898 results
Search Results
2. Novel utilization of a paper-level classification system for the evaluation of journal impact: An update of the CAS Journal Ranking
- Author
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Tong, Sichao, primary, Chen, Fuyou, additional, Yang, Liying, additional, and Shen, Zhesi, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Are papers published in predatory journals worthless? A geopolitical dimension revealed by content-based analysis of citations
- Author
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Zehra Taskin, Franciszek Krawczyk, and Emanuel Kulczycki
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Numerical Analysis ,Library and Information Sciences ,Analysis - Abstract
This study uses content-based citation analysis to move beyond the simplified classification of predatory journals. We present that, when we analyze papers not only in terms of the quantity of their citations but also the content of these citations, we are able to show the various roles played by papers published in journals accused of being predatory. To accomplish this, we analyzed the content of 9,995 citances (i.e., citation sentences) from 6,706 papers indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, which cites papers published in so-called “predatory” (or questionable) journals. The analysis revealed that the vast majority of such citances are neutral (97.3%), and negative citations of articles published in the analyzed journals are almost completely nonexistent (0.8%). Moreover, the analysis revealed that the most frequently mentioned countries in the citances are India, Pakistan, and Iran, with mentions of Western countries being rare. This highlights a geopolitical bias and shows the usefulness of looking at such journals as mislocated centers of scholarly communication. The analyzed journals provide regional data prevalent for mainstream scholarly discussions, and the idea of predatory publishing hides geopolitical inequalities in global scholarly publishing. Our findings also contribute to the further development of content-based citation analysis.
- Published
- 2023
4. Field-level differences in paper and author characteristics across all fields of science in Web of Science, 2000–2020
- Author
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Jens Peter Andersen
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Numerical Analysis ,Library and Information Sciences ,Analysis - Abstract
With increasing availability of near-complete, structured bibliographical data, the past decade has seen a rise in large-scale bibliometric studies attempting to find universal truths about the scientific communication system. However, in the search for universality, fundamental differences in knowledge production modes and the consequences for bibliometric assessment are sometimes overlooked. This article provides an overview of article and author characteristics at the level of the OECD minor and major fields of science classifications. The analysis relies on data from the full Web of Science in the period 2000–2020. The characteristics include document type, median reference age, reference list length, database coverage, article length, coauthorship, author sequence ordering, author gender, seniority, and productivity. The article reports a descriptive overview of these characteristics combined with a principal component analysis of the variance across fields. The results show that some clusters of fields allow inter-field comparisons, and assumptions about the importance of author sequence ordering, while other fields do not. The analysis shows that major OECD groups do not reflect bibliometrically relevant field differences, and that a reclustering offers a better grouping.
- Published
- 2023
5. Are papers published in predatory journals worthless? A geopolitical dimension revealed by content-based analysis of citations
- Author
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Taşkın, Zehra, primary, Krawczyk, Franciszek, additional, and Kulczycki, Emanuel, additional
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Field-level differences in paper and author characteristics across all fields of science in Web of Science, 2000–2020
- Author
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Andersen, Jens Peter, primary
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Paper, Plaster, Strings: Exploratory Material Mathematical Models between the 1860s and 1930s
- Author
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Michael Friedman
- Subjects
Engineering drawing ,Multidisciplinary ,History and Philosophy of Science ,Mathematical model ,Mathematics - Abstract
Does the materiality of a three-dimensional model have an effect on how this model operates in an exploratory way, how it prompts discovery of new mathematical results? Material mathematical models were produced and used during the second half of the nineteenth century, visualizing mathematical objects, such as curves and surfaces—and these were produced from a variety of materials: paper, cardboard, plaster, strings, wood. However, the question, whether their materiality influenced the status of these models—considered as exploratory, technical, or representational—was hardly touched upon. This article aims to approach this question by investigating two case studies: Beltrami’s paper models vs. Dyck’s plaster ones of the hyperbolic plane; and Chisini’s string models of braids vs. Artin’s and Moishezon’s algebraization of these braids. These two case studies indicate that materiality might have a decisive role in how the model was taken into account mathematically: either as an exploratory or rather as a technical or pedagogical object.
- Published
- 2021
8. Paper, Plaster, Strings: Exploratory Material Mathematical Models between the 1860s and 1930s.
- Author
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Friedman, Michael
- Subjects
- *
PLASTER , *MATHEMATICAL models , *THREE-dimensional modeling , *NINETEENTH century , *CASE studies - Abstract
Does the materiality of a three-dimensional model have an effect on how this model operates in an exploratory way, how it prompts discovery of new mathematical results? Material mathematical models were produced and used during the second half of the nineteenth century, visualizing mathematical objects, such as curves and surfaces—and these were produced from a variety of materials: paper, cardboard, plaster, strings, wood. However, the question, whether their materiality influenced the status of these models—considered as exploratory, technical, or representational—was hardly touched upon. This article aims to approach this question by investigating two case studies: Beltrami's paper models vs. Dyck's plaster ones of the hyperbolic plane; and Chisini's string models of braids vs. Artin's and Moishezon's algebraization of these braids. These two case studies indicate that materiality might have a decisive role in how the model was taken into account mathematically: either as an exploratory or rather as a technical or pedagogical object. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Heavy-tailed distribution of the number of papers within scientific journals
- Author
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Delabays, Robin, primary and Tyloo, Melvyn, additional
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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10. How the Administrative State Got to This Challenging Place.
- Author
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Strauss, Peter L.
- Subjects
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ELECTRONIC paper , *MAGNITUDE (Mathematics) , *PRESIDENTS - Abstract
Written for a dispersed agrarian population using hand tools in a local economy, our Constitution now controls an American government orders of magnitude larger that has had to respond to profound changes in transportation, communication, technology, economy, and scientific understanding. How did our government get to this place? The agencies Congress has created to meet these changes now face profound new challenges: transition from the paper to the digital age; the increasing centralization in an opaque, political presidency of decisions that Congress has assigned to diverse, relatively expert and transparent bodies; the thickening, as well, of the political layer within agencies themselves; and the increasing judicial use of analytic techniques invoking the expectations of those who wrote the Constitution so long ago and in such different circumstances. Never easy, finding the appropriate balance between law and politics presents major challenges today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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11. Dual Attention Model for Citation Recommendation with Analyses on Explainability of Attention Mechanisms and Qualitative Experiments.
- Author
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Zhang, Yang and Ma, Qiang
- Subjects
CITATION analysis ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks - Abstract
Based on an exponentially increasing number of academic articles, discovering and citing comprehensive and appropriate resources have become non-trivial tasks. Conventional citation recommendation methods suffer from severe information losses. For example, they do not consider the section header of the paper that the author is writing and for which they need to find a citation, the relatedness between the words in the local context (the text span that describes a citation), or the importance of each word from the local context. These shortcomings make such methods insufficient for recommending adequate citations to academic manuscripts. In this study, we propose a novel embedding-based neural network called dual attention model for citation recommendation (DACR) to recommend citations during manuscript preparation. Our method adapts the embedding of three semantic pieces of information: words in the local context, structural contexts, and the section on which the author is working. A neural network model is designed to maximize the similarity between the embedding of the three inputs (local context words, section headers, and structural contexts) and the target citation appearing in the context. The core of the neural network model comprises self-attention and additive attention; the former aims to capture the relatedness between the contextual words and structural context, and the latter aims to learn their importance. Recommendation experiments on real-world datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. To seek explainability on DACR, particularly the two attention mechanisms, the learned weights from them are investigated to determine how the attention mechanisms interpret "relatedness" and "importance" through the learned weights. In addition, qualitative analyses were conducted to testify that DACR could find necessary citations that were not noticed by the authors in the past due to the limitations of the keyword-based searching. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Common Flaws in Running Human Evaluation Experiments in NLP.
- Author
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Thomson, Craig, Reiter, Ehud, and Belz, Anya
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RESEARCH personnel ,HUMAN beings ,CLINICAL trial registries - Abstract
While conducting a coordinated set of repeat runs of human evaluation experiments in NLP, we discovered flaws in every single experiment we selected for inclusion via a systematic process. In this squib, we describe the types of flaws we discovered, which include coding errors (e.g., loading the wrong system outputs to evaluate), failure to follow standard scientific practice (e.g., ad hoc exclusion of participants and responses), and mistakes in reported numerical results (e.g., reported numbers not matching experimental data). If these problems are widespread, it would have worrying implications for the rigor of NLP evaluation experiments as currently conducted. We discuss what researchers can do to reduce the occurrence of such flaws, including pre-registration, better code development practices, increased testing and piloting, and post-publication addressing of errors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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13. The Role of Typological Feature Prediction in NLP and Linguistics.
- Author
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Bjerva, Johannes
- Subjects
NATURAL language processing ,LINGUISTICS ,LINGUISTIC typology ,UNIVERSAL language ,FORECASTING - Abstract
Computational typology has gained traction in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) in recent years, as evidenced by the increasing number of papers on the topic and the establishment of a Special Interest Group on the topic (SIGTYP), including the organization of successful workshops and shared tasks. A considerable amount of work in this sub-field is concerned with prediction of typological features, for example, for databases such as the World Atlas of Language Structures (WALS) or Grambank. Prediction is argued to be useful either because (1) it allows for obtaining feature values for relatively undocumented languages, alleviating the sparseness in WALS, in turn argued to be useful for both NLP and linguistics; and (2) it allows us to probe models to see whether or not these typological features are encapsulated in, for example, language representations. In this article, we present a critical stance concerning prediction of typological features, investigating to what extent this line of research is aligned with purported needs—both from the perspective of NLP practitioners, and perhaps more importantly, from the perspective of linguists specialized in typology and language documentation. We provide evidence that this line of research in its current state suffers from a lack of interdisciplinary alignment. Based on an extensive survey of the linguistic typology community, we present concrete recommendations for future research in order to improve this alignment between linguists and NLP researchers, beyond the scope of typological feature prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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14. Collaborative Production in Science: An Empirical Analysis of Coauthorships in Economics.
- Author
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Anderson, Katharine A. and Richards-Shubik, Seth
- Subjects
RESEARCH teams ,ECONOMIC research ,TEAM learning approach in education - Abstract
This paper studies productivity and preferences in scientific research. Collaboration is increasingly important for innovation in science and other domains, but we have limited understanding of the factors researchers use to choose their collaborators and the projects they work on. Here, we use a model of strategic network formation and a recently developed econometric method to examine this question in the context of economics researchers. We learn that research teams with more collaborators tend to produce papers with higher impact, and without increasing individual costs of communication and coordination. This suggests the trend toward larger research teams in economics will continue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Fireside Chats: Communication and Consumers' Expectations in the Great Depression.
- Author
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Pedemonte, Mathieu
- Abstract
This paper shows how policy announcements can be used to manage expectations. Using regional variation in radio exposure, I evaluate the impact of FDR's 1935 Fireside Chat, in which he showcased the introduction of important social policies, establishing a new expansionary cycle of the New Deal. I document that cities with higher exposure to the announcement exhibited a significant increase in spending on durable goods. The estimated effect is consistent with changes in expectations in line with the policies announced. This paper shows the power of communication as a policy tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. A Bayesian Approach to Uncertainty in Word Embedding Bias Estimation.
- Author
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Dobrzeniecka, Alicja and Urbaniak, Rafal
- Subjects
ESTIMATION bias ,RACE ,SOURCE code ,STATISTICAL significance ,BIAS correction (Topology) ,SAMPLE size (Statistics) - Abstract
Multiple measures, such as WEAT or MAC, attempt to quantify the magnitude of bias present in word embeddings in terms of a single-number metric. However, such metrics and the related statistical significance calculations rely on treating pre-averaged data as individual data points and utilizing bootstrapping techniques with low sample sizes. We show that similar results can be easily obtained using such methods even if the data are generated by a null model lacking the intended bias. Consequently, we argue that this approach generates false confidence. To address this issue, we propose a Bayesian alternative: hierarchical Bayesian modeling, which enables a more uncertainty-sensitive inspection of bias in word embeddings at different levels of granularity. To showcase our method, we apply it to Religion, Gender, and Race word lists from the original research, together with our control neutral word lists. We deploy the method using Google, GloVe, and Reddit embeddings. Further, we utilize our approach to evaluate a debiasing technique applied to the Reddit word embedding. Our findings reveal a more complex landscape than suggested by the proponents of single-number metrics. The datasets and source code for the paper are publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. The Ghost in the Machine: Metaphors of the 'Virtual' and the 'Artificial' in Post-WW2 Computer Science.
- Author
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Wilson, Joseph
- Subjects
- *
COMPUTER science , *SCIENTIFIC computing , *COMPUTER simulation , *METAPHOR , *RESEARCH personnel , *WORLD War II , *CYBERTERRORISM - Abstract
Metaphors that compare the computer to a human brain are common in computer science and can be traced back to a fertile period of research that unfolded after the Second World War. To conceptualize the emerging "intelligent" properties of computing machines, researchers of the era created a series of virtual objects that served as interpretive devices for representing the immaterial functions of the computer. This paper analyses the use of the terms "artificial" and "virtual" in scientific papers, textbooks, and popular articles of the time, and examines how, together, they shaped models in computer science used to conceptualize computer processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Does Market Interaction Erode Moral Values?
- Author
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Bartling, Björn, Fehr, Ernst, and Özdemir, Yagiz
- Subjects
VALUES (Ethics) ,EROSION ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,WELL-being ,REPRODUCTIVE technology - Abstract
The widespread use of markets leads to unprecedented material well-being in many societies. We study whether market interaction, as a side effect, erodes moral values. In an influential paper, Falk and Szech (2013) provide experimental data that seem to suggest that "market interaction erodes moral values." Although we replicate their main treatment effect, we show that additional treatments are necessary to corroborate their conclusion. These treatments reveal that playing repeatedly, and not market interaction, causes the erosion of moral values. Our paper thus shows that neither Falk and Szech's data nor our data support the claim that markets erode morals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Revise and Resubmit: An Intertextual Model of Text-based Collaboration in Peer Review.
- Author
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Kuznetsov, Ilia, Buchmann, Jan, Eichler, Max, and Gurevych, Iryna
- Subjects
NATURAL language processing ,LITERARY criticism ,STRAIN rate ,COMPUTER science ,INTERTEXTUALITY - Abstract
Peer review is a key component of the publishing process in most fields of science. Increasing submission rates put a strain on reviewing quality and efficiency, motivating the development of applications to support the reviewing and editorial work. While existing NLP studies focus on the analysis of individual texts, editorial assistance often requires modeling interactions between pairs of texts—yet general frameworks and datasets to support this scenario are missing. Relationships between texts are the core object of the intertextuality theory—a family of approaches in literary studies not yet operationalized in NLP. Inspired by prior theoretical work, we propose the first intertextual model of text-based collaboration, which encompasses three major phenomena that make up a full iteration of the review–revise–and–resubmit cycle: pragmatic tagging, linking, and long-document version alignment. While peer review is used across the fields of science and publication formats, existing datasets solely focus on conference-style review in computer science. Addressing this, we instantiate our proposed model in the first annotated multidomain corpus in journal-style post-publication open peer review, and provide detailed insights into the practical aspects of intertextual annotation. Our resource is a major step toward multidomain, fine-grained applications of NLP in editorial support for peer review, and our intertextual framework paves the path for general-purpose modeling of text-based collaboration. We make our corpus, detailed annotation guidelines, and accompanying code publicly available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Measurement as Abduction.
- Author
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Morawski, Roman Z.
- Subjects
MEASUREMENT ,ABDUCTION (Logic) ,ADMISSIBLE sets ,INVERSE problems ,OPTICAL spectra - Abstract
It is argued, in this paper, that the core operation underlying any measurement—the inverse modelling under uncertainty—is equivalent to quantitative abductive reasoning which consists in the selection of the best estimate of a measurand (i.e., a quantity to be measured) in a set of admissible solutions, using a priori information: (i) on the measurand, (ii) on the measuring system coupled with an object under measurement, and (iii) on the influence of the environment including the user of the measurement results. There are two key premises of this claim: a systematic interpretation of measurement in terms of inverse problems, proposed earlier by the author, and a logical link between inverse problems and abduction, identified by the Finnish philosopher of science Ilkka Niiniluoto. The title claim of this paper is illustrated with an expanded example of measuring optical spectrum by means of a low-resolution spectrometer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Science as a Collective Effort: Collaboration at the Zoophysiological Laboratory 1911–1945.
- Author
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Lyngs, Allan
- Subjects
- *
NOBEL Prize winners , *CORPORATE directors , *TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This paper will address scientific collaboration at the Zoophysiological Laboratory during the 1911–1945 directorship of Nobel Prize winner August Krogh. Using authorship information and acknowledgments from the laboratory's publications, this paper maps the many researchers involved in the work. In total, 193 different people contributed to the work at the Zoophysiological Laboratory. The paper further analyzes what labor, materials, ideas, and knowledge were exchanged between the individuals in the laboratory. While science has become more collaborative throughout the twentieth century, this paper underlines that collaboration was very much part of the research process in the early twentieth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Reality as Persistence and Resistance.
- Author
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Khalili, Mahdi
- Subjects
- *
HIGGS bosons - Abstract
This paper proposes a way to understand the meaning of reality (in science) on the basis of the concepts of persistence and resistance. It first supports the ontological view that reality consists of persistent potentialities, which resist being excluded from existence. A study of the cases of the Higgs boson and the hypothetical Ϝ-particle helps to illustrate how real entities persist and resist. The paper then suggests that, perceptually speaking, the results of ordinary perception or observational processes persistently appear under appropriate conditions, and they resist disappearance even when the appropriate conditions are not completely prepared. Finally, it argues that, epistemologically speaking, a truthful theory resists being falsified and persists across replicable observations and experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Bootstrap Inference for Quantile Treatment Effects in Randomized Experiments with Matched Pairs.
- Author
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Jiang, Liang, Liu, Xiaobin, Phillips, Peter C. B., and Zhang, Yichong
- Subjects
PROPENSITY score matching ,CONSERVATIVES - Abstract
This paper examines methods of inference concerning quantile treatment effects (QTEs) in randomized experiments with matched-pairs designs (MPDs). Standard multiplier bootstrap inference fails to capture the negative dependence of observations within each pair and is therefore conservative. Analytical inference involves estimating multiple functional quantities that require several tuning parameters. Instead, this paper proposes two bootstrap methods that can consistently approximate the limit distribution of the original QTE estimator and lessen the burden of tuning parameter choice. Most especially, the inverse propensity score weighted multiplier bootstrap can be implemented without knowledge of pair identities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Themes of Consolidation in Eugene P. Odum's Publicization of the Levels Concept in Ecology Textbooks, 1953–1975.
- Author
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Brooks, Daniel S.
- Subjects
TEXTBOOKS ,SCIENCE in literature ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,LIFE sciences - Abstract
Following its initial development in the 1920's and 1930's, by mid-century the concept of "levels of organization" began to disperse throughout the life science textbook literature. Among other early textbooks that first applied the levels concept, Eugene P. Odum's usage of the notion in his textbook series Fundamentals of Ecology (and his later series Ecology) stands out due to the marked emphasis placed on the concept as a foundational, erotetically-oriented organizing principle. In this paper, I examine Odum's efforts toward advocating the levels concept in ecology in light of the concept's wider uptake in biology around that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. The Employment Effects of Lump-Sum and Contingent Job Insurance Policies: Evidence from Brazil.
- Author
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Britto, Diogo G. C.
- Subjects
INSURANCE policies ,UNEMPLOYMENT insurance ,SEVERANCE pay ,EMPLOYMENT ,BARGAINING power - Abstract
Lump-sum job displacement policies (e.g., severance pay) are often presented as a better alternative to contingent policies (e.g., unemployment insurance) in the context of developing countries, under the rationale that the former are less harmful to formal employment as they do not incentivize substitution from formal to informal jobs. First, this paper provides original evidence on the employment effects of lump-sum income in the context of a developing country with high labor informality. A regression discontinuity (RD) design, using Brazilian data, shows that a transfer equivalent to fifteen days of earnings (a) increases the duration out of a formal job by 1.9 weeks, (b) reduces monthly earnings in the next job by 1.6%, and (c) reduces total earnings in the formal labor market by 3.6% over a three-year period. Second, the paper studies the impact of a one-month extension in unemployment insurance (UI) on a comparable sample of displaced workers. UI is shown to have a stronger impact on the duration out of a formal job compared with a lump-sum transfer. In addition, a novel exercise matching administrative and survey data shows that 57% of the decrease in formal employment caused by UI is compensated by an increase in the incidence of informal employment. However, workers receiving the UI extension partially recover the initial employment loss over time in such a way that the adverse impact on employment over a three-year period is similar compared with the lump-sum transfer. Moreover, UI is found to be less harmful to reemployment wages, possibly because it improves workers' bargaining power as it offers insurance against the duration of joblessness. Overall, the UI extension is less detrimental to total earnings in the formal labor market over a three-year period. Hence, although these findings indicate that contingent job insurance policies have a stronger impact on the initial duration out of a formal job and indeed incentivize informal employment, they do not support the notion that lump-sum policies are less harmful to formal employment and earnings in the medium term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Review of Economics and Statistics 2022 Annual Report.
- Subjects
ECONOMIC statistics ,CORPORATION reports ,ACQUISITION of manuscripts - Abstract
Table 2 - Status of Manuscripts by Year of Submission, 2017-2021 This table shows the status of manuscripts submitted over the past five years. Distribution of First Decision Times by Submission Year HT
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Class Rank and Long-Run Outcomes.
- Author
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Denning, Jeffrey T., Murphy, Richard, and Weinhardt, Felix
- Subjects
RATING of students ,HIGH school graduates ,ADVANCED placement programs (Education) ,SCHOOL environment - Abstract
This paper considers an unavoidable feature of the school environment, class rank. What are the long-run effects of a student's ordinal rank in elementary school? Using administrative data on all public school students in Texas, we show that students with a higher third-grade academic rank, conditional on achievement and classroom fixed effects, have higher subsequent test scores, are more likely to take AP classes, graduate from high school, enroll in and graduate from college, and ultimately have higher earnings nineteen years later. We also discuss the necessary assumptions for the identification of rank effects and propose new solutions to identification challenges. The paper concludes by exploring the trade-off between higher-quality schools and higher rank in the presence of these rank-based peer effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. People in Motion: Introduction to Transnational Movements and Transwar Connections in the Anthropological and Genetic Study of Human Populations.
- Author
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Clever, Iris, Hyun, Jaehwan, and Burton, Elise K.
- Subjects
HUMAN experimentation ,SCIENTIFIC knowledge ,SCIENCE education ,PHILOSOPHY of science ,CASTE ,GESTURE - Abstract
Thiago Pinto Barbosa's paper traces the transnational scientific trajectory of Indian anthropologist Irawati Karvé, showing how Karvé applied her race science training in Germany (based on German colonial skull collections from East Africa and New Guinea) to study human difference in decolonizing South Asia. The essays in this special issue shed new light on the transnational movement and exchange of researchers, data, theories, and scientific objects in the anthropological and genetic study of human populations in the twentieth century. The notable prominence of women in this issue, both as scientists and as research subjects, raises questions about whether physical anthropology and human genetics offered more professional opportunities for women than other contemporary scientific disciplines. Historiographical Interventions This issue aims to join in conversation important new developments in two historical subfields: transnational histories of modern science, and histories of racial science bridging physical anthropology and human genetics. [Extracted from the article]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
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29. In the Name of Human Adaptation: Japanese American "Hybrid Children" and Racial Anthropology in Postwar Japan.
- Author
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Hyun, Jaehwan
- Subjects
JAPANESE Americans ,MULTIRACIAL people ,ANTHROPOLOGY ,HUMAN beings ,ANTHROPOLOGISTS ,RACISM ,PUBLIC spaces - Abstract
By focusing on the emergence and integration of "hybrid children" (konketsuji) anthropology into the Human Adaptability section of the International Biological Program (HA-IBP) in Japan during the 1950s and 1970s, this paper presents how transnational dynamics and mechanisms played out in shaping and maintaining the racist aspects while simultaneously allowed them to be included in the HA-IBP framework. It argues that Japanese anthropologists operated a double play between their national and transnational spaces, that is, they attenuated racist aspects of their research in their international activities while authenticating race in their national work. This paper will conclude with reflections on the transnational nationalism of konketsuji anthropology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Capital and Labor: The Factor Income Composition of Top Incomes in the United States, 1962–2006.
- Author
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Atkinson, Anthony B. and Lakner, Christoph
- Subjects
INDUSTRIAL relations ,INCOME inequality ,CORPORATE profits - Abstract
This paper finds that capital and labor incomes in the United States have become more closely associated since the 1980s. This has contributed to the well-known increase in the top 1% share of total income, exacerbating rising inequality in capital incomes and earnings. We show that the trend in the association is U-shaped as the recent increase contrasts with a tendency toward a weakening association until the 1980s. The paper, using data derived from tax records, studies the asymmetries in the association and tests for robustness to alternative income definitions, including the role of income from closely held businesses at the top. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. The Dynamic Electoral Returns of a Large Antipoverty Program.
- Author
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Zimmermann, Laura
- Subjects
GOVERNMENT programs ,ELECTIONS - Abstract
Governments around the world use short-term reelection strategies. This is problematic if governments can maximize their reelection chances by prioritizing short-term spending before an election over long-term reforms. This paper tests whether longer program exposure has a causal effect on election outcomes in the context of a large antipoverty program in India. Using a regression-discontinuity framework, the results show that length of program exposure lowers electoral support for the government. The paper discusses a couple of potential explanations, finding that the most plausible mechanism is that voters hold the government accountable for the program's implementation quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Politicizing Algorithms by Other Means: Toward Inquiries for Affective Dissensions.
- Author
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Jaton, Florian and Vinck, Dominique
- Subjects
ALGORITHMS ,AFFECT (Psychology) ,ARTIFICIAL intelligence ,POLITICAL science writing ,COMPUTATION laboratories ,FLAVOR ,GENETIC genealogy - Abstract
In this paper, we build upon Bruno Latour's political writings to address the current impasse regarding algorithms in public life. We assert that the increasing difficulties at governing algorithms—be they qualified as "machine learning," "big data," or "artificial intelligence"—can be related to their current ontological thinness: deriving from constricted views on theoretical practices, algorithms' standard definition as problem-solving computerized methods provides poor grips for affective dissensions. We then emphasize on the role historical and ethnographic studies of algorithms can potentially play in the politicization of algorithms. By both digging into the genealogy of algorithms' constricted definition and by making their contemporary constitutive relationships more visible, both historical and ethnographic studies can contribute to vascularizing algorithms and making them objects of enlarged disputes. We conclude by giving a flavor of the political potential of the vascularization efforts we call for, using materials from an ethnographic study conducted in a computer science laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Cash Transfers and Migration: Theory and Evidence from a Randomized Controlled Trial.
- Author
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Gazeaud, Jules, Mvukiyehe, Eric, and Sterck, Olivier
- Subjects
RANDOMIZED controlled trials ,PUBLIC works ,EMIGRATION & immigration ,OPPORTUNITY costs - Abstract
Will the fast expansion of cash-based programming in poor countries increase international migration? Theoretically, cash transfers may deter migration by increasing its opportunity cost or favor migration by relaxing liquidity, credit, and risk constraints. This paper evaluates the impact of a cash-for-work program on migration. Randomly selected households in Comoros were offered up to US$320 in cash in exchange for their participation in public works projects. We find that the program increased international migration by 38% from 7.8% to 10.8%. The increase in migration appears to be driven by the alleviation of liquidity and risk constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Employment Protection Deregulation and Labor Shares in Advanced Economies.
- Author
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Ciminelli, Gabriele, Duval, Romain, and Furceri, Davide
- Subjects
JOB security ,SHARING economy ,DEREGULATION ,ELASTICITY (Economics) ,INDUSTRIAL relations - Abstract
This paper assesses the impact of job protection deregulation on the labor share in a sample of 26 advanced economies during the 1970–2013 period, using a newly constructed dataset of major reforms in this area. We employ a difference-in-differences identification strategy using two identifying assumptions grounded in theory—deregulation has larger effects in industries characterized by (i) a higher "natural" propensity to regularly adjust the workforce and (ii) a lower elasticity of substitution between capital and labor. We find significant negative effects of deregulation on the labor share, contributing to about a tenth of its observed decline in advanced economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Endogenous Technological Change and the New Keynesian Model.
- Author
-
Okada, Toshihiro
- Subjects
TECHNOLOGICAL innovations ,PRICES ,INTEREST rates ,PRICE inflation - Abstract
This paper develops and estimates a New Keynesian (NK) model with endogenous technology. It shows that introducing endogenous technology can solve three important puzzles that conventional NK models face: the inflation persistence, disinflationary news shock, and zero lower bound (ZLB) supply shock. First, the observed persistence in inflation is explained without relying on the conventional NK models' additional assumptions (e.g., backward price indexation). Second, it explains the observed disinflationary effect of a news shock. Third, the model avoids the conventional NK models' paradoxical, empirically inconsistent prediction that a negative supply shock is expansionary at the ZLB on interest rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Reinvigorating the Nineteenth Century Scientific Method: A Peirce-pective on Science.
- Author
-
Pietarinen, Ahti-Veikko and Beni, Majid D.
- Subjects
- *
SCIENTIFIC method , *NINETEENTH century , *INDUCTION (Logic) , *SCIENTIFIC models , *SOCIAL responsibility of business - Abstract
This paper proposes to recover the topic of the philosophy of scientific method from its late nineteenth-century roots. The subject matter of scientific method sprouted from key inferential ingredients identified by Charles Peirce. In this paper, the historical path is traversed from the viewpoint of contemporary Cognitive Structural Realism (CSR). Peirce's semiotic theory of methods and practices of scientific inquiry prefigured CSR's reliance on embodied informational structures and experimentation upon forms of relations that model generic scientific domains. Three results are shown to follow from this convocation: (i) a naturalization of Peirce's interconnected abductive, deductive and inductive stages of the logic of science, here characterized de novo in terms of CSR. (ii) a perspective to scientific modeling that incorporates processes of abstraction and generalization as originated from Peirce's logic of science, and (iii) diagrammatic reasoning as a pivotal method in analyzing scientific reasoning in experimental practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Grammatical Error Correction: A Survey of the State of the Art.
- Author
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Bryant, Christopher, Yuan, Zheng, Qorib, Muhammad Reza, Cao, Hannan, Ng, Hwee Tou, and Briscoe, Ted
- Subjects
MACHINE translating ,AGREEMENT (Grammar) ,RESEARCH personnel ,ENGLISH language ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PREPOSITIONS - Abstract
Grammatical Error Correction (GEC) is the task of automatically detecting and correcting errors in text. The task not only includes the correction of grammatical errors, such as missing prepositions and mismatched subject–verb agreement, but also orthographic and semantic errors, such as misspellings and word choice errors, respectively. The field has seen significant progress in the last decade, motivated in part by a series of five shared tasks, which drove the development of rule-based methods, statistical classifiers, statistical machine translation, and finally neural machine translation systems, which represent the current dominant state of the art. In this survey paper, we condense the field into a single article and first outline some of the linguistic challenges of the task, introduce the most popular datasets that are available to researchers (for both English and other languages), and summarize the various methods and techniques that have been developed with a particular focus on artificial error generation. We next describe the many different approaches to evaluation as well as concerns surrounding metric reliability, especially in relation to subjective human judgments, before concluding with an overview of recent progress and suggestions for future work and remaining challenges. We hope that this survey will serve as a comprehensive resource for researchers who are new to the field or who want to be kept apprised of recent developments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Evaluating the Evidence for the Functional Inhibition Account of Alpha-band Oscillations during Preparatory Attention.
- Author
-
Morrow, Audrey, Elias, Mackenzie, and Samaha, Jason
- Subjects
- *
DEGREES of freedom , *ATTENTION control , *OSCILLATIONS , *SENSORIMOTOR integration , *ATTENTION - Abstract
The functional inhibition account states that alpha-band (8–14 Hz) power implements attentional control by selectively inhibiting task-irrelevant neural representations. This account has been well supported by decades of correlational research showing attention-related changes in the topography of alpha power in anticipation of task-relevant stimuli and is a viable theory of how attention impacts sensory processing, namely, via alpha power changes in sensory areas before stimulus onset. In addition, attention is known to modulate neural responses to stimuli themselves. Thus, a critical prediction of the functional inhibition account is that preparatory alpha modulations should explain variance in the degree of attention-related modulation of neural responses to stimuli. The present article sought evidence for or against this prediction by scouring the literature on attention and alpha oscillations to review papers that explicitly correlated attention-related changes in prestimulus alpha with attention-related changes in stimulus-evoked neural activity. Surprisingly, out of over 100 papers that were examined, we found only nine that explicitly computed such relationships. The results of these nine papers were mixed, with some in support and some arguing against the functional inhibition account of alpha. Our synthesis draws out common design features that may help explain when effects are observed or not. Even among studies that do find correlations, there is inconsistency as to whether preparatory alpha modulations are predictive of sensory or postsensory components of stimulus responses, highlighting avenues for future research. A clear outcome of this review is that future studies on the role of alpha in attentional processing should analyze correlations between attention effects on alpha and attention effects on stimulus-evoked activity, as more data pertinent to this hypothesized relationship are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Aggregate Effects from Public Works: Evidence from India.
- Author
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Cook, C. Justin and Shah, Manisha
- Subjects
PUBLIC works ,MINIMUM wage ,BANK deposits ,DEPOSIT banking ,ECONOMIC development - Abstract
This paper explores the aggregate economic effects from India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), which provides up to 100 days of labor to rural laborers at the mandated minimum wage. We examine the within-district change to nighttime lights, a proxy for economic development, and banking deposits using the staggered program rollout for identification. We find consistent and robust evidence that NREGS increased aggregate economic output by 1% to 2% per capita measured by nighttime lights. This effect, however, is not equal across districts. We observe no positive effect of the program in poorer districts, illuminating an important source of heterogeneity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Galileo and the Epistemology of Anatomy.
- Author
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Sgarbi, Marco
- Subjects
THEORY of knowledge ,ANATOMY ,VIRTUE epistemology ,SCHOLARSHIPS - Abstract
Starting from the examination of a passage of the Dialogo sopra i massimi sistemi del mondo that has been largely ignored by the scholarship, in this paper I want to reveal the true nature of Galileo's epistemology in terms of its epistemic ideal, that is that theory is capable of providing true and certain knowledge about natural phenomena coming from sensation. The investigation examines all the occurrences of the expression sensate esperienze in its singular and plural forms, both in the Latin and in the vernacular. The research proceeds diachronically through an analysis of Galileo's writings taken in order to show the progressive development of his epistemology. The paper will demonstrate how in thinking about sensate experiences Galileo had in mind as epistemic paradigm that of the epistemology of anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Alcohol, Violence, and Injury-Induced Mortality: Evidence from a Modern-Day Prohibition.
- Author
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Barron, Kai, Parry, Charles D. H., Bradshaw, Debbie, Dorrington, Rob, Groenewald, Pam, Laubscher, Ria, and Matzopoulos, Richard
- Abstract
This paper evaluates the impact of a sudden and unexpected nationwide alcohol sales ban in South Africa. We find that this policy causally reduced injury-induced mortality in the country by at least 14%. We argue that this estimate constitutes a lower bound on the true impact of alcohol on injury-induced mortality. We also document a sharp drop in violent crimes, indicating a tight link between alcohol and aggressive behavior in society. Our results underscore the severe harm that alcohol can cause and point toward a role for policy measures that target the heaviest drinkers in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. The Effect of Incarceration on Mortality.
- Author
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Norris, Samuel, Pecenco, Matthew, and Weaver, Jeffrey
- Abstract
This paper analyzes the effect of incarceration on mortality using administrative data from Ohio between 1992 and 2017. We first document that long-run survival is higher among the incarcerated than similar nonincarcerated defendants. Using event study designs centered around the time of release, we show why: mortality risk halves during the period of incarceration, with large reductions in murders, overdoses, and natural causes of death. However, incarceration does not increase postrelease mortality, and so the overall effect is increased longevity. These estimates reflect the high-risk environment faced by defendants when not incarcerated and suggest noncarceral policies to reduce these risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. The Evolution of Technological Substitution in Low-Wage Labor Markets.
- Author
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Aaronson, Daniel and Phelan, Brian J.
- Abstract
This paper uses minimum wage hikes to evaluate the susceptibility of low-wage employment to technological substitution. We find that automation is accelerating and supplanting a broader set of low-wage routine jobs since the 2008–2009 financial crisis. Simultaneously, low-wage interpersonal jobs are increasing and offsetting routine job loss. However, interpersonal job growth does not appear to be enough, as it was prior to the financial crisis, to fully offset the negative effects of automation on low-wage routine jobs. Employment losses are most evident among non-Asian people of color who experience outsized losses at routine jobs and smaller gains at interpersonal jobs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Children's Sleep and Human Capital Production.
- Author
-
Jagnani, Maulik
- Abstract
This paper uses exogenous variation in sleep induced by sunset time to present the first human capital estimates of (i) the effects of child sleep from the developing world and (ii) the long-run effects of child sleep in any context. Later sunset reduces children's sleep: when the sun sets later, children go to bed later but fail to compensate by waking up later. Sleep-deprived children study less and increase nap time and indoor leisure activities. Short-run sleep loss decreases children's test scores. Chronic sleep deficits translate into fewer years of education and lower primary and middle school completion rates among school-age children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Exporting, Abatement, and Firm-Level Emissions: Evidence from China's Accession to the WTO.
- Author
-
Rodrigue, Joel, Sheng, Dan, and Tan, Yong
- Abstract
This paper studies the joint impact of exporting and abatement on the environmental performance of Chinese manufacturers. For two common air pollutants (SO 2 and industrial dust) we document that (a) exporters are significantly less emissions-intensive relative to their nonexporting counterparts and (b) this difference cannot be explained by differential rates of abatement alone. Employing variation in trade and environmental conditions across time and space, we quantify the impact of endogenous export and abatement decisions on firm-level emissions. We find that exporting reduces emissions by at least 36% across pollutants. We explore underlying determinants of export-driven reductions in emissions intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. The Effects of Transit Systems on International Trade.
- Author
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Carballo, Jerónimo, Graziano, Alejandro G., Schaur, Georg, and Volpe Martincus, Christian
- Abstract
In this paper, we estimate the trade effects of a transit system upgrading that streamlines border processing in developing countries. Our empirical approach combines transaction-level export data from El Salvador with unique data that distinguishes export flows that were processed on the transit system. Our results indicate that the new transit system lowered regulatory border costs and raised exports. At the low end, our back-of-the-envelope estimate of the return to investment is US$ 3-to-1. This evidence informs a policy covered by the 2013 WTO Agreement of Trade Facilitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. UG-schematic Annotation for Event Nominals: A Case Study in Mandarin Chinese.
- Author
-
Li, Wenxi, Zhang, Yutong, Emerson, Guy, and Sun, Weiwei
- Subjects
MANDARIN dialects ,UNIVERSAL language ,COMPARATIVE grammar ,CHINA studies ,LANGUAGE & languages - Abstract
Divergence of languages observed at the surface level is a major challenge encountered by multilingual data representation, especially when typologically distant languages are involved. Drawing inspiration from a formalist Chomskyan perspective towards language universals, Universal Grammar (UG), this article uses deductively pre-defined universals to analyze a multilingually heterogeneous phenomenon, event nominals. In this way, deeper universality of event nominals beneath their huge divergence in different languages is uncovered, which empowers us to break barriers between languages and thus extend insights from some synthetic languages to a non-inflectional language, Mandarin Chinese. Our empirical investigation also demonstrates this UG-inspired schema is effective: With its assistance, the inter-annotator agreement (IAA) for identifying event nominals in Mandarin grows from 88.02% to 94.99%, and automatic detection of event-reading nominalizations on the newly-established data achieves an accuracy of 94.76% and an F
1 score of 91.3%, which significantly surpass those achieved on the pre-existing resource by 9.8% and 5.2%, respectively. Our systematic analysis also sheds light on nominal semantic role labeling. By providing a clear definition and classification on arguments of event nominal, the IAA of this task significantly increases from 90.46% to 98.04%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Understanding, Virtually: How Does the Synthetic Cell Matter?
- Author
-
Broeks, Daphne, Knuuttila, Tarja, and de Regt, Henk
- Subjects
- *
DIGITAL technology , *VIRTUAL reality - Abstract
This paper examines how scientific understanding is enhanced by virtual entities, focusing on the case of the synthetic cell. Comparing it to other virtual entities and environments in science, we argue that the synthetic cell has a virtual dimension, in that it is functionally similar to living cells, though it does not mimic any particular naturally evolved cell (nor is it constructed to do so). In being cell-like at most, the synthetic cell is akin to many other virtual objects as it is selective and only partially implemented. However, there is one important difference: it is constructed by using the same materials and, to some extent, the same kind of processes as its natural counterparts. In contrast to virtual reality, especially to that of digital entities and environments, the details of its implementation is what matters for the scientific understanding generated by the synthetic cell. We conclude by arguing for the close connection between the virtual and the artifactual. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Real Virtuality and Actual Transitions: Historical Reflections on Virtual Entities before Quantum Field Theory.
- Author
-
Blum, Alexander S. and Jähnert, Martin
- Subjects
- *
QUANTUM field theory , *QUANTUM transitions , *QUANTUM theory , *QUANTUM information science , *QUANTUM mechanics - Abstract
This paper studies the notion of virtuality in the Bohr-Kramers-Slater theory of 1924. We situate the virtual entities of BKS within the tradition of the correspondence principle and the radiation theory of the Bohr model. We show how, in this context, virtual oscillators emerged as classical substitute radiators and were used to describe the otherwise elusive quantum transitions. They played an effective role in the quantum theory of radiation while remaining categorically distinct and ontologically separated from the quantum world of the Bohr model. The notion of virtuality thus differs markedly from its counterpart in quantum mechanics or QFT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. How to Study Virtual Entities Historically? A Proposal.
- Author
-
Ehberger, Markus
- Subjects
- *
PHILOSOPHY of science , *RESEARCH & development - Abstract
This paper will not present a case study of the historical development of a virtual entity. Rather, I will develop an outlook on virtual entities in the sciences and propose a corresponding method for studying them (historically). In essence, my presentation can be considered a synthesis of different observations from the history and philosophy of science and has its roots in my dissertational research on the development of the virtual particle. Starting with a reflection on the role of presentism for the study of concept formation and development processes, I will show, through the example of the virtual particle, how current debates and interpretations can inform our access to a historical reconstruction. Following these reflections, I will argue for a pragmatist account of concepts as tools for the scientific practitioners. According to the approach presented in my article, concepts perform their functions through representations, and I will lay special focus on verbal representations and their different functions within scientific reasoning. In conclusion, I will frame the outcome of my discussion in terms of a proposal that might, through further research, enrich our understanding of virtual entities in the sciences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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