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Friction stir welded (FSWed) AZ31 Mg alloy joints were prepared at two different rotation speeds, namely, 150 rpm and 500 rpm, and are referred to as FSW-150 and FSW-500, respectively. The microstructure of the FSW joints was characterized and the local strain evolution in the tensile tests was monitored by a high-resolution digital image correlation method. The results show that the stir zone (SZ) of both FSW joints showed an equiaxed grain structure and the thermal-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) had a gradually varied texture in FSW-150, compared with the relatively stable texture in FSW-500. A basin-shaped SZ was formed in FSW-150, while a cylindrical-shaped SZ was formed in FSW-500. Due to the different shape of SZ, the strain was gradually increased in TMAZ through the thickness of the FSW-500 specimen in tensile tests. However, the FSW-150 specimen showed an inhomogeneous strain distribution through the thickness, which resulted in the shear tensile stress to be localized at the TMAZ/SZ boundary and early fracture of the tensile specimen. Finally, the FSW-500 specimen showed an improved tensile strength and elongation of 250 MPa and 17%, compared with the 210 MPa and 6% for the FSW-150 counterpart. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sauerkraut is a traditionally fermented cabbage, with a unique taste and beneficial properties, in northeast China. The taste and flavor of sauerkraut vary from region to region, owing to the differences in microorganisms. Illumina MiSeq sequencing was used to identify and quantify the microbial community composition of the broth and leaves of the naturally fermented Suan-cai collected from northeast China. The alpha and beta diversity of the samples from three areas in Heilongjiang province shown that the complexity of bacterial diversity of the three samples was C, A and B in turn. The Lactobacillus widely existed in fermented sauerkraut, of these, Latilactobacillus sakei, Loigolactobacillus coryniformis subsp. torquens, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum subsp. plantarum, and Secundilactobacillus malefermentans were more abundant in the sauerkraut leaves than in fermentation broth. Other genera of lactic acid bacteria Pediococcus and Leuconostoc, which have potential probiotic properties, were also present. However, some harmful bacteria such as Arcobacter and Acinetobacter were also detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a series of high purity Mg coating on Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd alloys were successfully prepared by friction stir processing technique at different tool travelling speeds. For all the samples, the high purity Mg coating were strongly bonded with the Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd alloy substrate, and no intermetallic compounds were found at the interface. Along the interface, a mixed structure consisting of coarse pure Mg and fine Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd grain structure were formed due to the upward flowing of the materials from the substrate. The corrosion current density of the high purity Mg coated Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution reached 4.8063 × 10−6 A/cm2, which was much lower than that of the friction stir processed Mg-2Zn-0.46Y-0.5Nd alloy without coating (2.0139 × 10−5 A/cm2). In the high purity Mg coating, galvanic corrosion was not easy to form, which greatly improved the corrosion resistance of the substrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunotherapy has emerged as an effective therapeutic strategy for various cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), but only a subset of MSI-H patients can benefit from such therapy. Patched1 (PTCH1) is a frequently altered gene in CRCs and its mutations contribute to unregulated Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. In the study, we evaluated the association of PTCH1 mutations with CRC immunity based on our single-center cohort and multiple cancer genomic datasets. Among 21 enrolled patients, six (28.6%) harbored a PTCH1 mutation based on WES analyses. In CRC patients, the PTCH1 mutation subgroup experienced a higher durable clinical benefit rate than the PTCH1 wild-type subgroup (100% vs. 40%, P = 0.017). In addition, patients with the PTCH1 mutation experienced greater progression-free survival (PFS, P = 0.037; HR, 0.208) and overall survival (OS, P = 0.045; HR, 0.185). A validation cohort from the MSKCC also confirmed the correlation between PTCH1 mutation and better prognosis (P = 0.022; HR, 0.290). Mechanically, diverse antitumor immune signatures were more highly enriched in PTCH1-mutated tumors than in PTCH1 wild-type tumors. Furthermore, PTCH1-mutated tumors had higher proportions of CD8 + T cells, activated NK cells, and M1 type macrophage infiltration, as well as elevated gene signatures of several steps in the cancer-immunity cycle. Notably, the PTCH1 mutation was correlated with tumor mutational burden (TMB), loss of heterozygosity score, and copy number variation burden. Our results show that the mutation of PTCH1 is a potential biomarker for predicting the response of CRC patients to immunotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) of the programmed cell death 1/programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-1/PD-L1) immune checkpoint pathway has led to unprecedented advances in cancer therapy. However, the overall response rate of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy is still unpromising, underscoring the need for predictive biomarkers. In this retrospective study, we collected pretreatment plasma samples from two independent cohorts of patients receiving ICB. To determine whether a signature of plasma cytokines could be associated with therapeutic efficacy, we systemically profiled cytokine clusters and functional groups in the discovery and validation datasets by using 59 multiplexed bead immunoassays and bioinformatics analysis. We first attempted to functionally classify the 59 immunological factors according to their biological classification or functional roles in the cancer-immunity cycle. Surprisingly, we observed that two signatures, the "checkpoint signature" and "trafficking of T-cell signature", were higher in the response subgroup than in the nonresponse subgroup in both the discovery and validation cohorts. Moreover, enrichment of the "checkpoint signature" was correlated with improved overall survival and progression-free survival in both datasets. In addition, we demonstrated that increased baseline levels of three checkpoint molecules (PD-L1, T-cell immunoglobulin mucin receptor 3 and T-cell-specific surface glycoprotein CD28) were common peripheral responsive correlates in both cohorts, thus rendering this "refined checkpoint signature" an ideal candidate for future verification. In the peripheral blood system, the "refined checkpoint signature" may function as a potential biomarker for anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy in gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]