal is a method for waqf properties development intended to solve underdevelopment problems of these properties. This paper intends to present an analysis of the relevant jurisprudence and how istibdal can be implemented specifically in waqf properties scenarios. This study used primary data sources through interviews to elicit information that shaped the implementation practice conducted. A literature review was also done to aid researchers to obtain secondary data on the waqf properties issues. Several law cases were reviewed to highlight important implementation issues addressed using istibdal method. This study shows how istibdal method is an innovation that offers a dynamic and comprehensive mechanism which facilitates the development of waqf properties in Malaysia and tailored with SDG11. It also shows how istibdal method can facilitates the development of waqf properties in Malaysia while achieving SDG goals. In line with the views of the majority sect in istibdal concept, it is a medium to sustain the waqf properties and lives. It turns out that Islamic Law has provided alternatives to address the problem of waqf property which is not liable to be converted to another property with a high prospect for development and public interests. However, it is done with integrity and to prevent conflicts and violations of waqf land. Thus, a law replaces the main principles of property law of conservation and sustainability of the assets. With the implementation of istibdal, these lands and other waqf properties have been successfully utilized, benefiting society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is concerned with introducing a new analytical tool for high school students. Islamic literary theory uses an Islamic lens in the study and analysis of literature and cultural productions. It is an empowerment theory that seeks to provide morally-centric emancipatory perspectives grounded in the teachings of the Qur’an and authentic Sunnah. Empowerment theories are concerned with improving the human condition. Islamic literary theory attempts to do this through analyzing texts and discussing Islamic and common sense (fitra) solutions to determine how the human condition can be elevated personally, socially and spiritually. Islamic literary theory uses Islamic principles to critique cultural productions. It seeks to describe and analyze not only the ways in which certain literature reinforces the narrative of secularism and immorality but also how other literature promotes emancipatory and Islamocentric ideas that make the world a better place. It is concerned with exploring how personal, family and micro and macro social life confront problems and achieve transformation through offering insights based on Islam. The Islamic worldview rests on the notion that the individual is in a state of constant struggle from worldly encounters in which s/he must make a choice to act and speak morally and ethically in line with Qur’anic tenets to achieve success in the next life. Islamic literary theory in part critiques how individuals and groups are distracted from their true purpose in life. Texts are analyzed using the Qur’an and authentic hadith to discover in what ways individuals and groups freely, forgetfully or coercively commit wrongs against themselves and others. This paper discusses the emergence of Islamic literary theory as a critical lens for high school students. Furthermore, it discusses its historical foundation and purpose and it provides a conceptual framework for its application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various views concerning the cryptocurrency issue. The majority of scholars and world Islamic bodies, such as Dar al-Iftā ‘al-Miṣriyyah (Egypt), Dar al-Iftā’ al-Falasteeniyya (Palestine) and the Turkish Directorate of Religious Affairs, do not permit cryptocurrency for various reasons, including the existence of uncertainty (gharar), risk (khatar) and the fact that it facilitates (wasilah) the crime of fraud and money laundering. However, some Islamic financial and religious scholars do permit it. One scholar who views cryptocurrency positively and believes that it should be permitted is Mohd Daud Bakar, who is the Chairperson of the Shariah Advisory Council of Securities Commission Malaysia (SC) and former Chairperson of the Shariah Advisory Council for Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM). He is also former President of the International Islamic University (IIUM) and the chairperson or international Shariah advisor at various financial institutions around the world, including the S&P Islamic Index and Dow Jones Islamic Market Index (New York). His extensive experience of more than 25 years in this dynamic field has made him a leading and important reference expert. In 2015, in a report released by the Global Islamic Finance Report (GIFR), he ranked sixth among the world’s 10 Islamic finance experts. This success has made him an expert, not only in the field of Usul al-Fiqh which is the core knowledge base of Islam, but also beyond the field of Islamic finance and law. This paper analyses the validity of Mohd Daud Bakar’s views on cryptocurrencies within the scope of Usul al-Fiqh according to the ‘illah, ‘urf, sad zarai’ and fatḥ zarāi’ methods. This qualitative study had obtained data from Facebook Live video recordings, reports and articles, which were then analysed using the descriptive content analysis method. It can be concluded from an ‘illah (legal operative cause) aspect that there is no acceptable ‘illah for banning this currency. From the point of view of al-’urf, cryptocurrencies are acceptable and do not contradict the principles of Shariah. Whereas from the point of view of sad zarāi’, this study found no solid evidence that it could lead to deleterious circumstances other than mere conjecture and assumption, hence, the introduction of cryptocurrencies should be permitted or made accessible. He also suggested the use of the fath zarāi’ method, which is better suited for creating opportunities for innovation and creativity of financial products based on financial technology (fintech). Finally, he mentioned about the permissibility of cryptocurrency as a medium of exchange even if it does not become the legal currency of a country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are an essential asset in an educational institution. The attitude and behavior of Muslim teachers that do not reflect good Muslim personality will be an obstacle to the smooth process of teaching and learning. Therefore, this concept paper discusses the personality traits that every Muslim teacher should have to excel as an educator. Qualitative research methods through content analysis research design were used. Data collected from materials such as books, journal articles, proceedings, theses and dissertations were analyzed descriptively. This study touches on personality traits that have been documented by Islamic scholars. Although an in-depth study has not yet been conducted, the results of previous writings have found that the personality traits of effective Muslim teachers can still be observed. The personality traits of Muslim teachers from the point of view of Islamic scholars such as Imam Al-Ghazali, Imam AlNawawi, Imam Al-Ajurri, Imam Al-Mawardi and Imam Hasan Al-Banna can be summarized into four main elements; knowledgeable and applying it, good character, possess teaching skills and dedicated to the community. In particular, every Muslim teacher and educational institution should be concerned about personality traits and take appropriate action so that the quality of teachers in Malaysia can be improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 4.0 industrial revolution (4IR) is one of the biggest challenges faced by every individual, especially psychologists of this century. In this article, the authors will examine the preparation for challenges psychologists face in helping individuals deal with the psycho-social impact of the 4.0 industrial revolution. 4IR comprises of ten pillars: automation robots, simulations, system integration, multi-purpose internet, cyber security, public computing, additional material creation, reinforced reality, large data analysis, and system integration. This conceptual paper covers articles and books from year 1998 to 2020. This article aims to help psychologists become more knowledgeable about how their disciplinary expertise can assist in discussions, research, and policy initiatives relating to 4.0 Industrial Revolution. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to outline the challenges faced by the Muslim psychologists in the era of 4.0 Industrial Revolution and how to deal with the challenges diligently. Psychologists are responsible for designing and implementing interventions to deal with the psycho-social impact of the 4.0 Industrial Revolution. Psychologists’ involvement is needed to increase psychological support to individuals, in particular, and to society as a whole. Hence, the mental health and mental strength of psychologists are important in preparation for the 4IR challenge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The anthropomorphism remains one of the most contested topics in current Sunni theological discourse between Ash’arites and the Salafis. The polemic is mainly based on how one should interpret anthropomorphic expressions found in certain religious texts. This paper aims at explicating al-Ghazālī’s method in dealing with the ambiguous hadiths on divine attributes (the ṣifāt hadiths) by examining his thought in various of his printed works. Library research with analytic methodology has been applied. The study finds that al-Ghazālī actively used ta’wīl (metaphorical interpretation) to appropriate the understanding of hadith message according to the principle of divine unity (tawḥīd) and transcendence (tanzīh). This attitude is a perpetuation of his moderate position toward absolute truth derived from both revelation and reason. Therefore, it is seen that al-Ghazālī’s advocation of ta’wīl is always accompanied by his criticism against Mu’tazilite’s rationalism and Hanbalite’s literalism. Despite his acceptance of ta’wīl, al-Ghazālī stipulates that the interpretation method should be used with moderation. It is not for everyone but is only for elite of religious scholars who has sharp mind and high level of spirituality that enables them to comprehend the prophetic message accurately. In contrast to popular opinion, al-Ghazālī maintains his positive reception of ta‘wil in his last theological work namely Iljām al-‘Awām ‘an‘ Ilm al-Kalām. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī is considered one of the prominent Muslim thinkers and scholars in the traditional Muslim world. He has produced numerous intellectual sources comprehensively. This paper aims to analyze Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī’s views on dealing with the scientific exegesis. This was investigated from his thoughtful and broad understanding of its principle and underlying purpose. The essential understanding of the principle of scientific exegesis was analytically discussed in his magnum opus; Jewels of the Qur’ān. To reach a representative conclusion, this study undertakes an analysis of the al-Ghazālī view, promotes intellectual discourse, and venerated exegesis as the main sources of reference by adopting the document analysis method. The finding shows that Abū Hāmid al-Ghazālī’s discussion on scientific exegesis emphasized on relevance to contemporary practice and the modern context of Islam. It set forth an important framework and methodology for the integration of the Quran and science. This leads to the collaboration between two branches of knowledge and has come to be known as ‘scientific exegesis’ that the Qur’ān contains verses that point to scientific discoveries such as the roundness of the earth; the orbit of the earth around the sun; and the uniqueness of human fingerprints. It will provide students, educators, researchers, and scholars with a resource for understanding and responding to faithful Islamic sciences issues that are of concern to contemporary Islam and to society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shirk means associating any partners with Allah SWT. Tawhid clearly teaches us that Allah SWT does not share His Rububiah (Lordship) or divine attributes with anything or any partner. A clear example of shirk is idolatry or polytheism, that is worship of deity, god or anything other than Allah. Shirk is a paramount sin in Islam, the one unforgivable sin. However, this term is in the holy verses of the Qur’an that are “difficult” for humans to understand and appreciate. Usually, the interpretation of the word shirk will be given a description of its meaning and consequences to the perpetrator. The common interpretation is that whoever associates anything with Allah, then he has indeed committed a great sin. Muslims are also warned that indeed Allah SWT will not forgive the sin of shirk while Allah SWT will forgive all sins other than shirk, for whom he wills. In effect, all doors of paradise are shut to those who commit shirk. This article is related to the debate on shirk and its significance according to Islamic law and mathematical measurements. The analysis and findings of the study in this article are obtained through the methods of content analysis, document analysis and vectors concept in mathematics. The vectors concept in mathematics has been chosen as a tool to decipher this term to the maximum extent possible. It was chosen because a vector has elastic properties, is easy to set up and is representative of the matter relating to shirk. Therefore, it can be used to explain the definition, interpretation and consequences of shirk. The results of the study show that shirk is not only placed in the category of major sins in Islamic law but also the position of the perpetrators of shirk is considered as insulting Allah SWT and the religion of Islam. This position can not only be assessed from the Islamic law viewpoint but also through mathematical measurements, formulas and arguments. Through mathematical measurements it is impossible for us to assign partners to Allah, except by those who are very stubborn and intend to insult Allah. In this paper, the arguments are given based on mathematical knowledge that indeed human beings should not commit shirk not only because of its consequences, but also because it involves Allah as the Creator of all creatures as well as all other creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to apply the principle of maalat af’al (consequences of an action) in analysing the issue of women converting to Islam without their husbands from the perspective of maslahah (public interest). Despite the fact that the majority of classical scholars maintain the view that this marriage must be dissolved, dealing with this case in Muslim minority circumstances needs more consideration, particularly in terms of maslahah (securing benefit and removing harm) and mafsadah (harm). Dissolving this marriage immediately could portray a negative image of Islam as a religion that divides families with psychological and emotional impacts on women and their families. This is a qualitative study that obtained data from interviews with several imams and scholars in the UK. The findings indicate that this is a contemporary ijtihadi issue, with some aspects tolerated. Also, the status of maslahah in this issue is in line with the Shari’ah, particularly in facilitating a new Muslim life. While this study is merely exploratory with a limited number of participants, linking theory and reality makes the discussion on the issue and applying the principle of maalat practical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Islāmiyyāt: International Journal of Islamic Studies is the property of Islamiyyat: International Journal of Islamic Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In Malaysia, Muslim converts (Muallaf) face certain difficulties including restrictions in inheritance. In this regard, Islam provides that the property of Muslims shall be inherited by Muslim heirs only. In other words, the general principle provides that non-Muslim heirs have no right in inheritance to property that belonging to Muslims. By taking into consideration the status and rights of family members of Muallaf in Malaysia, hibah is categorized as an alternative method of distribution, in addition to wasiat and other methods. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in studying and promoting hibah (inter vivos gift) as one of the alternatives in distributing someone’s wealth, in addition to other methods. This paper applies a doctrinal legal research methodology where data collection involves primary and secondary sources which include Al-Quran, hadith, journal articles, constitution, statutes and case law. This study seeks to identify the extent hibah applies as an alternative to resolve the inheritance issue among the Muallaf and to provide some recommendations in proposing hibah law to be enacted in resolving this issue in Malaysia. To date, none of the authors has studied in detail drafting of hibah law to be enacted for resolving the inheritance issue concerning Muallaf in this country. This study discovers that a specific law on hibah could clarify its position and application in Malaysia where it can further be used as an alternative to resolve inheritance conflict affecting the heirs, especially non-Muslim, of Muallaf. Furthermore, it may also benefit various agencies such as religious departments, Shariah Court and other relevant agencies to preserve the rights of Muallaf in regard to their inheritance issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earthquakes are often viewed as negative phenomena as they threaten human beings and other life on earth. Although researchers scientifically explained this phenomenon, people still relate it to God’s role. Discussions from physical or scientific studies, as well as metaphysical and theological views, are essential to gain a deeper understanding. Geology examines earthquakes scientifically, including the causes, effects, and earthquake-prone places, while religion perceives it is caused by the power of God (Supreme Being) that determines everything. The purpose of this study is to emphasize the comparative analysis of earthquakes from both Islamic and Christian perspectives using a qualitative method concerning the Quran, tafsir al-Quran, Bible, biblical exegesis, and secondary literature relevant to both religions and geology. Although earthquakes are broadly studied in both faiths, researchers are less interested in doing in-depth comparative analysis of many features. This paper is a comparative study and reveals the similarities and differences of earthquakes in seven areas: earthquakes in the scriptures, religious views, historical earthquakes, current earthquakes, future earthquakes, religious coping, and earthquake geological facts in scriptures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Menstruation is the blood that comes out of a woman’s cervix through the vagina at a certain time, and is not the cause of childbirth. The onset of menstruation is one of the signs of a woman’s puberty. In fact, puberty is a new challenge, especially for women, because it requires careful personal hygiene, whether before, during, or after menstruation. In Malaysia, women still suffer from period poverty and cannot afford sanitary pads due to financial constraints. This causes greater harm to women. Therefore, the main objective of this article is to identify the issues and challenges faced by women due to period poverty, especially during the Covid-19 pandemic. In this qualitative study, a document analysis from journal articles, books, and related materials was conducted. Findings suggest that women face significant challenges when it comes to period poverty. These include lack of affordable menstrual products, disadvantages in menstrual hygiene infrastructure, and negative stigma in the community. The implication of this study is to help women cope with the challenges of period poverty and to prepare for the onset of menstruation with sufficient knowledge and needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tahfiz teaching has become progressively more conventional and is growing as an essential educational course. This significance is in line with the prospect above that is placed on the ability of tahfiz schools to produce Quranmemorising students who can thrive and improve the nation’s Islamic education. Due to this endeavour, the tahfiz learning management process must satisfy the user QoE related to the increasing student intake issues. These issues impact this education process due to insufficient tahfiz resources, infrastructure, and facilities. This paper proposes the Integrated Management Tahfiz (IM-Tahfiz) Framework’s suitability for selected education satisfaction at the empirical level. The primary purpose of this framework is about the Quality of Experience (QoE) based on user satisfaction for the screening test of stakeholder decision in selecting tahfiz centre to educate students. This framework design was implemented in three phases; data selection, where instruments and experiment setup gather resources from the mobile to the server to finalize data; user QoE setup, where the users’ data is obtained by using the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) to determine this matter’s solution regarding the suitability of tahfiz students to tahfiz centers; and execution phase, where both phases combine to finalize the data output. The final result illustrates the initial research question (RQ) was the factor that had effects on the problem of the tahfiz center that can be solved accordingly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In early philosophically oriented societies, happiness was a prominent theme in literature. This article discusses the concept of happiness according to Ibn Kathīr (d. 1374), who was an eminent scholar of Islam. The idea of happiness and how to achieve it is something that has occupied researchers for millennia. They consider happiness to be temporal, conditional and existing outside the human body. According to this view, there is no lasting happiness in the human soul. In contrast, Ibn Kathīr referred to happiness as having a heart filled with faith and behaving in a way that follows religious teachings. By applying qualitative methods, the study found that Ibn Kathīr discusses happiness from the perspective of temporary worldly wealth, for the decline of belief in revelation, and eternal happiness in the hereafter. This paper concludes that the key to being happy in this world and the next is seeking the pleasure of God, and worshipping only Him. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropomorphism stands at the heart of many theological discourses and is among the most discussed issues by Muslim scholars. Anthropomorphic descriptions of God are mentioned in several Quranic verses and hadith for instance, God’s hand, God’s laughter, God’s heavenly throne, God’s hand and fingers and others. More often than not, anthropomorphic verses were interpreted in a different manner according to a scholar’s theological affinity. Thus, this paper aims to examine al-Ghazālī’s method in dealing with anthropomorphic verses. Imam al-Ghazālī was among the Asha‘irah scholars who wrote extensively on theological and philosophical issues. By adopting document analysis method, this study explores al-Ghazālī’s methods by analyzing his writings mainly in Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn and Fayṣal al-Tafriqah baina al-Islām wa al-Zindiqah, Iljām al-Awām ‘an Ilm al-Kalām apart from his other treatises such as al-Iqtiṣād fī al-‘Itiqād and Qānūn al-Ta’wīl. It can be found that al-Ghazālī strongly affirms God’s incorporeality by renouncing God’s essence from any bodily figures, space, accidents and directions. Apart from that, al-Ghazālī offered two different approaches in understanding anthropomorphic verses for the learned and laymen. For the learned, al-Ghazālī allowed strict allegorical interpretation with its rules. As for laymen, al-Ghazālī suggested seven steps in understanding antrhopomophic verses in ensuring the sanctity of God’s Essence from any figurative literal interpretation. In sum, this study demonstrates al-Ghazālī’s holistic approach in refuting anthropomorphism that includes the learned and laymen and ensuring one’s creed is preserved from any figurative understanding of God. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims to expand the existing body of knowledge by highlighting and summarising current studies on Islamic inheritance. Thus, this study presented a map of the research interest and determined primary issues to demonstrate current trends, future research directions, and theory development. A systematic literature review (SLR) approach was employed using the four-step reporting standard for the Systematic Evidence Syntheses (ROSES) review: research question formulation, systematic searching, quality assessment, and data extraction. A total of 33 screened articles between 2008 and 2022 were retrieved from two primary databases (Scopus and Emerald and one supporting database, Google Scholar). The factors were categorised into three primary themes: general, motives and preference studies, and determinant analysis. The themes were subsequently divided into seven sub-themes. Notably, most studies examined unclaimed asset issues based on the determinant analysis. This study offered useful insights into the current research interest regarding the subject. The issues and domains in the current study contribute new knowledge and theory development for future directions in the field. This study addressed empirical gaps and presents an excellent reference relevant for regulators, policymakers, and researchers in comprehending the issues and existing solutions in Islamic inheritance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atheism is an ideology that rejects the existence of God and has gained increasing prominence in societies globally, including Malaysia. Atheism significantly challenges the religious orientation of Malaysian society. Specifically, atheism challenges spiritual and ethical foundations, unity, and cultural heritage linked to religious beliefs. Understanding these challenges is vital to formulate proactive measures, education, and informed dialogue to mitigate the negative impact of atheism on Malaysian society. This study explored the effects of atheism on Malaysian religious society via library research analysis. Scholarly articles, books, and reputable online resources on religious and atheism underwent content analysis, which yielded five key findings. Firstly, atheism leads to the loss of spiritual guidance and morality. Secondly, atheism potentially erodes ethical values and societal norms, and subsequently reduces social trust and cohesion. Thirdly, atheism contributes to moral relativism and ethical ambiguity, which potentially undermines established moral frameworks and social norms. Fourthly, atheism can weaken community cohesion. Lastly, ‎atheism threatens religious institutions and practices. Additionally, the absence of the role of God might undermine the cultural and heritage importance of religion. This study presented critical insights on the negative societal effects of atheism. By exploring the potential consequences of atheism on social cohesion, moral foundations, and existential perspectives, this study highlighted the need for religious education as part of atheism prevention and rehabilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Arab-Israeli conflict and the circumstances in the region were significantly impacted by the 1967 conflict, often known as the Six-Day War. This study attempts to offer recommendations by exploring the trend and characteristics of Arab-Israeli conflict as the conflict become increasingly multiplex. Thus, the main objective of this study is to visualize trends in research on Arab-Israeli conflict from 1967 to 2022. This study examined quantitative and qualitative bibliometric data using descriptive and visual methods. The bibliometric data was retrieved from the Scopus database (the largest inter-disciplinary database in social sciences), and the authors ran a number of analyses on it using Biblioshiny via the R-Studio and VOSviewer software. As a result, this article will shed light on the most recent trend and features of Arab-Israeli research published in the Scopus database. The analysis shows that Israel and the United State of America (USA) have become the top countries that have played a major role in creating collaborative research on Arab-Israeli conflict. Furthermore, the study highlights the increase in publication on this topic over the past decade and the growing interdisciplinary approach among scholars including psychological aspect and normalization aspect in terms of conflict management. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first bibliometric study of Arab-Israeli conflict materials in Scopus. As a result, it will assist academics in broadening and deepening their studies on Arab-Israeli relations, so raising their chances of attaining a permanent peace. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The polemic on the issue of child marriage has not only been debated among human rights groups in recent decades but has also been included in the discourse of contemporary Muslim scholars. Yusuf al-Qaradawi is a contemporary scholar who is responsive in discussing issues of women and girls that concern the international community, including child marriage. This article explores issue of child marriage from al-Qaradawi’s fiqh methodology, which offers solutions to contemporary societal issues according to the Islamic legal framework. Qualitative methods through a content analysis were used in al-Qaradawi’s work on Islamic law and child marriage. This article shows that al-Qaradawi’s position on the issue of child marriage is centred on the priority of protecting children’s rights from harmful traditional practices based on the Siyasah al-Shar’iyya. The government should adopt al-Qaradawi’s point of view to reforming the Islamic Family Law Enactment to protect the child’s best interest from this harmful practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam reveres justice as a paramount virtue that is explicitly commanded to permeate all spheres of human existence. The Quran commanded mankind to conduct justice. This commandment was subsequently assimilated and exemplified by the Prophet Muhammad through his prophetic traditions and serves as a crucial source that elucidates the concept of justice from an Islamic perspective. Acknowledging the significance of relational justice is imperative as it entails an understanding that justice encompasses more than just the equitable distribution of wealth, rights, and opportunities. Hence, the study aims to identify the dimensions of relational justice from the vantage point of the prophetic tradition, thereby serving as a moral compass for Muslims across a myriad of life’s dimensions. This qualitative study utilises document analysis in its data collection whereby the components of relational justice are first identified, followed by the recognition of related hadīth through the takhrīj process. Books of hadīth commentaries and other supporting sources are consulted while analysing the data to determine the reason behind the revelations, the people involved, and the locative and chronological factors. The findings of this study illustrate that relational justice from the Sunnah’s perspective encompasses various facets such as justice within the familial institution, inter-neighbourhood relations, and the dynamics between rulers and citizens. Consequently, the study posits that the Prophetic sunnah holds intrinsic potential to serve as a moral compass, warranting the promotion of justice across all realms of human endeavours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Arabic language and Qira’at are two distinct disciplines of Islamic knowledge that possess their own areas of study and significant figures. However, due to the universality of knowledge, we can perceive the connection between these two fields from different angles. The primary objective of this synthesis research is to examine the reciprocal relationships between Arabic language and Qira’at throughout the history of knowledge development and finalize it in a theoretical framework. This qualitative, descriptive study utilizes document analysis as its methodology, gathering and synthesizing pertinent sources, notably primary sources related to Arabic language and Qira’at, to investigate their connections and mutual influences. Although Arabic language and Qira’at differ significantly in their definitions, the findings of this research suggest that there are interconnections between these two disciplines, which eventually led to the emergence of the science of Tawjih, a discipline that combines the use of Arabic language and Qira’at. Furthermore, the study reveals that Arabic language, particularly in syntax and morphology, has contributed to the comprehensiveness of Qira’at. Simultaneously, Qira’at has benefited Arabic language by exploring Arabic grammar and preserving some ancient Arabic dialects from extinction. There is no doubt that history shows a strong correlation between the two disciplines, despite their differences. The correlation between Arabic language and Qira’at is a complex and multifaceted relationship that has significant implications on future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Generally, there is significant change in the Brunei education assessment system as the School Based Assessment for Learning (SBAfL) is introduced including for the subject of Islamic Education. This study is to exlpore whether the SBAfL has influenced the teaching styles among Islamic education teachers. This phenomenology study used qualitative approach which involved seven participants which was selected based purposive sampling method. The data were collected through i) deep interviews ii) direct non-participant observation in class rooms, and iii) documents-based evidence. The element of validity and reliability was carried out using triangulation process, continuous observation, participants’ agreement, peer group analysis, researcher position, expert validation, and expert validations to measure inter-rater reliability using Cohen Kappa analysis. In generating theme and sub-theme, data were analysed using Atlas. ti 7.5.9 softwear. Generally, the implementation of SBAfL not only influenced the Islamic education teachers’ pedagogy aspect, but also influenced the teachers’ attitude and their acceptance towards changes and improvement of assessment practices in classroom. Thus, Islamic education teachers in this study accepted and were able to implement the changes of SBAfL in the Islamic education subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the practice of virtual Friday prayers implemented to provide convenience of worship during the pandemic in Indonesia. Ease of access and fulfillment of social distancing that is relevant to the conditions of the Covid-19 outbreak is considered a solution to solving religious problems in the context of a pandemic. To achieve this goal, this research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through observation and documentation which are analyzed using content analysis techniques. Research into the practice of virtual Friday prayers raises two main trends. The first trend is related to the need to shift the practice of conventional Friday prayers to virtual Friday prayers which are considered relevant in dealing with the pandemic. The second trend is related to the impact of changes in practice that produce new terms in the implementation of virtual Friday prayers. The shift in worship practices with various terms that are considered to provide solutions for ease of worship does not go hand in hand with efforts to reconceptualize the main provisions that make Friday prayers valid in Islamic law (fiqh). The concept of the continuity of the movements of the imam and the congregation, which is a requirement for the validity of prayer with the condition of being in one place, is not owned by virtual Friday prayers, so its validity is doubtful. Re-conception is needed to maintain the continuation of the virtual Friday prayer, which is considered easy and relevant to the pandemic context. Ignoring the availability of supporting arguments has an impact on identifying the practice of virtual Friday prayers as an effort to appropriate religion with technology that is prone to conflict and debate in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic entrepreneurs are important to inculcate the principles of Islamic spirituality into themselves as well as their business. The life of a Muslim entrepreneur actually requires halal income, blessed profits, security in livelihood, and contribution to the poor. This article focuses on the principles of Islamic spirituality that can be practiced by an entrepreneur to succeed in their business. This article aims to discuss the key requirements in Islamic spirituality and practice for an entrepreneur. It will also discuss the basic relationship of Islamic spirituality with the 3 branches of knowledge (Fiqh, Tawhid, Sufism) for an entrepreneur. This study is a qualitative study that uses content analysis and interview methods for the findings of the study. The results of the study found that the basic principles of spirituality have existed in an entrepreneur whether Tariqah or not, entrepreneurial spiritual practices such as charity, prayer, and remembrance can actually build self -confidence and form a noble character. In addition, it suggests the need for future studies to find the differences between failed and successful entrepreneurs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamic psychospirituality is a discipline that combines psychological and spiritual elements based on Islamic principles. The Islamic psychospiritual approach that emphasises on the purificaiton process of the soul (tazkiyyah alnafs) becomes a necessity for man in order to ensure the well-being of his life and achieve happiness in this world and the Hereafter. This need is linked rather closely to the objective of legislating sharia law or the more popularly used term maqasid al-sharia in order to accomplish the good for all human beings. However, there are still gaps in the literature that discusses thoroughly the relationship between Islamic psychospirituality and maqasid al-sharia. Therefore, this article was conducted to discuss Islamic psychospirituality according to maqasid al-sharia. This study was conducted using full library research method for data collection and qualitative approach for data analysis. Based on the anylisis it was found that the relationship between Islamic psychospirituality and maqasid al-sharia can be seen from two views namely from the debates of al-kulliyat al-khams and al-wasilah wa al-ghayat towards the achievement of al-sa’adah (happiness) which is maqasid al -sharia al-’ammah (general maqasid sharia). Ultimately, Islamic psychospirituality plays a very important role in the development of insaniah which eventually leads to the guaranteed preservation of alkulliyat al-khams which is the main core of maqasid al-sharia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluation is critical to determine student success throughout the teaching and learning process. When it comes to self-evaluation, stronger students tend to undervalue their performance, whereas weaker students prefer to exaggerate theirs. Due to this, a teacher’s evaluation is designed to achieve a balanced evaluation between stronger and weaker students. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the level of a teacher’s evaluation of student progress and to determine if there is a significant variation in teacher’s evaluation of student progress across locations, school types, and job experience. The approach used is through survey research design. Thirty-three Islamic education teachers participated in this study. The data indicate that teacher’s evaluation of student progress was generally favourable across all dimensions and that there were no significant variations in teacher’s evaluation of student progress by urban or rural location, school type, or employment experience. In general, the findings in this study can assist teachers and students in enhancing their teaching and learning process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the field of psychology in combination with religion has become a significant trend. Traditionally, Muslim philosophers, theologians, and mystics had been studying Psychology from an Islamic perspective under the label of ‘al-ilm-un-nafs’ i.e. knowledge of the soul. Their understanding of ‘nafs’ is mostly related to ‘soul’ or ‘spirit’. Recent Muslim scholars have re-invented the same wheel and have tried to merely promote the prominent Muslim philosophers instead of converting their work into modern understandings. Sticking with the translation of ‘nafs’ as soul or spirit has made several verses of Quran difficult to understand in modern psychological perspective. Since the subjects of psyche and intellect are within the domain of psychology in our times, this current study analyzed the content, context, and the psychological themes of the Quranic terms ‘nafs’, ‘rooh’, ‘aql’, ‘qalb’, and ‘foaad’ in 420 verses. This study established that the term ‘nafs’ in Quran is mostly used for ‘psyche’ i.e. mind and self. The terms ‘qalb’, ‘aql’, and ‘foaad’ are all used to relate to ‘intelligence’. The current study is highly significant in its scope as none of the earlier or later Muslim scholars translated the word ‘nafs’ as ‘mind’, which is the best suited alternative in our times and can allow Muslims to understand Quran in a more convenient and updated way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The adulteration of commercial food products with muharramat (prohibited) ingredients exposes Muslims of the present time to food fraud. One of the muharramat sources is animal plasma food grade powder in surimi products. This adulteration using prohibited substance is regarded as a critical halal issue that should be addressed to strengthen the justification for its prohibited status. The current study employs a qualitative approach using semi-structured interview data with Shariah experts, Halal executives, and food technologists as the main source of data collection, and a literature review as supportive argument. The application of thematic analysis to analyze the collected data enabled the identification of the main themes and sub-themes of the interview data. Based on the results, the identified main themes are: the principles of Istihlak fasidah (imperfect transformation), Istishab (presumption of continuity), and Maslahah (preservation of public interest); while the identified several sub-themes are: the involvement of human intervention, the residual traces of animal plasma properties in/the end product, and the prohibition of spilled-out blood that is attributed to all of the blood components, as supportive arguments to justify the reasons for Istihlak fasidah (imperfect transformation) process. Last but not least, several principles of Qawaid Fiqhiyyah (Islamic Legal Maxim) become part of the identified sub-themes applied by the interviewees to enhance the prohibited status. Subsequently, a framework is presented to visually present the data to clarify the interrelatedness of the identified themes. The research findings can potentially contribute signigicant knowledge to the Contemporary Fiqh Consumerism field, particularly in understanding the issue of intentionally adulterating halal with non-halal sources. The developed framework also meets the criteria of future new research since no comprehensive study has been conducted to highlight the prohibition of using animal plasma in food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The various issues and problems that hover in society come from the soul and mind that is busy filled with worldliness. Man’s love for the world makes many human beings frustrated with their lives, and various criminal issues occur, wars and power struggles. Finally, human beings are increasingly greedy, chasing the world relentlessly. The human psychology and psyche are increasingly suffering and eventually choose to commit suicide. Therefore, this article aimed to identify the appropriate psychotherapy to treat the human mind and soul by the touch of the wisdom of al-Ghazālī through the concept of Maqāmāt in his work Iḥyā’‘Ulūm al-Dīn. Using a qualitative method, this study found that there are several Maqāmāt included in Iḥyā’ ‘Ulūm al-Dīn; among them are al-tawbah, al-ṣabr, al-zuhd, al-tawakkul, al-maḥabbah, al-ma‘rifah dan al-riḍā. In conclusion, these seven Maqāmāt are the basis for constructing a believer’s identity by the meaning of his book to revive the religious sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the religious-political ideology of the Houthi movement in Yemen. In particular, it explores the political objectives and historical roots of the Houthis’ rebellion that was initiated in 2004 and continued into 2009 through six rounds of wars, which were called Sa’dah wars. The Houthis implemented a military coup in 2014 against Mansour Hadi’s government and seized state institutions which led to Yemen’s current civil war. A catastrophic battle also erupted when the Saudi-led military coalition decided to intervene in the conflict in 2015, with the aim of restoring the legitimacy of the previous regime as well as defeating the Houthis insurgency. Despite numerous studies on the issues relating to civil war in Yemen, there is no adequate study on the perspective of Houthis’ religious-political ideology. This research is qualitative using in-depth interviews with seven experts and observers of the Yemeni war. This article analyses major reasons for the historical rebellion and the ongoing catastrophic war in Yemen, based on the Houthis’ religious-political ideology. The findings of this article inform that the current conflict in Yemen is rooted in historical circumstances which gave rise to a heavy responsibility or burden on the Houthis, whereby according to the theory of the divine right to rule, the Houthis and their ancestors, the Hashemites claim the monopoly of regional (present day Yemen) power. Thus, this theory has been considered as one of the key dynamics of the outbreak and the continuation of the current war in Yemen. It is very likely that the trend of increased Houthis’ rebellion will continue for the next few years in Yemen due to the movement’s firm aim of power struggle, based on their religious-political ideology of the ‘divine right to rule’. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The diplomacy of the Great Powers in the Bosnia-Herzegovina conflict of 1875-1878 led the Ottoman government to sign The Treaty of Berlin in 1878. The Treaty of Berlin gave the Austria-Hungary empire a mandate to occupy and administer Bosnia-Herzegovina. It has initiated a migration process in Bosnia-Herzegovina among its population, especially the Muslims. This article will examine issues that led to the migration of Muslims from Bosnia-Herzegovina to other territories in the Ottoman Turkish empire before the outbreak of World War 1. Analysis on these issues used primary data from the British records from its embassy in Bosnia- Herzegovina. The study found that the issue of religion was the dominant factor in the migration process that took place among the Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The migration process increased after Bosnia-Herzegovina was officially announced under the Austro-Hungarian administration in 1908. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]