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This comprehensive review delineates the extensive roles of Akkermansia muciniphila in various health domains, spanning from metabolic and inflammatory diseases to neurodegenerative disorders. A. muciniphila, known for its ability to reside in the mucous layer of the intestine, plays a pivotal role in maintaining gut integrity and interacting with host metabolic processes. Its influence extends to modulating immune responses and potentially easing symptoms across several non-communicable diseases, including obesity, diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease, and cancer. Recent studies highlight its capacity to interact with the gut–brain axis, suggesting a possible impact on neuropsychiatric conditions. Despite the promising therapeutic potential of A. muciniphila highlighted in animal and preliminary human studies, challenges remain in its practical application due to stability and cultivation issues. However, the development of pasteurized forms and synthetic mediums offers new avenues for its use in clinical settings, as recognized by regulatory bodies like the European Food Safety Authority. This narrative review serves as a crucial resource for understanding the broad implications of A. muciniphila across different health conditions and its potential integration into therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emerging research links the endocannabinoid system to gut microbiota, influencing nociception, mood, and immunity, yet the molecular interactions remain unclear. This study focused on the effects of probiotics on ECS markers—cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) and fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH)—in dancers, a group selected due to their high exposure to physical and psychological stress. In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05567653), 15 dancers were assigned to receive either a 12-week regimen of Lactobacillus helveticus Rosell-52 and Bifidobacterium longum Rosell-17 or a placebo (PLA: n = 10, PRO: n = 5). There were no significant changes in CB2 (probiotic: 0.55 to 0.29 ng/mL; placebo: 0.86 to 0.72 ng/mL) or FAAH levels (probiotic: 5.93 to 6.02 ng/mL; placebo: 6.46 to 6.94 ng/mL; p > 0.05). A trend toward improved sleep quality was observed in the probiotic group, while the placebo group showed a decline (PRO: from 1.4 to 1.0; PLA: from 0.8 to 1.2; p = 0.07841). No other differences were noted in assessed outcomes (pain and fatigue). Probiotic supplementation showed no significant impact on CB2 or FAAH levels, pain, or fatigue but suggested potential benefits for sleep quality, suggesting an area for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The occurrence of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a growing global problem which commonly affects patients with co-existing diseases/conditions, such as type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia. The effective treatment of MASLD is still limited; however, diet plays a significant role in its management. There are multiple beneficial properties of dietary fiber, including its ability to modify the gut microbiome. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of the consumption of fiber-enriched rolls on the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in patients suffering from MASLD. Methods: The participants were recruited according to the inclusion criteria and were required to consume fiber-enriched rolls containing either 6 g or 12 g of fiber. There were three assessment timepoints, when the anthropometric and laboratory parameters were measured, and 16s on nanopore sequencing of the fecal microbiome was conducted. Results: Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were the most abundant phyla in the patients living with MASLD. It was demonstrated that the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) changed after the consumption of fiber-enriched rolls; however, this was strongly associated with both the timepoint and the type of SCFAs—acetate and butyrate. Additionally, the high-fiber diet was related to the increase in phyla diversity (p = 0.006571). Conclusions: Overall, the introduction of an appropriate amount of fiber to the diet seems to be promising for patients suffering from MASLD due to its ability to create an improvement in gut microbiome-related aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), a widely assessed biomarker in most common diseases, is typically evaluated before treatment initiation. However, data on NLR in the post-treatment setting is limited. Therefore, we assessed the NLR calculated after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) initiation in patients with bladder cancer (BC). We hypothesised that changes in blood cells after NAC could be a marker of tumour response and long-term survival. Materials and Methods: Our study included 214 patients who underwent NAC followed by radical cystectomy (RC) in two urological departments, wherein post-NAC NLR was used to categorize patients into the low (NLR ≤ 1.75) and high (NLR > 1.75) groups. Results: Logistic regression analysis indicated that a post-NAC NLR ≥ 1.75 is a good biomarker for pathologic response (odds ratio (OR), 0.045; p <0.001), emphasizing its ability to predict patient survival. The HRs for overall survival and cancer-specific survival were 2.387 (p = 0.048) and 2.342 (p < 0.001), respectively. Conclusions: We believe that post-NAC NLR can be used for patient stratification after NAC. Consequently, the post-NAC NLR may serve as a guide for the decision-making process regarding RC versus bladder-preserving strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacteria can impact the host organism through their metabolites, with short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) being the most important, including acetate (C2), propionate (C3), butyrate (C4), valerate (C5n), and isovalerate (C5i). This study aimed to identify the impact of enteral nutrition on SCFAs in children with cerebral palsy and to test the hypothesis that the type of nutrition in cerebral palsy affects gut SCFA levels. Cerebral palsy is a heterogeneous syndrome resulting from non-progressive damage to the central nervous system. The study group included 30 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy, receiving enteral nutrition (Cerebral Palsy Enteral Nutrition (CPEN)) via gastrostomy. The first reference group (Cerebral Palsy Controls (CPCs)) consisted of 24 children diagnosed with cerebral palsy and fed orally on a regular diet. The second reference group (Healthy Controls (HCs)) consisted of 24 healthy children with no chronic disease and fed on a regular diet. Isolation and measurement of SCFAs were conducted using gas chromatography. Differences were observed in the median contents of isobutyric acid, valeric acid, and isovaleric acid between the CPC group, which had significantly higher levels of those acids than the HC group. No differences were found between the CPEN and CPC groups nor between the CPEN and HC groups. We conclude that enteral nutrition in cerebral palsy has no influence on the levels of SCFAs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron is the micronutrient with the best-studied biological functions. It is widely distributed in nature, and its involvement in the main metabolic pathways determines the great importance of this metal for all organisms. Iron is required for cellular respiration and various biochemical processes that ensure the proper functioning of cells and organs in the human body, including the brain. Iron also plays an important role in the production of free radicals, which can be beneficial or harmful to cells under various conditions. Reviews of iron metabolism and its regulation can be found in the literature, and further advances in understanding the molecular basis of iron metabolism are being made every year. The aim of this review is to systematise the available data on the role of iron in the function of the nervous system, especially in the brain. The review summarises recent views on iron metabolism and its regulatory mechanisms in humans, including the essential action of hepcidin. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of iron absorption in the small intestine and the purpose of this small but critically important pool of iron in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the most common causes of death and an important burden to the worldwide healthcare system and society. There is a lack of guidelines for types of monitoring or neuroprotective therapy. The aim of this pilot study was to assess its feasibility and, furthermore, to evaluate the impact of Cerebrolysin on the following clinical outcomes: length of stay, Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and mortality. Methods: A cohort of 56 patients was included in this non-randomised, real-time, pre–post-interventional study. The patients were assessed with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and divided into two groups: severe (GCS < 8) and non-severe (GCS > 8). After the radiological examination (CT scan), the patients were qualified for an immediate neurosurgical procedure if needed. The patients were admitted to the intensive care unit, where a standardised protocol for TBI treatment was implemented. Additional neuromonitoring was applied. Results: There were 56 patients (19 females; 33.9%), of which 41 were considered severe cases; the patients were allocated to the Cerebrolysin (n = 25) or control groups (n = 31). In a generalised linear model (GLM) approach, the use of Cerebrolysin was associated with a decrease in the probability of death in non-severe patients (by 0.333 (standard error (SE) = 0.157, p = 0.034)) but not in severe patients (estimate (Est.) = −0.115, SE = 0.127, p = 0.364). Patients who received Cerebrolysin and who were neuromonitored had favourable outcomes and better survival rates. Conclusions: A multimodal treatment approach with monitoring and Cerebrolysin may have a beneficial effect on patients with less severe TBIs; however, the present study has multiple limitations, and further research is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Pigmentary changes can be bothersome and affect one's well-being. Laser therapy has been shown to effectively treat such skin discolouration. We aimed to assess the utility of a 755 nm alexandrite laser in pigmented lesions removal. Materials and methods: A total of 109 patients aged 44.17 ± 8.2 years were enrolled and underwent laser treatment of facial skin hyperpigmentation. The efficacy was analysed on the basis of photographic diagnosis using the VISIA Complexion Analysis System. The following measures were assessed: (1) score; (2) feature count; (3) comparison figure. Results: A single laser treatment significantly improved the size and area of the lesion and decreased the number of lesion features. Parallelly, the overall skin condition significantly improved (p < 0.05). We found a statistical tendency of a higher feature count baseline, thus its change in men (p = 0.05 and 0.07, respectively), but failed to find any statistically significant associations (p > 0.05) between tested measures and skin phototypes and hyperpigmentation types. Age was also not correlated with the laser efficacy (p > 0.05). Conclusions: The use of the 755 nm laser is effective in reducing pigmented lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fermented beetroot juice is a beverage obtained from the fermentation of beetroot, most commonly red beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. conditiva). Nowadays, this product is increasingly recognised as a functional food with potentially beneficial health properties. It has been suggested to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory, and probiotic effects, among others. Moreover, with the increasing popularity of the drink, newer variants are appearing in the food market, obtained by modifying the traditional recipe, adding other raw materials, herbs, and spices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antioxidant potential and phytochemical composition of the selected fermented beetroot juices in different flavour variants available in the Polish food market. The study material consisted of six fermented beetroot juices: traditional, with garlic, with horseradish, with acerola, without salt, and iodized. The obtained results showed that the addition of acerola, horseradish, garlic, salt, and iodine in the form of sodium iodide and potassium iodide influenced the composition and properties of fermented beetroot juice. The most promising product in terms of potentially beneficial health properties related to the prevention of free radical diseases was fermented beetroot juice without salt (FRAP—5663.40 µM Fe (II)/L, ABTS—96.613%, TPC—760.020 mg GAE/L, TFC—221.280 mg RE/L). Iodized fermented beetroot juice had the highest vitamin C content—51.859 mg/100 mL. However, all the products tested were characterised by a significant content of biologically active substances with antioxidant properties and showed a high antioxidant potential. Moreover, all the fermented beetroot juices were rated positively in terms of flavour intensity, sweetness, acidity, colour, and overall acceptability. They can, therefore, be a good source of antioxidants in the daily diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kombucha is a fermented tea drink produced by a symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeast, known as SCOBY. Its base has traditionally been black tea, which has been recognized for its health-promoting properties, particularly its antioxidant activity based on its high content of pol-yphenolic compounds. A number of previous studies have demonstrated the equally favourable biochemical and phytochemical composition of green tea. The aim of this study was to analyse and compare the basic biochemical composition, microbiological composition and antioxidant properties of black and green tea-based Kombucha. The green tea-based Kombucha showed a quantitatively more abundant microbial composition (Lactic Acid Bacteria, Acetobacter sp., Yeast), a higher reducing potential (FRAP—4326.58 Fe(II)µM/L) and a higher content of total polyphenols (23.84 mg GAE/100 mL, reducing sugars (3212.00 mg/100 mL) as well as free amino acids (849.00 mg GLY/mL). Kombucha made from black tea, on the other hand, showed a higher anti-oxidant potential (1.17 Trolox (mM) TEAC), neutralising the DPPH radical at 94.33% and ABTS at 97.74%. It also had a higher level of acetic acid (0.08 g/100 mL). Green tea kombucha had a higher scavenging capacity of 90.6% for superoxide radical (O2−) and 69.28% for hydroxyl radical (·OH) than black tea kombucha. In the present study, both kombucha drinks tested were shown to be source of potent antioxidants. In addition, green tea, as a kombucha base, has proven to be as beneficial a raw material that will provide full nutritional and health-promoting values as traditional kombucha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thoracic surgery causes significant pain despite standard multimodal analgesia. Intraoperative cryoanalgesia may be a solution. The onset of the clinical effect of cryoanalgesia can take 12–36 h. The addition of a regional anaesthesia before the cryoanalgesia procedure can enable analgesic protection for the patient during this period. The main aim of the study was to evaluate the benefits of the erector spinae plane (ESP) block prior to Nuss surgery. The 'control' group consisted of 10 teenagers who underwent cryoablation together with intravenous multimodal analgesia according to the standard protocol. The 'intervention' group included 26 teenage patients who additionally received an erector spinae plane block before operation. Pain relief (p = 0.015), opioid use (p = 0.009), independent physical activity and rehabilitation (p = 0.020) were faster in the intervention group. No features of local anaesthetic drug toxicity or complications of the ESP block were observed. The bilateral ESP block together with intraoperative intercostal nerve cryoablation performed prior to Nuss correction of funnel chest were more effective in terms of pain control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The flow cytometry method (FCM) is a widely renowned practice increasingly used to assess the microbial viability of probiotic products. Additionally, the measurement of water activity (aw) can be used to confirm the presence of viable cells in probiotic products throughout their shelf lives. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between changes in aw and variations in active fluorescent units (AFU), a unit commonly used in flow cytometry method, during the aging of probiotic products containing freeze-dried bacteria. We controlled the stability of probiotic products for bacterial counts (using ISO 19344 method) and aw levels in commercially available capsules containing freeze-dried bacteria such as Lactobacillus sp. or combinations of Lactobacillus sp. and Bifidobacterium sp. in standard conditions (25 ± 2 °C and 60% relative humidity) over a period of 24 months. During this time, the bacterial contents decreased by 0.12 Log10 in the single-strain product, by 0.16 Log10 in the two-strain product and by 0.26 Log10 in the multi-strain product. With the increase in aw, the number of bacteria decreased but the aw at the end point of the stability study did not exceed 0.15 in each of the three tested products. FCM combined with aw is a prospective analysis that can be used to assess the stability of probiotic products, both for its ability to detect bacterial viability and for practical (analysis time) and economic reasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Understanding how effective a treatment is before a major bladder surgery can help doctors to plan better patient care. Our research investigated the survival rates of patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy before having their bladders removed due to cancer. We wanted to examine if there were differences in survival for those who had certain signs of cancer in their lymph nodes after the chemotherapy. Our findings suggest that those who showed these signs and had received prior chemotherapy had a more challenging health outlook than those who directly went for surgery. This information is crucial as it may guide doctors to consider additional treatments and closer patient monitoring in certain cases. Our study helps to provide a clearer picture for both doctors and patients when making decisions about bladder cancer treatment. Patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) prior to radical cystectomy (RC) typically show better survival outcomes than those undergoing immediate surgery for muscle-invasive bladder cancer. However, most studies have not considered the lymph node (LN) status when evaluating NAC's survival benefits. This study sought to delineate the impact of NAC on patients based on their pathologically determined LN status at the time of RC. We examined data from 1395 patients treated at two departments between 1991 and 2022. Of them, 481 had positive LNs. A comparison of overall survival (OS) outcomes revealed that patients without LN involvement ((y)pN0) benefited from NAC with a hazard ratio (HR) of 0.692 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.524–0.915). In contrast, patients with (y)pN+ showed no improvement with NAC (HR 0.927, 95%CI 0.713–1.205). Notably, patients treated with NAC for stage

The enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocol is not routine management in paediatric orthopaedics. Cultural differences or assumptions about the financing of medical care in different countries encourage creative adaptation of general assumptions in local communities. The aim of this study was to compare the quality of the perioperative period before and after the introduction of an interdisciplinary protocol adopted to organisational conditions. A group of 4098 children were included in the "before–after" observational study. The data of 1553 patients (BEFORE group) were analysed in terms of compliance with the enhanced recovery after surgery protocol guidelines and the time and cost of hospitalisation over a 20-month period. A novel interdisciplinary protocol was developed, including an education and training app called BackOnFeet (BOF®), standardised hospital management, and the introduction of methods novel to Poland (intraoperative nerve cryoanalgesia in children). A further 2545 patients (AFTER group) were reassessed over a period of 20 months. It was found that the groups differed in hospitalisation time (p < 0.001), type of procedures, and percentage ratio of costs incurred to revenue generated. The usefulness of the BOF® app as an effective educational tool was demonstrated. The optimisation of perioperative management in paediatric orthopaedics based on novel tools and the interdisciplinary ERAS protocol is possible and brings tangible benefits in psychological, organisational, and financial terms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bovine colostrum is considered to provide anti-infective protection. Here, we present the first randomized controlled trial (RCT) aimed at assessing the preventive use of colostrum against upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in healthy pre-school children. We analyzed 57 children—35 in the colostrum (COL—dried bovine colostrum) and 22 in the placebo (PBO—dried whey) group, who received these substances as follows: first 15 days 2 × 500 mg and then 30 days 1 × 500 mg. The reporting on the children's health status, specifically on the frequency and gravity of URTI symptoms and abdominal side effects, was performed via an online survey. The influence of colostrum on the frequency of days with URTI symptoms remained significant until the 20th week of observation and reached 31% of median reduction. The median reduction reached 37% when the gravity of symptoms was analyzed. When we grouped symptomatic days into episodes of second gravity level, the reduction in their frequency was even larger (50%) and lasted until the end of the trial (21 weeks). No significant side effects, especially abdominal, were reported during the trial. Colostrum supplementation in pre-school children is well tolerated, safe and provides protection from frequency of URTIs and their gravity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scoliosis surgery is a challenge for the entire team in terms of safety, and its accomplishment requires the utilization of advanced monitoring technologies. A prospective, single centre, non-randomised controlled cohort study, was designed to assess the efficacy of protocolised intraoperative haemodynamic monitoring and goal-directed therapy in relation to patient outcomes following posterior fusion surgery for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The control group (n = 35, mean age: 15 years) received standard blood pressure management during the surgical procedure, whereas the intervention group (n = 35, mean age: 14 years) underwent minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring. Arterial pulse contour analysis (APCO) devices were employed, along with goal-directed therapy protocol centered on achieving target mean arterial pressure and stroke volume. This was facilitated through the application of crystalloid boluses, ephedrine, and noradrenaline. The intervention group was subjected to a comprehensive protocol following Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) principles. Remarkably, the intervention group exhibited notable advantages (p < 0.05), including reduced hospital stay durations (median 7 days vs. 10), shorter episodes of hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg—median 8 vs. 40 min), lesser declines in postoperative haemoglobin levels (−2.36 g/dl vs. −3.83 g/dl), and quicker extubation times. These compelling findings strongly imply that the integration of targeted interventions during the intraoperative care of AIS patients undergoing posterior fusion enhance a set of treatment outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A prospective, single-centre, non-randomised, case–control study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative haemodynamic monitoring, prediction of hypotension and goal-directed therapy on the outcomes of patients undergoing posterior fusion for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). The control group (n = 35, mean age: 15 years) received standard blood pressure control during surgery, while the intervention group (n = 24, mean age: 14 years) underwent minimally invasive haemodynamic monitoring and goal-directed therapy. The intervention group showed significantly shorter durations of hypotension (mean arterial pressure < 60 mmHg), reduced hospital stays and smaller decreases in post-surgery haemoglobin levels. Additionally, the intervention group experienced shorter times from the end of surgery to extubation. These findings suggest that incorporating targeted interventions during intraoperative care for AIS patients undergoing posterior fusion can lead to improved outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies to date have yielded conflicting results on associations between components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and bone mineral density (BMD), particularly in men. This current systematic review and meta-analysis addresses the existing gap in the literature and aims to evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) at the femoral neck (FN) and lumbar spine (LS) in men diagnosed with MetS. The two study authors independently searched PubMed, Cinahl, Embase, and Web of Science up to 8 February 2022 for studies in English. The inclusion criteria were (i) diagnosis of MetS according to the NCEP-ATP III 2001 criteria; (ii) adult male demographic; (iii) analyzable data on BMD in at least two sites using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and (iv) original observational studies. Case reports and non-English articles were excluded. We analyzed the results of seven studies providing data on bone density in men with MetS. Results: Based on random effect weights, the mean BMD of the femoral neck and lumbar spine were 0.84 and 1.02, respectively. The mean lumbar spine T-score was −0.92. In meta-regression analysis, the variances in mean BMD in the lumbar spine and femoral neck could not be significantly explained by BMI (lumbar BMD: Q = 1.10, df = 1, p = 0.29; femoral neck BMD: Q = 0.91, df = 1, p = 0.34). Our meta-analysis suggests normal bone mass in adult males with MetS. Due to the high heterogeneity in the seven analyzed studies and the lack of control groups in these studies, further research is needed to fully elucidate the associations between MetS and its components and BMD in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of losing a transplanted organ is high, and non-invasive markers to warn of this phenomenon are still being sought. We investigated the impact of post-transplant microchimerism on the function of the transplanted kidney. The study included 100 kidney transplant recipients, mostly women. All transplanted organs were from opposite-sex deceased donors. Microchimerism was assessed using multiplex PCR. Male DNA was detected in all urine samples from female recipients and in 13/56 blood samples from female kidney recipients. Female DNA was found in 31/44 urine samples from male recipients, but in none of the blood samples. Microchimerism in the urine of female recipients correlated positively with blood urea (Rs = 0.45; p = 5.84 × 10−4) and K+ ions (Rs = 0.29; p = 0.03), while microchimerism in the blood of female recipients also correlated positively with blood urea (Rs = 0. 28; p = 0.04), cystatin C (Rs = 0.31; p = 0.02) and the number of incompatible HLA alleles (Rs = 0.42; p = 0.01). A history of DGF was associated with higher urinary donor DNA concentrations in female recipients.: Post-transplant microchimerism may serve as a potential marker of chronic kidney rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We conducted a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to investigate the role of whey protein supplementation in the functioning of the elderly with sarcopenia. The aim was to investigate the available scientific evidence and determine the best recommendations with respect to whey protein supplementation in sarcopenic patients. Methods: Databases, including CINAHL, Embase PubMed, and Web of Science, were searched from database inception until 31 December 2022 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy of whey protein supplementation in the elderly with sarcopenia. Data on study design, risk of bias, patient, illness, and treatment characteristics from each study were independently extracted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The tool "assessing risk of bias" from the Cochrane Handbook was used to evaluate the quality of the included papers. Results: The search identified 629 records; 590 articles were excluded as duplicates or after evaluation at the title or abstract level. Out of 39 full-text articles that were reviewed, 29 were excluded for not fulfilling the inclusion criteria. There is some evidence that whey protein supplementation combined with age-appropriate physical exercise might improve muscle mass and lower limb function in the elderly with sarcopenia. The present meta-analysis demonstrated overall that whey supplementation does not improve any of the tested sarcopenia-linked parameters. However, we found that study duration (weeks) and age significantly affect the handgrip strength rate and the chair and stand test rate, respectively, so consideration should be given to oral supplementation combined with the age of participants and an appropriate physical activity as a form of sarcopenia prevention in the high-risk group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colostrum supplementation has been confirmed to protect from upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in athletes. Our trial was designed to find out whether other young adults who have potentially been exposed to increased risk of developing URTIs can also benefit. Homogenous population of medical (MED) students (at risk) and health science (HSci) peers were supplemented with a relatively low dose (0.5–1.0 g/day) of bovine colostrum (COL) or placebo (PBO) over 45 days and then once again over 7 days starting at day 87. The trial lasted 107 days. Subjects were monitored solely by them filling out online daily questionnaires containing questions about frequency and severity of URTIs symptoms, well-being, and potential gastrointestinal side-effects. A significant level of protection from URTIs was observed as expressed by dropping frequency of symptomatic days in COL vs. PBO group among MED vs. HSci students. The same effect was also recorded for severity of symptoms, as well as general well-being perception. Overall, it can be concluded that although young healthy people seem to have sufficient defenses from URTIs, COL supplementation can provide significant support in such protection among those at higher infectious risk because of exposure to a heavy workload and increased contact with infectious agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This survey-based study has assessed the types of coping mechanisms and QoL of patients diagnosed with and treated for prostate cancer. Patients using active forms of coping, seeking support and planning seem to have higher self-esteem, while maladaptive coping strategies in the form of self-blame can cause a significant decrease in patients' self-esteem. Our results show that older patients, despite the use of adaptation strategies, have lower self-esteem. Early psychological assessment and mobilization of patients' personal resources may allow patients to change stress coping methods towards more adaptive forms. The aim of this study was to analyze coping mechanisms and their psychological aspects during the treatment of neoplastic prostate hyperplasia. We have analyzed strategies and styles of coping with stress and self-esteem of patients diagnosed with neoplastic prostate hyperplasia. A total of 126 patients were included in the study. Standardized psychological questionnaires were used to determine the type of coping strategy by using the Stress Coping Inventory MINI-COPE, while a coping style questionnaire was used to assess the type of coping style by using the Convergence Insufficiency Symptom Survey (CISS). The SES Self-Assessment Scale was used to measure the level of self-esteem. Patients using adaptive strategies of coping with stress in the form of active coping, seeking support and planning had higher self-esteem. However, the use of maladaptive coping strategies in the form of self-blame was found to cause a significant decrease in patients' self-esteem. The study has also shown the choice of a task-based coping style to positively influence one's self-esteem. An analysis related to patients' age and coping methods revealed younger patients, up to 65 years of age, using adaptive strategies of coping with stress to have a higher level of self-esteem than older patients using similar strategies. The results of this study show that older patients, despite the use of adaptation strategies, have lower self-esteem. This group of patients should receive special care both from family and medical staff. The obtained results support the implementation of holistic care for patients, using psychological interventions to improve patients' quality of life. Early psychological consultation and mobilization of patients' personal resources may allow patients to change stress coping methods towards more adaptive forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As pharmacology and science progress, we discover new generations of medicines. This relationship is a response to the increasing demand for medicaments and is powered by progress in medicine and research about the respective entities. However, we have questions about the efficiency of pharmacotherapy in individual groups of patients. The effectiveness of therapy is controlled by many variables, such as genetic predisposition, age, sex and diet. Therefore, we must also pay attention to the microbiota, which fulfill a lot of functions in the human body. Drugs used in psychiatry, gastroenterology, diabetology and other fields of medicine have been demonstrated to possess much potential to change the composition and probably the function of the intestinal microbiota, which consequently creates long-term risks of developing chronic diseases. The article describes the amazing interactions between gut microbes and drugs currently used in healthcare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spirulina is a microalga cultivated in many countries. It is a source of valuable protein, polyunsaturated fatty acids, vitamins, antioxidants and elements. We have not found studies that address the effect of supplement form or cultivation method on the mineral content of spirulina supplements. The aim of this study was to determine whether supplement form (tablet and powder) and cultivation method (organic and conventional) of spirulina have a bearing on the mineral nutrients content. Such an approach accounts for the innovation of our research. The material used in the study was spirulina in tablets and powder form, marketed as a dietary supplement. Samples were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). In turn, selenium (Se) content was determined by spectrofluorimetry. Overall, in terms of mean values, the most abundant mineral in spirulina supplements was phosphorus (P) (15,149 mg/kg) and the least abundant was Se (0.31 mg/kg). Our findings show that both supplement form and cultivation method affect the mineral content of spirulina. Supplements in powder form had a significantly higher content of important elements, such as iron (Fe) (673 mg/kg), magnesium (Mg) (4151 mg/kg) and potassium (K) (16,686 mg/kg), while at the same time containing significantly less sodium (Na) (9868 mg/kg). In terms of the cultivation method, organic spirulina supplements turned out to be a richer dietary source of Fe (703 mg/kg) and K (14,893 mg/kg). In turn, conventionally grown supplements had higher contents of calcium (Ca) (11,269 mg/kg), phosphorus (P) (16,314 mg/kg) and strontium (Sr) (47 mg/kg). Spirulina can therefore be a valuable addition to the daily diet, helping people to achieve the required intake of micronutrients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are important metabolites of the gut microbiota. The aim is to analyze the influence of perinatal factors, which can affect the gut microbiota, on the concentrations of fecal SCFAs over the first two years of life. Gas chromatography was used to analyze SCFA in a total of 456 fecal samples from 86 children. Total SCFA concentrations increased until 12 months and stabilized after that. Antibiotic treatment during pregnancy was associated with an increase in acetic acid, propionic acid and total SCFA in meconium and a decrease in the same SCFAs at 6 months. Butyric acid was increased after Caesarean delivery until 1 month. In formula-fed children, propionic acid (at 1 month) and butyric acid and total SCFA (at 12 months) were increased. Acetic and linear butyric acids and total SCFAs were also increased at 12 months in children born vaginally that were also formula-fed. Higher butyric acid was observed in children of mothers with normal pre-pregnancy weight and adequate weight gain during pregnancy. Butyric acid was also elevated in 6-month-old infants with a higher body weight (≥85th percentile). Acetic acid concentrations were significantly higher in 2-year-old females vs. males. We conclude that perinatal factors are linked to changes in fecal SCFAs and further long-term epidemiological studies are warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aesthetic medicine is a dynamically developing field of medicine. It has an impact not only on the improvement of the external appearance, but also on health and quality of life. Currently, vascular changes affect many patients and significantly diminish the condition of the skin. The development of modern laser therapy has contributed to the successful management of multiple skin conditions, among them vascular lesions. The aim of our study was to show the efficacy of repetitive 532 nm laser therapy in reducing vascular skin lesions located on the facial area. Observations were possible due to the implementation of System of Skin Analysis. We retrospectively analyzed the records of 120 patients (100 women and 20 men) using "VISIA" Skin Analysis System after 532 nm laser therapy. Treatment with the use of the 532 nm vascular laser turned out to be effective in reducing vascular changes in both women and men. The skin phototypes did not significantly affect the therapy efficacy. Neither the age of patients nor number of laser sessions affect therapy efficacy. 532 nm laser therapy is effective in reducing vascular skin lesions located in the face area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with dysfunction of the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites. We aimed to assess whether replacing bread with high-fiber buns beneficially changes the metabolome in NAFLD patients. This study involved 27 adult patients with NAFLD validated by FibroScan® (CAP ≥ 234 dB/m). Patients were asked to replace their existing bread for two meals with high-fiber buns. In this way, the patients ate two rolls every day for 2 months. The following parameters were analysed (at the beginning and after 2 months): the anthropometric data (BIA), eating habits (24 h food recalls), gut barrier markers (lipopolysaccharide S and liposaccharide binding protein (LPS, LBP)), serum short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and branched chain fatty acids (BCFAs) by GC/MS chromatography, as well as serum metabolites (by 1H NMR spectroscopy). After 2 months of high-fiber roll consumption, the reduction of liver steatosis was observed (change Fibroscan CAP values from 309–277 dB/m). In serum propionate, acetate, isovaleric, and 2-methylbutyric decrease was observed. Proline, choline and one unknown molecule had higher relative concentration in serum at endpoint. A fiber-targeted dietary approach may be helpful in the treatment of patients with NAFLD, by changing the serum microbiota metabolome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial overgrowth in the small intestine (SIBO) is a pathological growth of the intestinal microbiota in the small intestine that causes clinical symptoms and can lead to digestive and absorption disorders. There is increasing evidence that people with NAFLD have a distinct gut microflora profile as well metabolome changes compared to people without NAFLD. Thorough analysis of observational and RCT studies in the current databases (EMBASE, Web of Science, PubMed, Cinahl, Clinical Trials) was conducted from 3 November 2021 to 21 June 2022. The following inclusion criteria were applied: confirmed NAFLD, NASH, LIVER FIBROSIS, CIRRHOSIS due to steatosis; diagnostic methods of liver diseases—biopsy, elastography, transabdominal ultrasound; nonalcoholic fatty liver disease activity score; confirmed SIBO; diagnostic methods of SIBO–breath tests (hydrogen test; methane test and mix test; duodenal and jejunal aspiration before any type of intervention; adults above 18yo; number of participants ≥20; full articles. We excluded review articles, populations with HBV/HCV infection and alcohol etiology and interventions that may affect NAFLD or SIBO treatment. The quality of each study methodology was classified by means of the Cochrane Collaboration's tool (RCT) and Newcastle—Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale adapted for cross-sectional, cohort and case-control studies. The random effects meta-analysis of outcomes for which ≥2 studies contributed data was conducted. The I2 index to measure heterogeneity and the χ2 test of homogeneity (statistically significant heterogeneity p < 0.05) were applied. For categorical outcome, the pooled event rate (effect size) was calculated. This systematic review was reported according to PRISMA reporting guidelines. We initially identified 6643 studies, from which 18 studies were included in final meta-analysis. The total number of patients was 1263. Accepted SIBO diagnostic methods were both available breath tests (n-total = 15) and aspirate culture (n-total = 3). We found that among patients with non-alcoholic liver diseases, the random overall event rate of SIBO was 0.350 (95% CI, 0.244–0.472), p = 0.017. The subgroup analysis regarding a type of diagnosis revealed that the lowest ER was among patients who developed simultaneously NAFLD, NASH and fibrosis: 0.197 (95% CI, 0.054–0.510) as compared to other annotated subgroups. The highest prevalence of SIBO was observed in the NASH subgroup: 0.411 (95% CI, 0.219–0.634). There were no statistically significant differences in the prevalence of SIBO in different subgroups (p = 0.854). Statistically significant heterogeneity between studies was estimated (I2 = 86.17%, p = 0.00). Egger's test did not indicate a publication bias (df = 16, p = 0.885). A meta-regression using a random-effects model revealed that higher percentage of males in the population with liver diseases is a predisposing factor toward SIBO (Q = 4.11, df = 1, p = 0.0426 with coefficient = 0.0195, SE = 0.0096, Z = 2.03). We showed that the prevalence of SIBO in patients with chronic non-alcoholic liver diseases can be as high as 35%, and it increases with the percentage of men in the population. The prevalence of SIBO does not differ significantly depending on the type of chronic liver disease. Despite the high heterogeneity and moderate and low quality of included studies, our meta-analysis suggests the existence of a problem of SIBO in the population of patients with non-alcoholic liver diseases, and the presence of SIBO, in turn, determines the therapeutic treatment of such type of patients, which indicates the need for further research in this area. The study protocol was registered with the international Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO ID: CRD42022341473). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study was to assess the fatty acid profile of the whole blood of postmenopausal women, taking into account anthropometric parameters. The study involved 156 healthy women with an average age of 60 (SD = 6.3 years) years who were living in the West Pomerania Province (Poland). An original questionnaire was presented to all patients, conducting anthropometric measurements of them: weight, height, waist and hip circumference, body mass index (BMI), waist–hip ratio (WHR) and body adipose index (BAI), as well as an assessment of the fatty acid profile by employing gas chromatography. It has been observed that in menopausal women, the concentration of C16:1 increases with respect to their BMI (r = 0.205 p = 0.01). Similar correlations were noted with regard to body weight (C16:1 r = 0.177 p = 0.029). It was also shown that the concentration of C18trans11 (r = −0.166 p = 0.039), 18:2n6 (r = −0.165 p = 0.04) and n6/n9 (r = −0.194 p = 0.015) were negatively correlated with respect to their WHR, while the levels C16:1 (r = 0.22 p = 0.006), C18:1n9 (r = 0.22 p = 0.007), C24:1 (r = 0.251 p = 0.002), MUFA (r = 0.227 p = 0.046) and n9 (r = 0.224 p = 0.005) were correlated positively with respect to their BAI. The fatty acid profile of the whole blood of postmenopausal women is modulated to a poor extent by anthropometric variables. Therefore, more prospective research is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients with "post-COVID" syndrome manifest with a variety of signs and symptoms that continue/develop after acute COVID-19. Among the most common are gastrointestinal (GI) and mental symptoms. The reason for symptom occurrence lies in the SARS-CoV-2 capability of binding to exact receptors, among other angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors in gastrointestinal lining and neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) in the nervous system, which leads to loss of gastrointestinal and blood-brain barriers integrity and function. The data are mounting that SARS-CoV-2 can trigger systemic inflammation and lead to disruption of gut-brain axis (GBA) and the development of disorders of gut brain interaction (DGBIs). Functional dyspepsia (FD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are the most common DGBIs syndromes. On the other hand, emotional disorders have also been demonstrated as DGBIs. Currently, there are no official recommendations or recommended procedures for the use of probiotics in patients with COVID-19. However, it can be assumed that many doctors, pharmacists, and patients will want to use a probiotic in the treatment of this disease. In such cases, strains with documented activity should be used. There is a constant need to plan and conduct new trials on the role of probiotics and verify their clinical efficacy for counteracting the negative consequences of COVID-19 pandemic. Quality control is another important but often neglected aspect in trials utilizing probiotics in various clinical entities. It determines the safety and efficacy of probiotics, which is of utmost importance in patients with post-acute COVID-19 syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Capsule endoscopy (CE) has become a widespread modality for non-invasive evaluation of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, with several CE models having been developed throughout the years. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis is to evaluate performance measures such as completion, detection and retention rates of CE. Methods: Literature through to August 2021 was screened for articles regarding all capsule types: small bowel, double-headed capsule for the colon or PillCam®Crohn's capsule, magnetically-controlled capsule endoscopy, esophageal capsule and patency capsule. Primary outcomes included detection rate (DR), completion rate (CR) and capsule retention rate (RR). DR, CR and RR were also analyzed in relation to indications such as obscure GI bleeding (OGIB), known/suspected Crohn's disease (CD), celiac disease (CeD), neoplastic lesions (NL) and clinical symptoms (CS). Results: 328 original articles involving 86,930 patients who underwent CE were included. OGIB was the most common indication (n = 44,750), followed by CS (n = 17,897), CD (n = 11,299), NL (n = 4989) and CeD (n = 947). The most used capsule type was small bowel CE in 236 studies. DR, CR and RR for all indications were 59%, 89.6% and 2%, respectively. According to specific indications: DR were 55%, 66%, 63%, 52% and 62%; CR were 90.6%, 86.5%, 78.2%, 94% and 92.8%; and RR were 2%, 4%, 1%, 6% and 2%. Conclusions: Pooled DR, CR and RR are acceptable for all capsule types. OGIB is the most common indication for CE. Technological advancements have expanded the scope of CE devices in detecting GI pathology with acceptable rates for a complete examination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the discussion on dysbiotic alterations of gut microbiota in Crohn's disease and characterized several types of diets. Topics include observing clinical improvement after the introduction of the aforementioned CDED in combination with infliximab and methotrexate in a pediatric patient; and diet in combination with partial enteral nutrition (PEN) being effective in children with mild to moderate CD.

Probiotics were shown to act positively on gut–brain axis signaling. We aimed to assess the effect of the administration of a new class of probiotics—psychobiotics—using data from individual psychometric scales, markers of the immune system and neuroactive metabolites. Medical databases were searched from database inception until 22 April 2021 for randomized clinical trials in clinically proven Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) patients treated with either probiotics or placebo reporting any psychometric score (PROSPERO registration number: CRD42021253024). Ten studies with 705 randomized participants and 603 analyzed were included. The mean age of individuals was 38.43 ± 12.1 years, predominantly women (n = 461, 76.45). The mean study duration was 48.8 ± 12.3 (range = 28–62) days. The dosage ranged between 1 × 109 to 2 × 1010 colony forming units (CFU)/day. We found that probiotics might alleviate symptoms of MDD; endpoint data (pooled scores): SMD = −0.292, 95%CI = −0.577 to −0.007, p < 0.044; change scores (BDI): SMD = −0.482, 95%CI = −0.854 to –0.109, p < 0.011; DM = −4.848, 95%CI = −8.559 to −1.137, p < 0.01. The therapy tended to be more effective with time of psychobiotic supplementation (coefficient = −0.12, SE = 0.06, Z = −1.84, p = 0.06) and in men (% of females: coefficient = 0.1, SE = 0.06, Z = 1.78, p = 0.07). Psychobiotics have great potential in the treatment of MDD. However, no specific strain/strains, dosage or duration of treatment can currently be recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) represents a significant part of the treatment for hematologic malignancies and other types of diseases. Allo-HSCT-related complications, such as conditioning chemotherapy, graft-versus-host disease, mucositis, irradiation, administration of antibiotics, recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection, and many others, can alter the gut microbiota composition, leading to its imbalance. Consequently, the disruption of gut microbiota homeostasis and loss of gut-barrier integrity affect therapy efficacy. Thus, restoring gut microbiota diversity and maintaining its balance seem to be strongly needed in these cases. Promising effects were observed after fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). Notwithstanding, FMT efficacy was confirmed in Clostridium difficile infection treatment in HSCT recipients. Gut microbiota may be also modified by prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics. However, the administration of fungal probiotics is associated with the risk of fungemia/septicemia, especially in immunocompromised patients. Nowadays, allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) is a curative therapy that is mainly recommended for hematologic malignancies. However, complications (such as graft-versus-host disease, mucositis, disease relapse, and infections) associated with the HSCT procedure contribute to the development of gut microbiota imbalance, gut-barrier disruption, and increased intestinal permeability. In the present narrative review, the crosstalk between gut microbiota products and intestinal homeostasis is discussed. Notably, gut-microbiota-related aspects have an impact on patients' clinical outcomes and overall survival. In accordance with the most recent published data, gut microbiota is crucial for the treatment effectiveness of many diseases, not only gastrointestinal cancers but also hematologic malignancies. Therefore, it is necessary to indicate a therapeutic method allowing to modulate gut microbiota in HSCT recipients. Currently, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is the most innovative method used to alter/restore gut microbiota composition, as well as modulate its activity. Despite the fact that some previous data have shown promising results, the knowledge regarding FMT in HSCT is still strongly limited, except for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. Additionally, administration of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics can also modify gut microbiota; however, this strategy should be considered carefully due to the high risk of fungemia/septicemia (especially in case of fungal probiotics). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). The prevalence of both in pediatric populations has been constantly increasing. This study aimed to analyze the diet of adolescent patients with IBD in comparison to healthy controls and the current dietary standards for the Polish population to further their optimal supplementation regimen. The study group consisted of 53 patients (21 girls and 32 boys) with IBD (CD: n = 27; UC: n = 26) at a mean age of 15.4 ± 2.4 and 14.7 ± 2.2, years for girls and boys, respectively. The control group (CG) consisted of 20 patients, and 72 h of recall diaries on nutrition were collected. The nutritional data were analyzed in the Dieta 6D dietary program. When compared to Polish dietary standards, the largest differences girls with IBD and boys with IBD were found for the intake of energy (61.9 and 71.9%), iodine (61.9 and 62.6%), folates (76.2 and 87.5%), vitamin D (100 and 96.9%), potassium (61.9 and 59.4%), and calcium (85.7 and 93.8%). The overconsumption of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (61.9 and 56.3%) and sodium (76.2 and 90.6%) in girls and boys, respectively, was noted. In relation to girls with CG, girls with IBD showed a significantly higher intake of energy (1751. 3 vs. 1558.6 p = 0.0224), total protein (71.3 vs. 56.2 p = 0.0217), animal protein (47.8 vs. 34.5 p = 0.0183), total carbohydrates (237.3 vs. 196.1 p = 0.0442), and assimilable carbohydrates (219.8 vs. 180.5 p = 0.7921). Boys in the CG consumed significantly more calcium (851.8 vs. 432 p = 0.0006), phosphorus (1024.3 vs. 1357.5 p = 0.0431), lactose (11.6 vs. 6.1 p = 0.0016), and riboflavin (1.7 vs. 1.3 p = 0.0123) compared to boys with IBD. Dietician care should therefore be mandatorily provided alongside outpatient care. Based on our results, we suggest that supplementation with the selected components be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal symptoms in Crohn's disease (CD) are common and affect the quality of life of patients; consequently, a growing number of studies have been published on diet interventions in this group. The role of the gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and the progression of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), including CD, has been widely discussed. Mainly, a decreased abundance of Firmicutes, species of the Bifidobacterium genus, and the Faecalibacterium prausnitzii species as well as a reduced general diversity have been described. In this review article, we summarize available data on the influence of reduction diets on the microbiome of patients with CD. One of the most frequently used elimination diets in CD patients is the low-FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides, and Polyols) diet. Although many papers show it may reduce abdominal pain, diarrhea, or bloating, it also reduces the intake of prebiotic substances, which can negatively affect the gut microbiota composition, decreasing the abundance of Bifidobacterium species and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii. Other elimination diets used by IBD patients, such as lactose-free or gluten-free diets, have also been shown to disturb the microbial diversity. On the other hand, CDED (Crohn's disease exclusion diet) with partial enteral nutrition not only induces the remission of CD but also has a positive influence on the microbiota. The impact of diet interventions on the microbiota and, potentially, on the future course of the disease should be considered when nutritional guidelines for IBD patients are designed. Dietetic recommendations should be based not only on the regulation of the symptoms but also on the long-term development of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]