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Dendrobium (Orchidaceae, Epidendoideae) plants have flowers with a wide variety of colors that persist for a long period throughout the year. The yellow coloration of Dendrobium flowers is mainly determined by the flavonol pathway and the flavone pathway, but the relevant biosynthesis mechanisms during vernalization remain unclear. To explore the similarities and differences in flavonoid biosynthesis in different tissues during vernalization, we selected two species of Dendrobium for a flower color study: Dendrobium capillipes Rchb (which has yellow flowers) and Dendrobium nobile Lindl (which has white flowers). We collected a total of 36 samples from six tissue types and both Dendrobium species during vernalization and subjected the samples to metabolic profiling and transcriptome sequencing. A total of 31,504 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between different tissues of the two Dendrobium species by transcriptomic analysis. However, many differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) and DEGs were enriched not only in the general pathway of "flavonoid biosynthesis" but also in multiple subpathways of "flavone and flavonol biosynthesis". According to a combined transcriptome and metabolome analysis, Putrescine hydroxycinnamoyl transferase 1 (LOC110093422) may be the main gene responsible for the differences in flavonoid accumulation during vernalization, which is closely associated with yellow flowers. Taken together, the results of our study preliminarily revealed the metabolites responsible for and the key genes regulating flavonoid biosynthesis during vernalization. These results provide a basis for the further study of the molecular mechanism of flavonoid synthesis during vernalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given a query language, a Detection-based Vision-Language Understanding (DVLU) system needs to respond based on the detected regions (i.e.,bounding boxes). With the significant advancement in object detection, DVLU has witnessed great improvements in recent years, such as Visual Question Answering (VQA) and Visual Grounding (VG). However, existing DVLU methods always process each detected image region separately but ignore that they were an integral whole. Without the full consideration of each region's context, the image's understanding may contain more bias. In this paper, to solve the problem, a simple yet effective Region Collaborative Network (RCN) block is proposed to bridge the gap between independent regions and the integrative DVLU task. Specifically, the Intra-Region Relations (IntraRR) inside each detected region are computed by a position-wise and channel-wise joint non-local model. Then, the Inter-Region Relations (InterRR) across all the detected regions are computed by pooling and sharing parameters with IntraRR. The proposed RCN can enhance the features of each region by using information from all other regions and guarantees the dimension consistency between input and output. The RCN is evaluated on VQA and VG, and the experimental results show that our method can significantly improve the performance of existing DVLU models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has increased in recent years. Considering the potential side effects of conventional drugs, safe and efficient treatment methods for IBD are required urgently. Natural polysaccharides (NPs) have attracted considerable attention as potential therapeutic agents for IBD owing to their high efficiency, low toxicity, and wide range of biological activities. Intestinal microbiota and their fermentative products, mainly short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), are thought to mediate the effect of NPs in IBDs. This review explores the beneficial effects of NPs on IBD, with a special focus on the role of intestinal microbes. Intestinal microbiota exert alleviation effects via various mechanisms, such as increasing the intestinal immunity, anti-inflammatory activities, and intestinal barrier protection via microbiota-dependent and microbiota-independent strategies. The aim of this paper was to document evidence of NP–intestinal microbiota-associated IBD prevention, which would be helpful for guidance in the treatment and management of IBD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]