Search

Cross-domain scene classification requires the transfer of knowledge from labeled source domains to unlabeled target domain data to improve its classification performance. This task can reduce the labeling cost of remote sensing images and improve the generalization ability of models. However, the huge distributional gap between labeled source domains and unlabeled target domains acquired by different scenes and different sensors is a core challenge. Existing cross-domain scene classification methods focus on designing better distributional alignment constraints, but are under-explored for fine-grained features. We propose a cross-domain scene classification method called the Frequency Component Adaptation Network (FCAN), which considers low-frequency features and high-frequency features separately for more comprehensive adaptation. Specifically, the features are refined and aligned separately through a high-frequency feature enhancement module (HFE) and a low-frequency feature extraction module (LFE). We conducted extensive transfer experiments on 12 cross-scene tasks between the AID, CLRS, MLRSN, and RSSCN7 datasets, as well as two cross-sensor tasks between the NWPU-RESISC45 and NaSC-TG2 datasets, and the results show that the FCAN can effectively improve the model's performance for scene classification on unlabeled target domains compared to other methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oysters that filter feed can accumulate numerous pathogens, including viruses, which can serve as a valuable viral repository. As oyster farming becomes more prevalent, concerns are mounting about diseases that can harm both cultivated and wild oysters. Unfortunately, there is a lack of research on the viruses and other factors that can cause illness in shellfish. This means that it is harder to find ways to prevent these diseases and protect the oysters. This is part of a previously started project, the Dataset of Oyster Virome, in which we further study 30 almost complete genomes of oyster-associated CRESS DNA viruses. The replication-associated proteins and capsid proteins found in CRESS DNA viruses display varying evolutionary rates and frequently undergo recombination. Additionally, some CRESS DNA viruses have the capability for cross-species transmission. A plethora of unclassified CRESS DNA viruses are detectable in transcriptome libraries, exhibiting higher levels of transcriptional activity than those found in metagenome libraries. The study significantly enhances our understanding of the diversity of oyster-associated CRESS DNA viruses, emphasizing the widespread presence of CRESS DNA viruses in the natural environment and the substantial portion of CRESS DNA viruses that remain unidentified. This study's findings provide a basis for further research on the biological and ecological roles of viruses in oysters and their environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glioma treatment in traditional Chinese medicine has a lengthy history. Astragalus membranaceus, a traditional Chinese herb that is frequently utilized in therapeutic practice, is a component of many Traditional Chinese Medicine formulas that have been documented to have anti-glioma properties. Uncertainty persists regarding the molecular mechanism behind the therapeutic effects. Based on results from network pharmacology and molecular docking, we thoroughly identified the molecular pathways of Astragalus membranaceus' anti-glioma activities in this study. According to the findings of the enrichment analysis, 14 active compounds and 343 targets were eliminated from the screening process. These targets were mainly found in the pathways in cancer, neuroactive ligand–receptor interaction, protein phosphorylation, inflammatory response, positive regulation of phosphorylation, and inflammatory mediator regulation of Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels. The results of molecular docking showed that the active substances isoflavanone and 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,9-dimethoxy pterocarpene have strong binding affinities for the respective targets ESR2 and PTGS2. In accordance with the findings of our investigation, Astragalus membranaceus active compounds exhibit a multicomponent and multitarget synergistic therapeutic impact on glioma by actively targeting several targets in various pathways. Additionally, we propose that 1,7-Dihydroxy-3,9-dimethoxy pterocarpene and isoflavanone may be the main active ingredients in the therapy of glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Camel milk is known for its exceptional medical uses. It has been used since ancient times to treat infant diarrhea, hepatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes (IDDM), lactose intolerance, alcohol-induced liver damage, allergies, and autism. It has the power to treat several diseases, with cancer being the most significant. This study investigated the evolutionary relationship, physiochemical characteristics, and comparative genomic analysis of the casein gene family (CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3) in Camelus ferus. Molecular phylogenetics showing the camelid species clustered casein nucleotide sequences into four groups: CSN1S1, CSN2, CSN1S2, and CSN3. The casein proteins from camels were evaluated and found to be unstable, thermostable, and hydrophilic. CSN1S2, CSN2, and CSN3 were acidic, but CSN1S1 was basic. CSN1S1 showed positive selection for one amino acid (Q), CSN1S2 and CSN2 for three (T, K, Q), and CSN3 showed no positive selection. We also compared high-milk-output species such as cattle (Bos Tarus) and low-milk-yield species such as sheep (Ovies Aries) with camels (Camel ferus) and discovered that YY1 sites are more frequent in sheep than in camels and very low in cattle. We concluded that the ratio of YY1 sites in these species may affect milk production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spherical cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), as a high value cellulose derivative, shows an excellent application potential in biomedicine, food packaging, energy storage, and many other fields due to its special structure. CNC is usually prepared by the mixed acid hydrolysis method from numerous cellulose raw materials. However, the pretreatment route in preparing spherical CNC from cellulose fiber is still used when choosing microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) as the raw material, which is not rigorous and economical. In this work, pretreatment effects on the properties of spherical CNC produced from MCC by mixed acid hydrolysis were systematically studied. Firstly, the necessity of the swelling process in pretreatment was examined. Secondly, the form effects of pretreated MCC (slurry or powder form) before acid hydrolysis in the preparation of spherical CNC were carefully investigated. The results show that the swelling process is not indispensable. Furthermore, the form of pretreated MCC also has a certain influence on the morphology, crystallinity, and thermal stability of spherical CNC. Thus, spherical CNC with different properties can be economically prepared from MCC by selecting different pretreatment routes through mixed acid hydrolysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pharmacokinetic variability of nifedipine widely observed in the clinic cannot be fully explained by pharmacogenomics. As a new factor affecting drug metabolism, how the gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine needs to be explored. Spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) have been commonly used in hypertension-related research and served as the experimental groups; Wistar rats were used as control groups. In this study, the bioavailability of nifedipine decreased by 18.62% (p < 0.05) in the SHRs compared with the Wistar rats. Changes in microbiota were associated with the difference in pharmacokinetics. The relative abundance of Bacteroides dorei was negatively correlated with AUC0–t (r = −0.881, p = 0.004) and Cmax (r = −0.714, p = 0.047). Analysis of serum bile acid (BA) profiles indicated that glycoursodeoxycholic acid (GUDCA) and glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA) were significantly increased in the SHRs. Compared with the Wistar rats, the expressions of CYP3A1 and PXR were upregulated and the enzyme activity of CYP3A1 increased in the SHRs. Spearman's rank correlation revealed that Bacteroides stercoris was negatively correlated with GUDCA (r = −0.7126, p = 0.0264) and GCDCA (r = −0.6878, p = 0.0339). Moreover, GUDCA was negatively correlated with Cmax (r = −0.556, p = 0.025). In primary rat hepatocytes, GUDCA could induce the expressions of PXR target genes CYP3A1 and Mdr1a. Furthermore, antibiotic treatments in SHRs verified the impact of microbiota on the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine. Generally, gut microbiota affects the pharmacokinetics of nifedipine through microbial biotransformation or by regulating the enzyme activity of CYP3A1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Yangmai-13 (YM13) is a wheat cultivar with weak gluten fractions. In contrast, Zhenmai-168 (ZM168) is an elite wheat cultivar known for its strong gluten fractions and has been widely used in a number of breeding programs. However, the genetic mechanisms underlying the gluten signatures of ZM168 remain largely unclear. To address this, we combined RNA-seq and PacBio full-length sequencing technology to unveil the potential mechanisms of ZM168 grain quality. A total of 44,709 transcripts were identified in Y13N (YM13 treated with nitrogen) and 51,942 transcripts in Z168N (ZM168 treated with nitrogen), including 28,016 and 28,626 novel isoforms in Y13N and Z168N, respectively. Five hundred and eighty-four differential alternative splicing (AS) events and 491 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were discovered. Incorporating the sodium-dodecyl-sulfate (SDS) sedimentation volume (SSV) trait, both weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) and multiscale embedded gene coexpression network analysis (MEGENA) were employed for network construction and prediction of key drivers. Fifteen new candidates have emerged in association with SSV, including 4 transcription factors (TFs) and 11 transcripts that partake in the post-translational modification pathway. The transcriptome atlas provides new perspectives on wheat grain quality and would be beneficial for developing promising strategies for breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) based on intracellular Fenton reactions is attracting increasing interest in cancer treatment. A simple and novel method to regulate the tumor microenvironment for improved CDT with satisfactory effectiveness is urgently needed. Therefore, glutathione (GSH)/ROS (reactive oxygen species) dual-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles (GOx@BNPs) for chemo–chemodynamic combination therapy were constructed via host–guest complexation between water-soluble pillar[6]arene and the ferrocene-modified natural anticancer product betulinic acid (BA) prodrug, followed by encapsulation of glucose oxidase (GOx) in the nanoparticles. The novel supramolecular nanoparticles could be activated by the overexpressed GSH and ROS in the tumor microenvironment (TME), not only accelerating the dissociation of nanoparticles—and, thus, improving the BA recovery and release capability in tumors—but also showing the high-efficiency conversion of glucose into hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in succession through intracellular Fenton reactions. Investigation of antitumor activity and mechanisms revealed that the dramatic suppression of cancer cell growth induced by GOx@BNPs was derived from the elevation of ROS, decrease in ATP and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (MTP) and, finally, cell apoptosis. This work presents a novel method for the regulation of the tumor microenvironment for improved CDT, and the preparation of novel GSH/ROS dual-responsive supramolecular nanoparticles, which could exert significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells through the synergistic interaction of chemodynamic therapy, starvation therapy, and chemotherapy (CDT/ST/CT). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan) has a unique fragrance and is a high-quality tree species for forest conservation. The types and contents of volatile compounds in different tissues of nanmu wood are different, and the study of its volatile metabolites can help us to understand the source of its fragrance and functions. In order to explore the metabolites related to the wood fragrance of nanmu and to find out the unique volatile substances in the heartwood, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to analyze the non-targeted metabolomics in five radial tissues from the sapwood to the heartwood of nanmu. A total of 53 volatile metabolites belonging to 11 classes were detected in all tissues, including terpenes, aromatic hydrocarbons, organoheterocyclics, phenols, esters, organic acids, alcohols, alkaloids, alkane, indoles derivatives, and others. And most of the volatile metabolites were identified for the first time in nanmu wood. Among them, terpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons were the main volatile components. In addition, 22 differential metabolites were screened from HW and SW, HW, and TZ via metabolomic analysis. Among these DAMs, three volatile metabolites (cadinene, a sesquiterpenoid; p-cymene, a monoterpenoid; 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene, an aromatic hydrocarbon) contributed heavily to the characteristic fragrance of the heartwood. Additionally, the expression of transcripts showed that the unigenes in the terpenoid biosynthesis pathway were especially up-regulated in the SW. Therefore, we speculated that fragrance-related metabolites were synthesized in SW and then deposited in heartwood during sapwood transformed to heartwood. The expression levels of transcription factors (e.g., WRKY, C2H2, NAC) acted as the major regulatory factors in the synthesis of terpenoid. The results lay the foundations for further studies on the formation mechanism of fragrance components in nanmu wood and also provide a reference for the further development and utilization of nanmu wood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil saline–alkalization inhibits plant growth and development and seriously affects crop yields. Over their long-term evolution, plants have formed complex stress response systems to maintain species continuity. R2R3-MYB transcription factors are one of the largest transcription factor families in plants, widely involved in plant growth and development, metabolism, and stress response. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), as a crop with high nutritional value, is tolerant to various biotic and abiotic stress. In this study, we identified 65 R2R3-MYB genes in quinoa, which are divided into 26 subfamilies. In addition, we analyzed the evolutionary relationships, protein physicochemical properties, conserved domains and motifs, gene structure, and cis-regulatory elements of CqR2R3-MYB family members. To investigate the roles of CqR2R3-MYB transcription factors in abiotic stress response, we performed transcriptome analysis to figure out the expression file of CqR2R3-MYB genes under saline–alkali stress. The results indicate that the expression of the six CqMYB2R genes was altered significantly in quinoa leaves that had undergone saline–alkali stress. Subcellular localization and transcriptional activation activity analysis revealed that CqMYB2R09, CqMYB2R16, CqMYB2R25, and CqMYB2R62, whose Arabidopsis homologues are involved in salt stress response, are localized in the nucleus and exhibit transcriptional activation activity. Our study provides basic information and effective clues for further functional investigation of CqR2R3-MYB transcription factors in quinoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Saline-alkali stress seriously affects the yield and quality of crops, threatening food security and ecological security. Improving saline-alkali land and increasing effective cultivated land are conducive to sustainable agricultural development. Trehalose, a nonreducing disaccharide, is closely related to plant growth and development and stress response. Trehalose 6-phosphate synthase (TPS) and trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPP) are key enzymes catalyzing trehalose biosynthesis. To elucidate the effects of long-term saline-alkali stress on trehalose synthesis and metabolism, we conducted an integrated transcriptome and metabolome analysis. As a result, 13 TPS and 11 TPP genes were identified in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) and were named CqTPS1-13 and CqTPP1-11 according to the order of their Gene IDs. Through phylogenetic analysis, the CqTPS family is divided into two classes, and the CqTPP family is divided into three classes. Analyses of physicochemical properties, gene structures, conservative domains and motifs in the proteins, and cis-regulatory elements, as well as evolutionary relationships, indicate that the TPS and TPP family characteristics are highly conserved in quinoa. Transcriptome and metabolome analyses of the sucrose and starch metabolism pathway in leaves undergoing saline-alkali stress indicate that CqTPP and Class II CqTPS genes are involved in the stress response. Moreover, the accumulation of some metabolites and the expression of many regulatory genes in the trehalose biosynthesis pathway changed significantly, suggesting the metabolic process is important for the saline-alkali stress response in quinoa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sox family plays essential roles as transcription factors in vertebrates; however, little is known about the Sox family in Lutraria sieboldii. L. sieboldii are pleasant to eat with a short growth cycle and have become one of the best bottom-seeded enrichment species in Guang Xi. In this study, Sox2 (named LsSox2) and Sox9 (named LsSox9) from L. sieboldii were cloned, and their expression patterns were analyzed. The length of the LsSox2 gene coding sequence was 1011 bp, encoding 336 amino acids, and LsSox9 was 1449 bp, encoding 482 amino acids. LsSox2 had its highest expression levels in the ovary, which were 356 times those in testis, whereas LsSox9 presented higher expression in testis, which was 6 times more highly expressed than in the ovary. LsSox2 exhibited the highest expression during the morula stage, which was 20 times that of the D-shaped larvae or zygote. LsSox9 exhibited two expression peaks, one at the four-cell stage and the other at the trochophore stage, while the lowest expression was in the zygote. LsSox9 was 73 times more highly expressed in the four-cell stage than in the zygote stage. During gonadal development, LsSox2 presented the highest expression in the mature ovary, which was 756 times more highly expressed than in mature testis. LsSox9 presented higher expression in testis at the emission stage which was 6 times more highly expressed than in the ovary. These results indicate that LsSox2 and LsSox9 may play important roles in embryonic and gonadal development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are molecular chaperone proteins that can help maintain cellular protein homeostasis, assist in correcting the folding of cellular proteins, and protect organisms from stress when the body is under stress conditions such as temperature changes or bacterial infections. In this study, the HSP10 and HSP40 genes of Eriocheir hepuensis were cloned and named Eh-HSP10 and Eh-HSP40. The results show that the coding sequence length of the HSP10 and HSP40 genes of E. hepuensis was 309 bp and 1191 bp, encoding 102 and 396 amino acids, respectively. The results of protein domain prediction show that Eh-HSP10 has a Cpn10 domain. The Eh-HSP40 protein contains a DnaJ domain, which is characteristic of the HSP40 gene family. The results of qRT-PCR show that the Eh-HSP10 and Eh-HSP40 genes were expressed in different normal tissues, with the highest expression in the heart. Under Vibrio parahaemolyticus stress, the Eh-HSP10 genes peaked at 6 h, and the Eh-HSP40 peaked at 9 h in the hepatopancreas. In the gill, Eh-HSP10 showed a double peak at 24 and 48 h, and the expression of Eh-HSP40 was time-dependent. In the heart, the expression of Eh-HSP10 increased first and then decreased, whereas Eh-HSP40 peaked at 48 h. The results indicate that the Eh-HSP10 and Eh-HSP40 proteins may play a role in protecting E. hepuensis under V. parahaemolyticus infection and that they may be involved in the innate immune response of E. hepuensis against bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phoebe hui is an extremely valuable tree that is the main source of the fragrant golden-thread nanmu wood. Although the fragrance of wood has been investigated in several trees, the potential substances and gene regulation mechanisms that are involved in fragrance formation are poorly understood. Here, three radial tissues, sapwood (SW), heartwood (HW), and the transition zone (TZ) in between them, were compared via integrative physiological, volatile-metabolomic, and transcriptomic analyses to identify the key metabolites and regulatory mechanisms involved in fragrance formation. During heartwood formation, gradual starch grain loss was accompanied by the deposition of lipids and extractives in the cell lumen. Extracts of terpenoids were synthesized and accumulated in the heartwood, including monoterpenoids (limonene and p-cymene) and sesquiterpenes (cubebene and guaiadiene); these were identified as being closely related to the special fragrance of the wood. Additionally, the expression of transcripts showed that the genes related to primary metabolism were specifically upregulated in the SW, whereas genes annotated in terpenoid biosynthesis were specifically upregulated in the HW. Therefore, we speculated that terpenoid biosynthesis occurs in situ in the HW via the HW formation model of Type-III (Santalum) using the precursors that were produced by primary metabolism in the SW. The expression levels of transcription factors (e.g., MYB, WRKY, and C2H2) acted as the major regulatory factors in the synthesis of terpenoids. Our results explain the special fragrance in P. hui and broaden the current knowledge of the regulatory mechanisms of fragrance formation. This work provides a framework for future research that is focused on improving wood quality and value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanmu (Phoebe zhennan) is an extremely valuable tree plant that is the main source of famous "golden-thread nanmu" wood. The potential metabolites and gene regulation mechanisms involved in golden thread formation are poorly understood, even though the color change from sapwood to heartwood has been investigated in several tree plants. Here, five radial tissues from sapwood to heartwood were compared via integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis to reveal the secondary metabolites and molecular mechanisms involved in golden thread formation. During heartwood formation, gradual starch grain loss is accompanied by the cell lumen deposition of lipids and color-related extractives. Extractives of 20 phenylpropanoids accumulated in heartwood, including cinnamic acids and derivatives, coumarin acid derivatives, and flavonoids, which were identified as being closely related to the golden thread. Phenylpropanoids co-occurring with abundant accumulated metabolites of prenol lipids, fatty acyls, steroids, and steroid derivatives may greatly contribute to the characteristics of golden thread formation. Additionally, the expression of nine genes whose products catalyze phenylpropanoid and flavonoids biosynthesis was upregulated in the transition zone, then accumulated and used to color the heartwood. The expression levels of transcription factors (e.g., MYB, bHLH, and WRKY) that act as the major regulatory factors in the synthesis and deposition of phenylpropanoid and flavonoids responsible for golden thread formation were also higher than in sapwood. Our results not only explain golden thread formation in nanmu, but also broaden current knowledge of special wood color formation mechanisms. This work provides a framework for future research focused on improving wood color. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: In commercial intense industry, birds have to undergo a series of physical, social and microbial stress. LPS, a structural substance of gram-negative bacterial membrane and an effective immune stimulator for human and animal immune system, can impair growth performance, elevate the production of inflammatory cytokines and destroy the morphology of broilers' small intestine. Moreover, LPS challenge also can reduce the expression levels of tight junction proteins and ruin the integrity of mucosal barrier of broilers. However, glutamine is considered to be conditionally essential for gut homeostasis and barrier function and maybe a useful strategy to attenuate immunological stress and improve intestine function in response to stressful conditions. Our study showed that 1% Gln supplementation improved the growth performance, alleviated the inflammatory responses and ameliorated the intestinal permeability and the integrity of intestinal mucosa barrier of LPS-challenged broilers. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of glutamine (Gln) supplementation on intestinal inflammatory reaction and mucosa barrier of broilers administrated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimuli. A total of 120 1-d-old male broilers were randomly divided into four treatments in a 2 × 2 experimental arrangement, containing immune challenge (injected with LPS in a dose of 0 or 500 μg/kg of body weight) and dietary treatments (supplemented with 1.22% alanine or 1% Gln). The results showed that growth performance of broilers intra-abdominally injected with LPS was impaired, and Gln administration alleviated the adverse effects on growth performance induced by LPS challenge. Furthermore, Gln supplementation reduced the increased concentration of circulating tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6 and interleukin-1β induced by LPS challenge. Meanwhile, D-lactic acid and diamine oxidase concentration in plasma were also decreased by Gln supplementation. In addition, the shorter villus height, deeper crypt depth and the lower ratio of villus height to crypt depth of duodenum, jejunum and ileum induced by LPS stimulation were reversed by Gln supplementation. Gln administration beneficially increased LPS-induced reduction in the expression of intestine tight junction proteins such as zonula occludens protein 1 (ZO-1), claudin-1 and occludin except for the ZO-1 in duodenum and occludin in ileum. Moreover, Gln supplementation downregulated the mRNA expression of toll-like receptor 4, focal adhesion kinase, myeloid differentiation factor 88 and IL-1R-associated kinase 4 in TLR4/FAK/MyD88 signaling pathway. Therefore, it can be concluded that Gln administration could attenuate LPS-induced inflammatory responses and improve intestinal barrier damage of LPS-challenged broilers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]