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This article first reviews the position control of piezoelectric actuators, particularly charge-based sensorless control systems, which often include a charge estimator as a key component. The rest of the paper is about charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators. Two of the most recent/effective types of these estimators utilise either a sensing capacitor (type I in this paper) or a sensing resistor (type II); the latter (and the newer) type is broadly known as a digital charge estimator. Some experimental results in the literature show that, with the same loss in excitation voltage, a considerably higher amount of charge can be estimated with a type II estimator in comparison with a type I estimator; therefore, the superiority of type II estimators was acknowledged. In order to re-assess this conclusion, this paper equitably compares type I and II estimators through analytical modelling and experimentation. The results indicate that type II estimators have only a slight advantage in estimating higher amounts of charge, if both type I and II estimators are designed appropriately. At the same time, type II estimators have disadvantages; e.g., the resistance of type II estimators has to be tuned to suit different excitation frequencies. This research concludes that capacitor-based (type I) charge estimators for piezoelectric actuators, with pertinent design and implementation, can be still the prime solution for many charge estimation problems despite claims in the literature in the last decade. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, a design guideline for a kinetic energy converter using a cantilever triple-layer piezoelectric harvester (CTLPH) for low-frequency applications is presented. By combining the constitutive and internal energy equations, the analytical equations for harvested voltage and power were developed. It was also found that frequency of motion, applied tip force, piezoelectric coefficients, geometrical dimensions, and mechanical properties of layers play significant roles in the performance of the harvester. Having characterised the voltage regulator module, LTC3588, the dependency of output voltage on both the storage and output capacitors of the LTC3588 was investigated. An experimental measurement using the optical method was carried out to determine the applied tip force. Furthermore, the performance of the CTLPH in low frequencies (<3.3 Hz) for various resistive loads was investigated. It was found that both excitation frequency and external resistance load are effective on the maximum generated power. The developed CTLPH shows the optimum power of 17.31 μ W at the external resistance of 20 kΩ, which is highly appropriate for micropower devices with at least 3.2 Hz of kinetic vibration in their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]