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Interaction between text and reader is a prominent concern in stylistics. This paper focusses on interactions among stylistic processes and subconscious microcognitive processes that generate changes to narrative and interpretation during reading. Drawing on process philosophy and recent neuroscientific research, I articulate this dynamism through analysis of a brief narrative moment from each of The.PowerBook by Jeanette Winterson and Oryx and Crake by Margaret Atwood. I argue that high densities of stylistic and microcognitive perturbations lead to frequent narrative and interpretive changes in the two moments. The analyses reinforce portrayals of reading as intensely complex, dynamic and changeable. Complexity, dynamism and mutability also characterise the stylistic changes in the two narrative moments. This paper advocates greater attention to the role of volatile stylistic and cognitive microdynamics in shaping the reading of prose fiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of neurophysiological techniques to marketing and consumer research has seen tremendous growth in recent years. To provide a comprehensive overview of neuroscientific methods, the authors first review extant conceptual and empirical studies on neuromarketing and consumer neuroscience, based on these the rationale, features, and applications of neuroscientific techniques are systematically summarized. Next, the authors discuss how neurophysiological methods were applied to the research on customers' cognition, emotion, and behavioral responses to marketing stimuli, and illustrate how neuromarketing studies extend the knowledge boundary and contribute to marketing theories and practices. The limitations of current neuromarketing tools, studies, and methodology are concluded as well, and future directions are presented accordingly. This paper contributes to the literature by offering a clear research insight into the application of neurophysiological methods. By articulating principles, methods, contributions, and directions of neuromarketing, this paper may benefit the development of neuroscientific tools being a more well-established and commonly used marketing research approach and offers a guide to scholars who are dedicated to consumer neuroscience research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Virtual reality (VR) has been designated as the 'ultimate empathy machine' due to its alleged ability to powerfully immerse users in another's perspective. As VR has attracted growing attention, criticism of its alleged 'empathic superpowers' has also gained strength. Critics have recently argued that the empathic VR vision is ethically flawed since it is misleading and denies non-communicable aspects of the Other. Moreover, several scholars argue that VR empathy rhetoric in fact exploits the marginalised targets of empathy, turning them to objects 'identity tourism' for the privileged. The paper revisits these claims, arguing that they rely on empathy notions that are dominant in traditional art-media, while overlooking VR's unique experiential affordances. Drawing on psychophysiological evidence, it argues that the ethical significance of VR lies in the unique ways in which it manipulates the user's body scheme via multisensory stimulation. These manipulations result in unprecedented empathy-related perceptual and conceptual transformations whose ethical implications require new ethical framing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The goals of laboratory experiences include developing knowledge base, research skills, and scientific communication abilities. Objective: The aim was to assess an inquiry-based laboratory activity using the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans in relation to learning goals. Method: Students in a Biopsychology laboratory course worked in groups to test the effect of various drugs (e.g., nicotine, ethanol, fluoxetine, and melatonin) on C. elegans behavior. The activity included literature review, experimental design, and a final lab report. A cumulative final exam included a synaptic communication question related to the content of the activity. Results: Students showed better retention of laboratory-related content compared to other topics from the course, as demonstrated through performance on the final exam and were able to replicate previous research demonstrating effects of drug on locomotion. However, students did not improve writing ability compared to performance on a previous American Psychological Association style lab report. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that using a student-designed, multi-week laboratory assignment in an undergraduate Biopsychology course supports the growth of psychology knowledge and the development of research skills. Teaching Implications: Instructors should consider using the described laboratory activity for biopsychology or behavioral neuroscience classes or consider similarly designed laboratory formats for other courses in Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research has long been a topic of interest in the field of mental health. A significant challenge in psychotherapy research is understanding the dyadic interaction between patient and therapist. This interaction is complex, emerging from a myriad of multi-level factors such as gestures, verbal communication, mentalization, and environmental influences. This article aims to present a roadmap for the future integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research, addressing the complexities of human interaction. We introduce the 4E/MoBI approach, a framework that combines theoretical and methodological tools to study the dynamics of the brain, body, and environment in real-world settings. This approach emphasizes the use of physiological systems (e.g., heart and brain), behavioral interactions (e.g., conversations and eye-tracking), and environmental video recordings. Additionally, the scalable experimental design (SED) heuristic is discussed as a method to blend controlled experiments with real-world scenarios, allowing for the parametric testing of neurobehavioral markers. As a practical demonstration of the SED heuristic within the 4E/MoBI framework, a concrete experimental example using the N170 event-related potential (ERP) component is presented. While the N170 ERP component is not posited as the foundational marker in the field, it serves to illustrate the application of hypothesis-driven designs and analyses. The 4E/MoBI approach offers a promising avenue for the integration of neuroscience and psychotherapy research. By addressing existing gaps, such as the physiology and phenomenology of expertise in psychotherapy, this framework can foster a virtuous relationship between the two disciplines, paving the way for more comprehensive and nuanced understandings of therapeutic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The beginnings of cybernetics were marked by the publication of two papers in 1943. In the first one, Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow claimed that purposeful behavior is a circular process controlled by negative feedback. In the second seminal paper, McCulloch and Pitts proposed that neurons are interconnected working as logical operators. Both articles raised human-machine analogies and mathematically formulated cognitive mechanisms. These ideas ignited the interest of von Neumann, who was developing the first stored-program computer. Thus, after a preliminary meeting in 1945, a series of meetings were held between 1946 and 1953. The role of the Spanish neurophysiologist Rafael Lorente de Nó in the beginnings of cybernetics is attested not only by his participation in the core members of these Macy conferences but also for his previous description of reverberating circuits formed by a closed chain of internuncial neurons. This was the first neurobiologic demonstration of a feedback loop. Most researchers considered the central nervous system as a mere reflex organ until then; nevertheless, he demonstrated a self-sustained central activity in the nervous system, supporting the idea of self-regulating mechanisms as a key concept not just in machines but also in the brain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was no accident that the first neuroscience community, the Neurosciences Research Program (NRP), took shape in the 1960s at MIT, the birthplace of cybernetics. Francis O. Schmitt, known as the founding father of the NRP, was a famous biologist and an avid reader of cybernetics. Focusing on the intellectual and institutional context that Schmitt was situated in, this article unveils the way that the brain was conceptualized as a distinct object, requiring the launch of a new research community in the US. In doing so, this article moves beyond the dominant narratives on the triumph of molecularization of the brain at the beginning of neuroscience. Instead, it argues that what brought researchers together in the name of neuroscience was not just a molecule but an aspiration to develop biological theories of the brain/mind, which resonated with biologists in a postwar context and was materialized through support for basic research. The article highlights the tension over the computerization and molecularization of the brain, which shaped the interdisciplinary gathering of neuroscientists in the context of growing interest in basic research. Thereby, this article reveals the rise of theoretical concerns in brain science that reflect the distinct desires and concerns of biologists in the US at an intellectual and institutional level. By revisiting the launch of the NRP with a focus on Schmitt, the article sheds light on the historical contingencies in launching the new community as neuroscience in the US and their meaning for the locality and transiency of (inter)disciplinarity in brain science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stories hold an important role in the theory and practice of psychoanalysis. Their power derives in part from the fact that humans are biologically programmed for storytelling. Stories foster connection with others, socialization, and identity formation. They are integral to all psychoanalytic theories of therapeutic action, and their telling is therapeutic in itself. Psychoanalytic theoretical paradigms can be considered stories, as well. A positive outcome of analytic treatment has the individual emerging with an open-ended story that encompasses past, present, and future. Finally, an autobiographical example demonstrates how shared stories consolidate group identities, uphold and perpetuate a group's power over others, and perpetuate racial and ethnic stereotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, esports (the competitive video game industry) have evolved significantly, revolutionizing not only the competitive scene but also the teams and their professional staff. Sports psychologists need to face with cognitive demands related to this activity primarily mental, to respond to the specific needs of the sector (e.g., high performance interventions). The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between cognitive performance in tests and the MOBA League of Legends (LOL) game scores. A group of 36 pure-genre LOL players was evaluated with behavioral tests of fluid intelligence, attentional control inhibition, working memory, cognitive flexibility, and decision making. Furthermore, their in-game performance (rank percentile, kills death assists, minions per minute, and vision score) was recorded during a complete season (approximately 1 year). Data was analyzed by means of correlation and multiple regression analysis. Results showed that cognitive flexibility was positively related to the "rank percentile" (p <.001; R =.442; 95% CI [2.97, 74.76]). Besides, a positive relationship was found between decision making and the in-game performance variable "minions per minute" (p =.009; R =.236; 95% CI [−8.46, 5.26]). These findings point that it is possible predict performance on specific variables, in esports with high cognitive impact throughout neuropsychological assessment. These results provide a starting point for research in the field of esports, sports psychology, and high-performance-oriented intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animations of scientific concepts may improve comprehension by explaining and visualizing the steps of complex processes, but unless they engage student interest in meaningful ways, their effectiveness as teaching tools is limited. We achieve this through a novel approach to animation design that includes the target audience (undergraduates) so that the resultant animations align with their learner characteristics. Objective: This case study investigated whether undergraduate-generated animations were more effective educational tools than informationally equivalent text-and-illustration presentations and whether learners' background influenced the relative benefits of animations. Method: Incorporating feedback from faculty and undergraduates, we created animations and text-plus-illustration content to explain how neural signals are generated and measured by scalp electrodes. Neuroscience majors and non-majors were presented with either animations or static presentations followed by comprehension and engagement assessments. Results: Both groups showed comprehension and engagement benefits for animations. Although majors showed better overall comprehension, animations improved comprehension for non-majors over static presentations. Conclusion: When educational content is directed for a target audience, animations can be more effective teaching tools for a broader student audience. Teaching Implications: The relevance of online tools for remote instruction makes animations, developed for and by undergraduates, important tools for effectively introducing difficult content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: The rating of perceived effort (RPE) is a common method used in clinical practice for monitoring, loading control, and resistance training prescription during rehabilitation after rupture and anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). It is suggested that the RPE results from the integration of the afferent feedback and corollary discharge in the motor and somatosensory cortex, and from the activation of brain areas related to emotions, affect, memory, and pain (eg, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and prefrontal cortex). Recent studies have shown that rupture and ACLR induce neural adaptations in the brain commonly associated with the RPE. Therefore, we hypothesize that RPE could be affected because of neural adaptations induced by rupture and ACLR. Study Design: Clinical review. Level of Evidence: Level 5. Results: RPE could be directly altered by changes in the activation of motor cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and prefrontal cortex. These neural adaptations may be induced by indirect mechanisms, such as the afferent feedback deficit, pain, and fear of movement (kinesiophobia) that patients may feel after rupture and ACLR. Conclusion: Using only RPE for monitoring, loading control, and resistance training prescription in patients who had undergone ACLR could lead to under- or overdosing resistance exercise, and therefore, impair the rehabilitation process. Strength-of-Recommendation Taxonomy: 3C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This short article is a commentary on this special section of Perceptual and Motor Skills entitled Relationships between Executive Function and Sports/Exercise. Given the vast executive function research in sports already published, this moment is opportune for highlighting (a) progress to date, (b) research limitations yet to address, and (c) inspirational new findings. The articles that follow illustrate these themes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Research suggests benefits for incorporating popular press books into courses to encourage critical thinking and student-instructor interactions about concepts. Objective: This article offers a summary and critique of 7 ½ Lessons about the Brain by Lisa Feldman-Barrett along with pedagogical strategies for integrating the book within Introduction to Psychology courses. Teaching Implications: This popular press book affords an opportunity to incorporate a biopsychology thematic approach to Introduction to Psychology. Several pedagogical strategies using active learning and collaboration are provided. Conclusion: Choosing to include a popular press book in class to supplement student learning may benefit critical thinking about many concepts presented within Introduction to Psychology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This scoping review aims to evaluate the characteristics of worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in Parkinson's disease (PD). We conducted a three-step search strategy using 11 databases and reference lists. Of the 4,174 screened studies we included 324 (8%). Most were published during 1978 to 2020, with significant increasing in publications from 2002 onwards and a forecast to double in the next 10 years (total expected = 614, ±62.2, R 2 =.998). We identified studies involving nine contexts of nursing practice in PD, in four continents and 31 countries, most of them of observational design (47.2%), funded (52.2%), authored by nurses (70.1%), and related to Nursing care/Guidelines (32.1%), Educational/Research content (16.4%), Symptom management/Medication adherence (14.5%), and Family caregiving (11.1%). The worldwide studies evolving the scope of nursing practice in PD is growing in several health context. These results can guide future research and evidence-based practice involving the role of nurses in PD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the prospects of using electroencephalography (EEG) in tourism and hospitality research. It first discusses the concept and importance of EEG. Then, it systematically reviews articles that have used EEG to measure psychophysiological responses in business and management. The review mainly discusses EEG themes/theories/concepts and EEG methods and indices. Based on the review, this study analyses main challenges of applying EEG and suggests solutions to solve them. It finally proposes some future applications of EEG in tourism and hospitality. This study is one of the first to offer a better understanding of the literature, analysis methods, and theories/concepts associated with EEG, informing future EEG applications in tourism and hospitality research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several deep revisions of Freud's theory of the drives are proposed: (1) Drives are conscious and are in fact the source of all consciousness. (2) Drive energy is equated with variational free energy and is therefore quantifiable in principle. (3) There are not two drives but many, seven of which may be described as "emotional" as opposed to "bodily" drives. (4) All drives are self-preservative or preservative of the species; there is no death drive at work in the mind. This means, at the mechanistic level, that all drives are homeostatic and anti-entropic. (5) The great task of mental development is to supplement instinctual predictions about how our multiple drive demands may be met and reconciled with each other. This work is done by learning from experience, mainly through voluntary behavior, which is governed by conscious feelings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]