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This work presents the analytical study of one dimensional time-fractional nonlinear Schrödinger equation arising in quantum mechanics. In present research, we establish an idea of the Sumudu transform residual power series method (ST-RPSM) to generate the numerical solution of nonlinear Schrödinger models with the fractional derivatives. The proposed idea is the composition of Sumudu transform (ST) and the residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are taken in Caputo sense. The proposed technique is unique since it requires no assumptions or variable constraints. The ST-RPSM obtains its results through a series of successive iterations, and the resulting form rapidly converges to the exact solution. The results obtained via ST-RPSM show that this scheme is authentic, effective, and simple for nonlinear fractional models. Some graphical structures are displayed at different levels of fractional orders using Mathematica Software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine multiple perspectives on soliton solutions to the (3+1)-dimensional Boussinesq model by applying the unified Riccati equation expansion (UREE) approach. The Boussinesq model examines wave propagation in shallow water, which is derived from the fluid dynamics of a dynamical system. The UREE approach allows us to derive a range of distinct solutions, such as single, periodic, dark, and rational wave solutions. Furthermore, we present the bifurcation, chaotic, and sensitivity analysis of the proposed model. We use planar dynamical system theory to analyze the structure and characteristics of the system’s phase portraits. The current study depends on a dynamic structure that has novel and unexplored results for this model. In addition, we display the behaviors of associated physical models in 3-dimensional, density, and 2-dimensional graphical structures. Our findings demonstrate that the UREE technique is a valuable mathematical tool in engineering and applied mathematics for studying wave propagation in nonlinear evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In physical domains, Beta derivatives are necessary to comprehend wave propagation across various nonlinear models. In this research work, the modified Sardar sub-equation approach is employed to find the soliton solutions of (1+1)-dimensional time-fractional coupled nonlinear Schrödinger model with Beta fractional derivative. These models are fundamental in real-world applications such as control systems, processing of signals, and fiber optic networks. By using this strategy, we are able to obtain various unique optical solutions, including combo, dark, bright, periodic, singular, and rational wave solutions. In addition, We address the sensitivity analysis of the proposed model to investigate the truth that it is extremely sensitive. These studies are novel and have not been performed before in relation to the nonlinear dynamic features of these solutions. We show these behaviors in 2-D, contour 3-D structures across the associated physical characteristics. Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach offers useful results for producing solutions of nonlinear fractional models in application of mathematics and wave propagation in fiber optics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Software vulnerabilities pose a significant threat to system security, necessitating effective automatic detection methods. Current techniques face challenges such as dependency issues, language bias, and coarse detection granularity. This study presents a novel deep learning-based vulnerability detection system for Java code. Leveraging hybrid feature extraction through graph and sequence-based techniques enhances semantic and syntactic understanding. The system utilizes control flow graphs (CFG), abstract syntax trees (AST), program dependencies (PD), and greedy longest-match first vectorization for graph representation. A hybrid neural network (GCN-RFEMLP) and the pre-trained CodeBERT model extract features, feeding them into a quantum convolutional neural network with self-attentive pooling. The system addresses issues like long-term information dependency and coarse detection granularity, employing intermediate code representation and inter-procedural slice code. To mitigate language bias, a benchmark software assurance reference dataset is employed. Evaluations demonstrate the system's superiority, achieving 99.2% accuracy in detecting vulnerabilities, outperforming benchmark methods. The proposed approach comprehensively addresses vulnerabilities, including improper input validation, missing authorizations, buffer overflow, cross-site scripting, and SQL injection attacks listed by common weakness enumeration (CWE). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Helmholtz equation plays a crucial role in the study of wave propagation, underwater acoustics, and the behavior of waves in the ocean environment. The Helmholtz equation is also used to describe propagation through ocean waves, such as sound waves or electromagnetic waves. This paper presents the Elzaki transform residual power series method (E T-RPSM) for the analytical treatment of fractional-order Helmholtz equation. To develop this scheme, we combine Elzaki transform (E T) with residual power series method (RPSM). The fractional derivatives are described in Caputo sense. The E T is capable of handling the fractional order and turning the problem into a recurrence form, which is the novelty of our paper. We implement RPSM in such a way that this recurrence relation generates the results in the form of an iterative series. Two numerical applications are considered to demonstrate the efficiency and authenticity of this scheme. The obtained series are determined very quickly and converge to the exact solution only after a few iterations. Graphical plots and absolute error are shown to observe the authenticity of this suggested approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are vital in modern material science, offering unique properties for gas storage, catalysis, and drug delivery due to their highly porous and customizable structures. Chemical graph theory emerges as a critical tool, providing a mathematical model to represent the molecular structure of these frameworks. Topological indices/molecular descriptors are mathematical formulations applied to molecular models, enabling the analysis of physicochemical properties and circumventing costly lab experiments. These descriptors are crucial for quantitative structure-property and structure-activity relationship studies in mathematical chemistry. In this paper, we study the different molecular descriptors of tetracyanobenzene metal–organic framework. We also give numerical comparison of computed molecular descriptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation aims to use entropy analysis to analyze the unsteady Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow in a second-grade fuzzy hybrid Al 2 O 3 - Cu/SA nanofluid over an exponentially shrinking/stretching surface. The model for hybridization of the mixture of alumina Al 2 O 3 and copper (Cu) nanoparticles in the sodium alginate (SA) base fluid under heat source/sink, nonlinear thermal radiation, and viscous dissipation. The fundamental partial differential equations (PDEs) are simplified using an appropriate similarity conversion to generate the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The analytical computation occurs in the MATHEMATICA program implementing the homotopy analysis method (HAM). In terms of code validity, our results are preferable to previous findings. The features of several parameters against the velocity, surface friction coefficient, entropy, temperature, and Nusselt number are described through graphs. According to our findings, the rise in the Brinkman and Reynolds numbers enhanced the total entropy of the system. Furthermore, the nanoparticle volume fraction and viscus dissipation magnifies the fluid temperature while retards the flow profile throughout the domain. Fluid velocity declined due to the Lorentz force using magnetic impact applications. The imprecision of nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid volume fractions was modelled as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN) [0%, 1%, 2%] for comparison. The double parametric approach was applied to deal with the fuzziness of the associated fuzzy parameters. The nonlinear ODEs convert into fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) and use HAM for the fuzzy solution. From our observation, the hybrid nanofluid displays the maximum heat transfer compared to nanofluids. This important contribution will support industrial growth, particularly in the processing and manufacturing sectors. The percentage increase in skin friction factor is 18.3 and 15.0 when α and β take input in the ranges of 0 ≤ α ≤ 0.8 and 0 ≤ β ≤ 1, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we aim to present a powerful approach for the approximate results of multi-dimensional diffusion problems with time-fractional derivatives. The fractional order is considered in the view of the Caputo fractional derivative. In this analysis, we develop the idea of the Yang homotopy perturbation transform method (YHPTM), which is the combination of the Yang transform (YT) and the homotopy perturbation method (HPM). This robust scheme generates the solution in a series form that converges to the exact results after a few iterations. We show the graphical visuals in two-dimensional and three-dimensional to provide the accuracy of our developed scheme. Furthermore, we compute the graphical error to demonstrate the close-form analytical solution in the comparison of the exact solution. The obtained findings are promising and suitable for the solution of multi-dimensional diffusion problems with time-fractional derivatives. The main advantage is that our developed scheme does not require assumptions or restrictions on variables that ruin the actual problem. This scheme plays a significant role in finding the solution and overcoming the restriction of variables that may cause difficulty in modeling the problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thin needle is viewed as a revolutionary object since it has a thinner thickness than a boundary layer. As a consequence, scientific and engineering applications for instance electrical equipment, hot wire anemometers and geothermal power generation are significantly impacted by the flow deformed by a thin moving needle. MHD Eyring–Powell fluid flow over a thin needle perceiving heat source, chemical reaction and nonlinear thermal radiation is the subject of the current investigation. In addition, the present study utilizes the Buongiorno model to examine the special effects of the fluid's Brownian and thermophoretic forces. The solution of the dimensionless form of ODEs is produced by applying exact renovations to the given problem, which is determined by the structure of PDEs. The bvp4c algorithm, based on the finite difference approach is utilized to numerically solve such modified ODEs. For validation, the results obtained indicate good agreement when compared to the literature. Finally, a detailed graphical analysis of key parameters is shown and explained while keeping in mind the physical significance of flow parameters. The results show that as magnetic and fluid parameter values improve, the velocity gradient falls. Increasing heat source and radiation parameters optimises heat transfer rate. The augmentation of the Lewis number and chemical reaction accelerates the rate of mass transfer on the surface. Brownian motion and thermophoresis provide enhanced thermal performance for the fluid temperature. Growing the thermophoresis parameter from 0.1 to 0.3 upsurges the Nusselt number by 5.47% and the Sherwood number by 12.26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial's Cu and Al 2 O 3 are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the χ - cut parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims to optimize nonlinear thermal flow for Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell fuzzy Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a Riga wedge in the context of boundary slip. Three types of nanomaterials, Al 2 O 3 , Cu and TiO 2 have been mixed into the basic fluid known as engine oil. Thermal properties with the effects of porous surface and nonlinear convection have been established for the particular combination Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO. Applying a set of appropriate variables, the set of equations that evaluated the energy and flow equations was transferred to the dimensionless form. For numerical computing, the MATLAB software's bvp4c function is used. The graphical display is used to demonstrate the influence of several influential parameters. It has been observed that flow rate decay with expansion in porosity parameter and nanoparticles volumetric fractions. In contrast, it rises with wedge angle, Grashof numbers, Darcy-Forchheimer, nonlinear Grashof numbers, and Maxwell fluid parameter. Thermal profiles increase with progress in the heat source, nanoparticles volumetric fractions, viscous dissipation, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The percentage increases in drag force for ternary hybrid nanofluid are 13.2 and 8.44 when the Modified Hartmann number takes input in the range 0.1 ≤ Mh ≤ 0.3 and wedge angle parameters 0.1 ≤ m ≤ 0.3 . For fuzzy analysis, dimensionless ODEs transformed into fuzzy differential equations and employed symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The TFN makes a triangular membership function (M.F.) that describes the fuzziness and comparison. This study compared nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary nanofluids through triangular M.F. The boundary layer flow caused by a wedge surface plays a crucial role in heat exchanger systems and geothermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This contribution aims to optimize nonlinear thermal flow for Darcy-Forchheimer Maxwell fuzzy Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO tri-hybrid nanofluid flow across a Riga wedge in the context of boundary slip. Three types of nanomaterials, Al 2 O 3 , Cu and TiO 2 have been mixed into the basic fluid known as engine oil. Thermal properties with the effects of porous surface and nonlinear convection have been established for the particular combination Al 2 O 3 + Cu + TiO 2 /EO. Applying a set of appropriate variables, the set of equations that evaluated the energy and flow equations was transferred to the dimensionless form. For numerical computing, the MATLAB software's bvp4c function is used. The graphical display is used to demonstrate the influence of several influential parameters. It has been observed that flow rate decay with expansion in porosity parameter and nanoparticles volumetric fractions. In contrast, it rises with wedge angle, Grashof numbers, Darcy-Forchheimer, nonlinear Grashof numbers, and Maxwell fluid parameter. Thermal profiles increase with progress in the heat source, nanoparticles volumetric fractions, viscous dissipation, and nonlinear thermal radiation. The percentage increases in drag force for ternary hybrid nanofluid are 13.2 and 8.44 when the Modified Hartmann number takes input in the range 0.1 ≤ Mh ≤ 0.3 and wedge angle parameters 0.1 ≤ m ≤ 0.3 . For fuzzy analysis, dimensionless ODEs transformed into fuzzy differential equations and employed symmetrical triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs). The TFN makes a triangular membership function (M.F.) that describes the fuzziness and comparison. This study compared nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids, and ternary nanofluids through triangular M.F. The boundary layer flow caused by a wedge surface plays a crucial role in heat exchanger systems and geothermal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compression stockings/socks are one of the most essential materials to treat vascular disorders in veins. However, the comfort of wearing such stockings over prolonged period of time is a major problem. There is limited research in the area of comfort optimization while retaining the compressional performance. The current work is carried out with an aim to determine the optimum level of the input factors e.g., knitting structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density for achieving desired stretch recovery percentage and thermo-physiological comfort properties of compression socks used in treatment of vascular disorders. Their optimum combination was determined by using Taguchi based techniques for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution i.e., TOPIS. In this study, thickness, areal density, air permeability, thermal resistance, over all moisture management capacity (OMMC), stretch and recovery % were optimized simultaneously by using Taguchi-TOPSIS method. The results showed that linear density of plaiting and main yarn has significant influence on all the comfort related properties for compression stockings/socks. The optimum sample had linear density 20 denier for Lycra covered by 70 denier of nylon 66 in the plaiting yarn. It also suggested 120 denier nylon 66 in the main yarn knitted into a plain single jersey structure. The percentage contribution of the factors i.e., structure, plaiting yarn linear density and main yarn linear density was obtained by using ANOVA which are 7%, 31% and 42% respectively. It is worth mentioning that in case of compression stockings, the main yarn linear density has more significant effect on comfort properties as compared to other independent parameters. The results were verified by experiment, and the accuracy was relatively high (maximum error 8.533%). This study helped to select suitable knit structure with the change of linear densities of plaiting yarn and main yarn for comfortable compression stocking/sock and will fulfill the potential requirement for treatment of venous/vascular disorders. The novel methodology involving TOPSIS method helped in analyzing the cumulative contribution of the input parameters to achieve optimum compression as well as comfort performance. This modern approach is based on contemporary scientific principles and statistical approximations. This study may provide benchmark solutions to complex problems involving multiple interdependent criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The significance of fuzzy volume percentage on the unsteady flow of MHD tangent hyperbolic fuzzy hybrid nanofluid towards an exponentially stretched surface is scrutinized. The heat transport mechanism is classified by Joule heating, nonlinear thermal radiation, boundary slippage, and convective circumstances. Ethylene glycol (EG) as a host fluid along with the nanomaterial's Cu and Al 2 O 3 are used for heat transfer analysis is also considered in this investigation. The nonlinear governing PDEs are meant to be converted into ODEs employing appropriate renovations. Then, a built-in MATLAB program bvp4c is employed to acquire the outcome of the given problem. The variation of flow rate, thermal heat, drag force and Nusselt number and their influence on fluid flow with heat transfer have been scrutinized through graphs. An increase in thermal radiation, power law index and nanoparticle volume friction heightens the heat transmission rate. Skin friction is diminished by swelling the power-law index, Weissenberg number, and ratio parameters, whereas it is increased by enhancing the magnetic parameter. The heat transfer rate upsurges with an increase in Weissenberg number and nanoparticle volume fraction. Also, the nanoparticle volume percentage is expressed as a triangular fuzzy number (TFN). The triangular membership function (MF) and TFN are regulated by the χ - cut parameter, which has a range of 0 to 1. In comparison to nanofluids, hybrid nanofluids have a higher heat transmission rate, according to the fuzzy analysis. This investigation has applications in the areas of paper manufacturing, metal sheet cooling and crystal growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotechnology is an emerging field with a multitude of applications in medicine, agriculture, and engineering. To date, several methods are used for the synthesis of metallic nanoparticles including chemical, physical, and green methods. The later method is preferred for the synthesis of NPs due to its safe nature, efficiency, and minimal toxicity. Recently, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have been attracting attention due to their excellent biocompatibility and diverse medical applications. A diverse group of microorganisms or their metabolites (bacteria, fungi, and yeast) have been utilized to synthesize AuNPs from their respective bulk salts. This review focuses on the resources exploited for biosynthesis of AuNPs, the current understanding about their synthesis, and the emerging trends, along with their mechanistic antimicrobial and anticancer applications. This review also highlights the current challenges and future potential applications of AuNPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Counting Polynomial is the mathematical function that was initially introduced for application in chemistry in 1936 by G. Polya. Partitioning of graphs can be seen in the coefficients of these mathematical functions, which also reveal the frequency with which these partitions happen. We developed a novel and efficient method for constructing the necessary counting polynomials for a zigzag-edge coronoid formed by the fusion of a Starphene graph and a Kekulenes graph. The study's methods expand our knowledge, and its findings potentially provide insight on the topology of these chemical structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, Mohand homotopy transform scheme is introduced to obtain the numerical solution of fractional Kundu–Eckhaus and coupled fractional Massive Thirring equations. The massive Thirring model consists of a system of two nonlinear complex differential equations, and it plays a dynamic role in quantum field theory. We combine Mohand transform with homotopy perturbation scheme and show the results in the form of easy convergence. The accuracy of the scheme is considerably increased by deriving numerical results in the form of a quick converge series. Some graphical plot distributions are presented to show that the present approach is very simple and straightforward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change is a severe threat for productivity of sugarcane crop. Crop models have potential to quantify the climate change impacts, and management practices effects on development and productivity of sugarcane crop. These models provide simulations as a result of interaction between genotype, management, and environment. The current study was conducted with the objectives to (1) calibration, evaluation and application of CSM-CANEGRO-Sugarcane model (2) climate change assessment and make adaptation strategies for industrial (spring and autumn crops) and non-industrial (summer crop) sugarcane. Two field experiments regarding industrial sugarcane were carried out at Multan during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015 and two field experiments regarding ponda chewing sugarcane (non-industrial, thick, soft and juicier sugarcane) at Vehari during 2017 and 2018. Calibration and evaluation of CSM-CANEGRO-Sugarcane model showed that all model statistical parameters were obtained under acceptable range. Model sensitivity was also evaluated against Carbon, Temperature and Water analysis for both sites. Results revealed that average temperature is increased almost 0.94 °C during baseline weather data (1980–2018), while according to different climate projections by Global Climate Models (GCMs), average temperature 3–5 °C can be increase during mid-century. So, without adaptation strategies, fresh cane yield will be decreased ranging from 15.31 to 22.57% at different GCMs during mid-century (2039–2069). Adaptation strategies; like 18–25 days earlier planting, increasing 15% N application quantity and increasing frequency of irrigation and growing heat tolerant and more growing degree days requiring varieties can compensate the negative impact of climate change in future scenario. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sierpiński graphs are frequently related to fractals, and fractals apply in several fields of science, i.e., in chemical graph theory, computer networking, biology, and physical sciences. Functions and polynomials are powerful tools in computer mathematics for predicting the features of networks. Topological descriptors, frequently graph constraints, are absolute values that characterize the topology of a computer network. In this essay, Firstly, we compute the M-polynomials for Sierpiński-type fractals. We derive some degree-dependent topological invariants after applying algebraic operations on these M-polynomials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unsteady energy and mass transport of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) second grade nanofluid via an exponentially extending surface with Dufour and Soret effects are investigated in this study. Variable thermal conductivity and mixed convection effects are used to investigate the heat transfer mechanism. There are also new characteristics such as slip flow, viscous dissipation, Brownian motion, nonlinear thermal radiation, and thermophoresis. In the problem formulation, the boundary-layer approximation is used. Using the suitable transformations, the energy, momentum, and concentration equations are generated into non-linear ordinary differential equations (ODEs). The solution to the resultant problems was calculated via the Homotopy analysis method (HAM). The effects of environmental parameters on velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are graphically depicted. When comparing the current results to the previous literature, there was also a satisfactory level of agreement. In comparison to a flow based on constant characteristics, the flow with variable thermal conductivity is shown to be significantly different and realistic. The temperature of the fluid grew in direct proportion to the thermophoresis motion, buoyancy ratio, and Brownian motion parameters. According to the findings, the slippery porous surface may be employed efficiently in chemical and mechanical sectors that deal with a variety of very viscous flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In an uncertain atmosphere, the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) flow in three principal flows of the third grade fluid across two parallel plates is presented. Fuzzy differential equations are constructed by manipulating dimensionless differential equations. The prime purpose of the current article is to use a semi-analytical approach fuzzy-based Adomian decomposition method to achieve numerical results for nonlinear FDEs with fuzzy boundary conditions. Triangular fuzzy numbers are used in fuzzy BCs with help of α -cut approach. This strategy is linked to the membership function. In a graphic and tabular depiction, the effect of α and other constraints on fuzzy velocity profiles is explored. The current findings are in good agreement with their previous numerical and analytical results in a crisp environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the heat transfer features and stagnation point flow of Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) hybrid second-grade nanofluid through a convectively heated permeable shrinking/stretching sheet is reported. The purpose of the present investigation is to consider hybrid nanofluids comprising of Alumina Al 2 O 3 and Copper Cu nanoparticles within the Sodium Alginate (SA) as a host fluid for boosting the heat transfer rate. Also, the effects of free convection, viscous dissipation, heat source/sink, and nonlinear thermal radiation are considered. The converted nonlinear coupled fuzzy differential equations (FDEs) with the help of triangular fuzzy numbers (TFNs) are solved using the numerical scheme bvp4c. The numerical results are acquired for various engineering parameters to study the Nusselt number, skin friction coefficient, velocity, and temperature distribution through figures and tables. For the validation, the current numerical results were found to be good as compared to existing results in limiting cases. It is also inspected by this work that with the enhancement of the volume fraction of nanoparticles, the heat transfer rate also increases. So, it may be taken as a fuzzy parameter for a better understanding of fuzzy variables. For the comparison, the volume fraction of nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid are said to be TFN [0, 0.1, 0.2]. In the end, we can see that fuzzy triangular membership functions (MFs) have not only helped to overcome the computational cost but also given better accuracy than the existent results. Finding from fuzzy MFs, the performance of hybrid nanofluids is better than nanofluids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In many countries with wastewater irrigation and intensive use of fertilizers (minerals and organics), heavy metal deposition by crops is regarded as a major environmental concern. A study was conducted to determine the impact of mineral fertilizers, cow manure, poultry manure, leaf litter, and sugarcane bagasse on soil's trace Pb content and edible parts of vegetables. It also evaluated the risk of lead (Pb) contamination in water, soil, and food crops. Six vegetables (Daucus carota, Brassica oleracea, Pisum sativum, Solanum tuberosum, Raphanus sativus, and Spinacia oleracea) were grown in the field under twelve treatments with different nutrient and water inputs. The lead concentrations in soil, vegetables for all treatments and water samples ranged from 1.038–10.478, 0.09346–9.0639 mg/kg and 0.036–0.26448 mg/L, The concentration of lead in soil treated with wastewater in treatment (T6) and vegetable samples was significantly higher, exceeding the WHO's permitted limit. Mineral and organic fertilizers combined with wastewater treatment reduced lead (Pb) concentrations in vegetables compared to wastewater application without organic fertilizers. Health risk indexes for all treatments except wastewater treatment (T6) were less than one. Pb concentrations in mineral fertilizers, cow manure, poultry manure, leaf litter, and sugarcane bagasse treated were determined to pose no possible risk to consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon-based materials are mostly used in supercapacitor due to control porosity, higher surface area, and easy processing for electrode production. However, it is still challenging to fabricate carbon/metal oxide-based nanocomposite electrodes with various structures and configurations for supercapacitors, particularly for miniaturized electronics. Here, in the present study, CeO2–Nd2O3/rGO ternary nanocomposite was synthesized by facial co-precipitation route, which evident enhanced capacitive performance than CeO2–Nd2O3 binary composite, bare CeO2, and Nd2O3. The rGO was homogeneously anchored on the surface of CeO2–Nd2O3 nanoparticles, forming a semi-spherical morphology. The electrochemical performance of all electrodes was investigated by different measurements. The ternary composite have a higher specific capacitance of 1265 F g−1 at 3 A g−1 current density and maintained 99% retention after 2000th cycles, showing excellent cycling performance and rate capability compared to other grown products. The excellent electrochemical pseudocapacitive performance of the ternary composite-based electrode could be ascribed due to rGO and its interfacial contact with CeO2–Nd2O3. The improved electrode conductivity generates plentiful active sites for charging and discharging and provides an easy path for the fast transportation of ions. These results open an innovative pathway for fabricating rGO and metal oxide-based composite in developing electrochemical energy storage devices for commercial production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The family of halide perovskite materials is extremely large and has gained huge attention because of their low manufacturing cost and extraordinary structural, optical, electrical, and optoelectronic properties. These materials also deliver a pattern for designing new materials for energy conversion and energy storage applications. Here, we synthesized potassium cadmium chloride KCdCl3-based halide perovskite nanocomposites with rGO and fullerene-C60 by facile solvothermal method and studied their physical and electrochemical properties. The orthorhombic phase of KCdCl3 was confirmed from XRD spectra, and the existence of constituent elements (K, Cd, Cl, and C) was confirmed from EDX analysis. SEM images evident the successful anchoring of KCdCl3 particles over rGO and C60. BET results revealed the high surface area, pore radius, and pore volume of the KCdCl3/C60 electrodes. Furthermore, the electrochemical measurements demonstrated that KCdCl3/C60-based electrodes have a higher specific capacitance of 1135 F/g at 5 mV/s and cyclic stability (97.6% retention over 3000th cycles) than other grown electrodes. Also, GCD measurement results revealed that KCdCl3/C60 electrode has a high specific capacitance of 1420 F/g, an energy density of 2052 Wh/kg, and a power density of 4.19 W/kg at 1.0 A/g than other electrodes. Finally, intensive discussion proposed that halide perovskite nanocomposite electrodes can be used efficiently as supercapacitors electrode materials for future development in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work, pristine anatase titanium oxide (TiO2), vanadium oxide (V2O5), and yttrium oxide (Y2O3) nanopowders (NPs), and tri-phase TiO2–Y2O3–V2O5 nanocomposite (NC) were prepared via a simple co-precipitation method. The grown products were characterized by employing a range of techniques, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) analysis. The XRD diffraction pattern confirmed the formation of NC having TiO2 tetragonal, Y2O3 cubic, and V2O5 orthorhombic phases. FTIR spectra evident the presence of metal–oxygen bond in NPs and NC. The energy bandgap (2.55 eV) of NC is found in the range of visible region specified its use as an efficient photocatalyst under sunlight illumination. EDX analysis confirmed the existence of Ti, Y, and V in the nanocomposite. The antibacterial studies against Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia, and Proteus vulgaris bacteria by varying concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40 mg ml−1) showed that the NC has higher antibacterial activity than individual oxides. The photocatalytic activity exhibited that NC has the highest degradation efficiency 99.29%, 90.69%, and 99.83% against methylene blue (MB), safranin-O (SO), and methyl orange (MO) dyes as compared to pristine TiO2, V2O5, and Y2O3 NPs under 80 min direct sunlight irradiation. Furthermore, the grown NC is a good candidate for treating organic pollutants and bacteria inactivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is mentioned that understanding linear and non-linear thermo-elasticity systems is important for understanding temperature, elasticity, stresses, and thermal conductivity. One of the most crucial aspects of the current research is the solution to these systems. The fractional form of several thermo-elastic systems is explored, and elegant solutions are provided. The solutions of fractional and integer thermo-elastic systems are further discussed using tables and diagrams. The closed contact between the LRPSM and exact solutions is displayed in the graphs. Plotting fractional problem solutions demonstrates their convergence towards integer-order problem solutions for suitable modeling. The tables confirm that greater precision is rapidly attained as the terms of the derived series solution increase. The faster convergence and stability of the suggested method support its modification for other fractional non-linear complex systems in nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, we study traveling wave solutions to the fractional extended nonlinear SchrÖdinger equation (NLSE), and the effects of the third-order dispersion parameter. This equation is used to simulate the propagation of femtosecond, plasma physic and in nonlinear optical fiber. To accomplish this goal, we use the extended simple equation approach and the improved F-expansion method to secure a variety of distinct solutions in the form of dark, singular, periodic, rational, and exponential waves. Also, the stability of the outcomes is effectively examined. Several graphs have been sketched under appropriate parametric values to reinforce some reported findings. Computational work along with a graphical demonstration confirms the exactness of the proposed methods. The issue has not previously been investigated by taking into account the impact of the third order dispersion parameter. The main objective of this study is to obtain the different kinds of traveling wave solutions of fractional extended NLSE which are absent in the literature which justify the novelty of this study. We believe that these novel solutions hold a prominent place in the fields of nonlinear sciences and optical engineering because these solutions will enables a through understanding of the development and dynamic nature of such models. The obtained results indicate the reliability, efficiency, and capability of the implemented technique to determine wide-spectral stable traveling wave solutions to nonlinear equations emerging in various branches of scientific, technological, and engineering domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The major goal of this study was to fabricate ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) via chemical and biological routes to evaluate and compare their physiochemical behavior (size and morphology) and biological potentials. The synthesized NPs were confirmed via various spectroscopy and imagining techniques such as XRD, FT-IR, HPLC and SEM. The characterized NPs were then assessed for various in vitro biological applications. Furthermore, apoptotic potential was investigated using HepG2 cell lines by evaluating various signature markers of apoptosis including mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen/nitrogen (ROS/RNS) production, peroxidases and pro-apoptotic caspase 3 activation. Crystalline, hexagonal structured NPs with an average crystalline size distribution of 32 nm and 23 nm was obtained. Both green-mediated zinc oxide nanoparticles (G-ZnO NPs) and chemically derived NPs (C-ZnO NPs) exhibited high antioxidant, moderate enzyme inhibition, antibacterial and cytotoxicity potential. However, G-ZnO NPs exhibited excellent DPPH (80.1% ± 1.3%), TPC (97 ± 1.22 µgAAE/mg), TRP (94.5 ± 1.48 µgAAE/mg), lipase inhibition (82%), urease inhibition (81.3%), and α-amylase inhibition (18.9%) activity as compared to C-ZnO NPs. Both G-ZnO NPs and C-ZnO NPs showed good antimicrobial potential, however, effect of G-ZnO NPs was more potent than counter C-ZnO NPs. Results from apoptotic assays revealed that G-ZnO NPs showed excellent apoptotic potential in contrast to C-ZnO NPs. Overall results suggested that green route-mediated ZnO NPs exhibits excellent biological potential and could be used for future biomedical applications especially in antimicrobial and cancer therapeutics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first ever study on Boerhavia diffusa linn-mediated biosynthesis of ZnO nanoparticles and evaluation of their biological activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanostructured TiO2 has been extensively used for environmental and energy storage applications because of its high chemical stability, economical, non-toxic, and significant charge density. However, the poor electrical conductivity of TiO2 restricts its widespread practical application for high-performance supercapacitors. Hereby, in the present work, we investigated the influence of rare-earth/transition metal ions dual doping on electrochemical performance of TiO2 by synthesizing Ti0.90La0.05M0.05O2 (M = Y, Nd, V) nanostructures via facile sol–gel method. The effect of dual doping on the prepared TiO2-based nanostructures was studied for structural, electrical, and morphological characteristics by using XRD, FTIR, IV, and FESEM measurements. The XRD and FTIR results confirmed the successful dual doping with tetragonal phase formation of TiO2, and FESEM images revealed the formation of interconnected nanosphere type morphology by La/V doping. The CV, GCD, LSV, and EIS were performed to assess the electrochemical behavior of grown TiO2-based nanostructures for supercapacitor application. The electrochemical results exhibited the Faradic charge storage mechanism in all the fabricated nanostructures with pseudocapacitive nature. The CV results showed the highest specific capacitance (1070 F/g) for TiLaVO2 nanostructure than other grown samples. TiLaVO2 electrode also exhibited superior specific capacitance (803 F/g), energy density (28 Wh/kg), and power density (0.3 KW/kg), at a current density of 1 A/g in 1 M KOH electrolyte with better cycling stability 93% retention after 1000th cycle. The superior performance of TiLaVO2 electrodes was attributed to the formation of nanospheres that offer more electroactive sites for ion/electron transportation, higher electrical conductivity (IV results), higher current density (LSV results), and lower resistance and fast charge transfer (EIS results). The dual doping of different ions provoked size tunability, electrical conductivity improvement, and superior electrochemical characteristics of TiO2. Moreover, the facile strategy (dual doping) discussed in the present findings would provide insights for enhancing the electrochemical properties of TiO2 for use as supercapacitor electrode material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information regarding the germination and seedling growth behavior of a potential weed species is an important tool to manage weeds without the use of agricultural chemicals that cause harmful effects on human health and the environment. A series of experiments were directed to investigate the influence of different environmental factors (temperature, pH, NaCl, moisture stress, and seed burial depth) on germination and seedling emergence of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) under controlled conditions. Results suggested that 25 °C is the optimum temperature for maximum germination (95%) and seedling growth of perennial ryegrass, however, a quick decline was observed at 35 °C. Seed germination was unaffected by pH levels ranging from 5 to 10. The 92% seed germination was recorded where no salt stress was applied and germination was reduced by 87% at 250 mMNaCl concentration. Seed germination was unaffected by osmotic potential ranges from 0 to − 0.4 MPa thereafter declined and completely inhibited at − 0.8 or − 1.0 MPa. No seed emerged at the soil surface or a soil depth of 6 or 7 cm and 90% emergence occurred at 1 cmsoil depth. The germination and seedlings parameters like time to initial germination, mean germination time, time taken to 50% germination and germination index, root and shoot length, and fresh and dry weight of root and shoot are significantly affected with the environmental factors. The information obtained in this study will be helpful to develop better management strategies for germination and the emergence of perennial ryegrass in areas where it has the ability to rapidly colonize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comprehensive understanding of the quality of life (QoL) is essential to establish long-term survivor care plans. The present study was aimed at the assessment of QoL of BC survivors with special emphasis on post-treatment physical, emotional, social, and spiritual challenges. We have assessed the QoL of 250 female BC survivors of all age groups through demographic factors. Volunteer BC survivors were registered in the present study who had got treatment from the Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Oncology (INMOL) hospital and Mayo hospital Lahore. An informed consent form was signed by each participant. The physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being was evaluated by a questionnaire filled with the help of respondents. The average age of BC survivors was 52 ± 7.8 years. Most of them (83%) complained of fatigue during daily life activities, 75.1% body pain or headache, 77.1% had problems with appetite, 63.2% reported weight loss, 77.1% had sleep problems, and 90.5% were feeling general weakness. Only 16.2% were satisfied with their physical health and 2% were not satisfied with their medication. Psychologically, 74.4% were feeling different levels of anxiety, only 10% of them were hoping to achieve a desired life. Age group 21 to 40 years reported better physical health, those with 40–50 years of age and family history of BC have shown better mental strength. The physical and psychological health of survivors from rural areas was comparatively better than those from urban areas. The BC survivor women have to face several physical, psychological and social challenges. The majorities of them complain of anxiety, body pain, fatigue, sleep problems, general weakness, and fear about the future. Our findings suggest the need for psychological support, physical activity a comprehensive post-diagnosis and post-treatment physical and mental health assistance plan for all BC survivors. Implications for Cancer Survivors. Survivors of breast cancer experience various challenges including anxiety, sleep problems, body pain, fatigue, and fear about the future. The psychological, physical and social factors make a great difference in their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

White chanterelles (Basidiomycota), lacking the orange pigments and apricot-like odour of typical chanterelles, were found recently in the Canadian provinces of Québec (QC) and Newfoundland & Labrador (NL). Our phylogenetic analyses confirmed the identification of all white chanterelles from NL and QC as Cantharellus enelensis; we name these forma acolodorus. We characterized carotenoid pigments, lipids, phenolics, and volatile compounds in these and related chanterelles. White mutants of C. enelensis lacked detectable β-carotene, confirmed to be the primary pigment of wild-type, golden-orange individuals, and could also be distinguished by their profiles of fatty acids and phenolic acids, and by the ketone and terpene composition of their volatiles. We detected single base substitutions in the phytoene desaturase (Al-1) and phytoene synthase (Al-2) genes of the white mutant, which are predicted to result in altered amino acids in their gene products and may be responsible for the loss of β-carotene synthesis in that form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]