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Calcareous interbeds control the migration of oil and water in marine strata. However, in China, the origins of such calcareous interbeds have not been investigated in detail. In this paper, we present a study of calcareous interbeds in marine strata of the Zhujiang Formation in the Wenchang Oil Field, which is located in the southeast of Hainan Province, China. The lithological characteristics, types and features of diagenesis, and formation of the calcareous interbeds were investigated using core, thin-section, scanning electron microscopy, and cathodoluminescence observations, and stable carbon and oxygen isotope data. The calcareous interbeds consist of mixed sediments, which are dominated by bioclastic limestones containing terrigenous clasts, along with subordinate calcareous sandstone. The interbeds are densely cemented. The bioclasts are dominantly brachiopods, pleopods, and foraminifera, with minor amounts of echinodermata, bivalves, red algae, ostracods, and bryozoa. Diagenesis involved calcitic cementation, associated with relatively weak compaction. Carbon and oxygen isotopic data indicate the pore water that formed the carbonate cement was mostly sourced from seawater and minor amounts of meteoric water. The degree of carbonate cementation was significantly related to the bioclast content. On the basis of our study, a genetic model for the macroscopic and microscopic formation of calcareous interbeds is proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evaluating the effects of China's carbon emission trading scheme (ETS) is crucial for the coordinated development of Chinese cities. Therefore, based on the panel data of 242 cities in China from 2008 to 2019, this paper uses the multi-period difference-in-difference (DID) model to comprehensively evaluate the impact of carbon market on the coordinated development of cities from the perspectives of carbon market policy and carbon market efficiency, and then analyzes the mechanism and heterogeneity of the effect of carbon market efficiency. The results show that both carbon market policy and carbon market efficiency can promote the coordinated development of cities. Science and education expenditure plays a significant intermediary role in the impact of carbon market efficiency on the coordinated development of cities. The heterogeneity test finds that the stricter the performance penalty system, the higher the level of urban coordinated development, and the stronger the effect of carbon market efficiency. The findings of this paper provide policy recommendations for further improving the construction of China's pilot and national ETS and enhancing the coordinated development of Chinese cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The China government focuses on changes in carbon emission efficiency with establishing carbon emission trade exchange (CETE). It is meaningful to study whether the pilot CETEs can facilitate the betterment of carbon emission efficiency. Using the data of 283 cities in China within 2006–2019, this article gauges the carbon emission efficiency with the SBM-DEA model. This paper analyzes the impact of China's pilot CETEs, which was gradually launched from 2013 to 2014, on carbon emission efficiency through the time-varying difference-in-difference (DID) model. Finally, the mediating effect model is further used to analyze the impact mechanism of the pilot CETEs on carbon emission efficiency from the perspectives of innovation investment and pollution control investment. The results reveal that the carbon emission efficiency of each city from 2006 to 2019 is not very ideal. All cities have some room to facilitate the carbon emission efficiency. The pilot CETEs have increased the carbon emission efficiency and reduced carbon dioxide emission. The policy influences the carbon emission efficiency through innovation investment and pollution control investment, which represent long-run and short-run mechanism respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy efficiency (EE) plays an important role in achieving the dual-carbon goal, and improving EE is thus indispensable. This paper evaluates the impact of carbon emission trading policy (CETP) on EE based on a difference-in-difference (DID) method, using 16-year data of 30 provinces and cities from 2005 to 2020. Conclusions are as follows: (1) CETP significantly promotes EE, and this conclusion still appears valid after robustness tests. (2) The positive impact of CETP on EE is more effective in regions of high foreign direct investment (FDI) and high government intervention (GOVI). (3) The positive impact of CETP on EE is through impact mechanisms of energy structure adjustment (ESA), green innovation (GI), and industrial structure upgrading (ISU). The findings in this paper may enrich current research in CETP and offer more pragmatic suggestions for policy advancement as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial land is currently the main carrier and important source of global carbon emissions, and as the world's largest developing country, China's large-scale and diversified industrial land supply has made it the world's largest carbon emitter. Therefore, researching the impact of different supply methods of industrial land on carbon emissions and its impact paths in China can help provide a reference for other countries to reduce carbon emissions from the perspective of urban industrial land management, which is of great significance for effectively promoting global carbon reduction. Based on this, this paper analyses the impact of different supply methods of industrial land on carbon emissions and its urban heterogeneity using the SYS-GMM and chain-mediated effects models for 285 cities in China from 2008 to 2020. The study found that, in general, the impact of different industrial land transfer modes on carbon emission has hysteresis and persistence. Agreement and listing transfer with government intervention can significantly exacerbate carbon emissions, while more market-based bidding and auction transfer can dampen carbon emissions. In terms of intermediary effects, the transfer of industrial land by agreement and listing will inhibit the rationalization and advancement of industrial structure, thus aggravating carbon emissions. The transfer of industrial land by bidding and auction will create barriers to entry and a crowding-out effect, promote the rationalization of industrial structure and the transformation and upgrading of industrial structure and moderate carbon emissions. In terms of city heterogeneity, there is urban heterogeneity in the impact of industrial land transfer on carbon emissions in cities with different economic types. Bidding and auction transfer for industrial land in both economically developed and less developed cities can promote carbon pollution. While the more developed urban economy makes the intermediary effect of industrial structure not significant. In the future, it is necessary to strictly control the scale of industrial land supply; the whole process supervision mechanism of industrial land allocation and differentiated industrial land supply strategies will provide useful experience for many developing countries in allocating industrial land to mitigate carbon emissions, generating effective contributions to global carbon emission reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the theory of new economic geography, this paper used panel data from 284 cities in China from 2006 to 2019 to determine the effects of spatial spillover and heterogeneity of manufacturing agglomeration (MA) on urban total factor carbon productivity (TFCP) and the regulatory effect of fiscal decentralization on the outcome. The results showed that (1) MA shifted from the eastern region of China to the central and western regions, with the center of gravity moving towards the south. The spatial pattern of urban TFCP displayed the solidifying characteristics of "low-level agglomeration and high-level dispersion," with technological progress being the primary driver. (2) The MA had a significant U-shaped effect on the TFCP of local and nearby cities, promoting the improvement of urban TFCP through Jacobs' and Porter's externalities but not MAR externalities. (3) Regarding regional differences, MA had a significant U-shaped impact on urban TFCP in the eastern and central regions. At different levels of manufacturing development, there was an inverted U-shaped relationship in both manufacturing and non-manufacturing metropolitan areas. For varying degrees of manufacturing industry agglomeration, increasing the level of MA improved urban TFCP in low agglomeration areas, but inhibited it in high agglomeration areas. (4) The implementation of fiscal decentralization nationwide and in the eastern and central regions significantly weakened the impact of MA on TFCP. Furthermore, fiscal decentralization significantly enhanced the influence of MA on TFCP in cities exhibiting high levels of economic development, advanced industrial structure and strict environmental regulations. Therefore, based on the unique developmental characteristics of the manufacturing industry in various cities, fiscal policies ought to be tailored to local circumstances to support key areas. This strategy should facilitate the high-quality development of manufacturing industry and low-carbon development of cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the digital economy is an effective way to mitigate the carbon emission problem in the broader setting of the significant data era and green development. Based on the panel data of 271 cities in China from 2011 to 2019, this paper constructs a bidirectional fixed model to analyze the nonlinear effect of the digital economy (DE) on carbon intensity (CI) and the moderating role of low-carbon regulation from theoretical and empirical perspectives. The results show that (1) DE has an enormous inverted U-shaped impact on CI. The findings remain after introducing instrumental variables to mitigate endogeneity and robustness tests. (2) Low-carbon regulation (CP) can strengthen the inverted U-shaped impact between the two and shift the inflection point to the left. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that the inverted U-shaped effect of DE on CI is more significant in the central and western regions, high human capital (HC) regions, and high urbanization regions. (4) The mediating effect of energy mix (EM) and green technology innovation (GTI) still hold after introducing instrumental variables to alleviate the endogenous effect of the intermediary effect. This study suggests that the adoption of carbon emission reduction strategies, which will more effectively lower carbon intensity CI, should go hand in hand with the development of DE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Promoting green low-carbon development is an important task in the construction of ecological civilization of China. The leadership has proclaimed green low-carbon development as the top national priority for development. Green low-carbon economy has become the high point of global industrial competition. Green taxation, as a tool for environmental regulation, plays an important role in the construction of ecological civilization. Therefore, this paper investigates the impact of green taxation on green low-carbon development in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region of China, using data of 41 cities from 2011 to 2021 in the YRD region. We construct a green low-carbon development index with the combined weight CRITIC-entropy method, and employ a mediating effect model and a spatial Durbin model based on double fixed effects in this study, which intends to provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of a sound tax policy system that is conducive to the green low-carbon development. The results show that (1) there is an evident spatial dependence of green low-carbon development in the YRD region; (2) green taxation has a significant positive effect on green low-carbon development through rationalization of industrial structure and advance of industrial structure; and (3) the positive impact of green taxation on green low-carbon development in the region is characterized by spatial spillover and heterogeneity. Specifically, green taxation significantly promotes green low-carbon development in the core area, but such green taxation dividend has yet to be realized in the expansion area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advancement of electricity market reform highlights the need for China's photovoltaic (PV) industry to enter the stage of market competition. Under the carbon neutrality, what impacts electricity market reform has on China's PV industry is an important issue that needs to be considered. This paper analyzes the driving mechanism of the marketed on-grid price and constructs a system framework for the internal connection within the PV industry under the background of carbon neutrality. Then, two system dynamics (SD) models are built to perform the numerical simulation and analyze the evolution process. The results indicate that during the market competition stage, (i) the on-grid price will be stable at about 0.07 yuan/kWh by 2060; (ii) China's PV industry will go through three stages in the future: the first stage is the "rush to install" period for carbon peaking before 2030, followed by the "sluggish installation" period from 2030 to 2038. The third stage is the outbreak period of "PV + multi-scenarios."; (iii) under three scenarios by 2060, the proportion of PV power generation will account for 46%, 39%, and 32%, respectively, which are higher than those under the benchmark on-grid price; (iv) it is necessary for the government and enterprises to continue increasing support for research and development (R&D). Finally, we put forward corresponding policy recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Upper Permian Changhsing Formation is one of the most important gas-bearing formations in the Eastern Sichuan Basin. Nonetheless, the primary factors controlling the reef-shoal gas reservoirs of different regions are diverse. Clarifying the controlling factors for the formation of intra-platform reef-shoal reservoirs will promote the exploration and development process of the Changhsing Formation. By using outcrop data, core observation, thin section identification, scanning electron microscope analysis, physical property study, and logging interpretation, this paper analyse the characteristics and factors controlling the reef-shoal reservoir in Dianjiang area of the Eastern Sichuan Basin. The results show that the reef cap and reef base microfacies fine-to-medium crystalline dolomite reservoir have the best physical properties, and the reservoir spaces are primarily composed of intercrystalline pores, intercrystalline solution pores, karst caves, and fractures. The main lithology of reservoir formation is reef-shoal facies. The results for the carbon and oxygen isotopes show that dolomites of different particle sizes are formed in three environments. Affected by regression in the late Changhsingian Age, the reef-shoal of the Changhsing Formation were subaerially exposed to meteoric water diagenesis environments, resulting in the highly dispersed particles in rocks that formed a honeycomb karst system, which greatly improved the physical properties of the reservoirs. After reflux dolomitization, the honeycomb karst system was well preserved due to strong resistance to pressure and dissolution of dolomite. Therefore, dolomitization in the Changhsing formation contributed to reservoir porosity. Later, tectonic fracturing has adjusted and modified the reef-shoal reservoir. In summary, penecontemporaneous karstification was the key to the formation of the reef-shoal reservoir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, energy-intensive industries in China, as the main sectors of energy consumption and carbon emissions, had huge pressure to reduce emissions. In addition, the reduction of vegetation area led to a decline in carbon sink capacity, which further exacerbated the imbalance of mutual penetration between carbon source and carbon sink. Therefore, this article considered the role of carbon source and carbon sink and defined and calculated the "carbon emission penetration" (CEP) of the six energy-intensive industries from 2001 to 2020. The KAYA formula and the LMDI method were used to decompose the driving factors of CEP in the three aspects of scale, intensity, and structure. The combined model of STIRPAT and the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) was used to simulate and analyze the equilibrium points of energy-intensive industries in China from the perspective of factor driving. The analysis results indicated that there were differences in the fluctuation trend of CEP in the six energy-intensive industries, which can be divided into three types: "two-stage growth," "steady growth," and "single peak." Secondly, the driving factors from the three aspects of scale, intensity, and structure—emission intensity (CE), energy consumption intensity (EI), industrial structure (IS), economic scale (GP), and carbon sequestration scale (PCA)—had differences in industry and time dimensions. And the realization time of the CEP equilibrium points of six industries showed a three-level gradient feature significantly. This can provide some reference for the low-carbon transformation of six energy-intensive industries and optimization of China's environmental management under the carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Facing the double pressure of promoting economic growth and achieving the goal of "emission peak" by 2030, China must cut down the carbon emission intensity. Focusing on the typical characteristics of China's financial system arrangement, we theoretically analyze the mechanism of vertical fiscal asymmetry affecting carbon emission intensity and use a panel data from 30 Chinese provinces to conduct an empirical examination. The results show that (1) vertical fiscal asymmetry significantly increases the local carbon emission intensity. After a series of robust tests, such as replacement variables and sample data, the conclusion is still valid. (2) The analysis of regional heterogeneity shows that the influence of vertical fiscal asymmetry in carbon emission intensity is the largest in the central area of China, followed by the eastern provinces, and not evident in the western area. The rise in carbon emission intensity brought on by vertical fiscal asymmetry can be successfully reduced by the central transfer payment. The impact of vertical fiscal asymmetry on carbon emission intensity will be greatly lessened when the central transfer payment surpasses the threshold. (3) The mechanism test shows that vertical fiscal asymmetry increases the carbon emissions intensity by three paths: reducing the intensity of environmental regulation, strengthening local governments' dependence on land finance, and local government competition. The above analysis further enriches the relevant research on how China's vertical fiscal asymmetry system affects carbon emission intensity through land finance and local government competition while pointing out the role of transfer payment, and it can help to provide new ideas and empirical evidence for further improving the financial system and promoting the green development of the economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis of household consumption carbon emissions (HCCEs), a significant source of CO2 emissions, is essential to achieving China's carbon peak before 2030 and carbon neutrality before 2060. Based on the calculation of urban and rural HCCEs during 2005–2019, the differences between urban and rural areas, spatial–temporal pattern and agglomeration characteristics of HCCEs were analyzed, and the panel quantile STIRPAT model was constructed to empirically test the influence of socioeconomic factors on urban and rural HCCEs at different quantile levels. The results indicate that, first, China's HCCEs are generally growing, indirect HCCEs are more than direct HCCEs, urban HCCEs are far more than rural, and the gap has a growing trend. Second, the urban and rural HCCEs have significant disequilibrium and agglomeration characteristics in space, and high-high and low-low agglomerations dominated the local region. Third, household size and the number of patent application authorizations increase the urban and rural HCCEs, while the consumption capacity and consumption structure inhibit the urban and rural HCCEs. In addition, the level of education also has an inhibitory effect on the rural HCCEs, while the aging degree of the population has a significant positive impact on the rural HCCEs when it is only at the 90th percentile. Finally, it is suggested to formulate differentiated emission reduction policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Secondary microbial gas accompanied by abnormally high CO2/N2 concentrations is widely developed in the southern Junggar Basin (SJB). However, the mechanism of nonhydrocarbon-enriched coalbed methane (CBM) remains unclear. Due to the close correlation between microbial gas and hydrogeology, the geochemical and microbial sequencing experiments were conducted to reveal hydrogeological controls on CBM geochemistry in this study. The results showed that CBM derives from thermogenic and biogenic genesis in SJB, and the biogenic genesis is mainly generated through CO2 reduction. CO2 is biogenic and N2 is of atmospheric and thermal genesis. CO2 concentration mainly depends on microbial production and consumption. The higher alkane-degrading bacterial abundance in As/V-enriched environments promotes CO2 generation, while high HCO3− contents inhibit CO2 dissolution in water and consumption by methanogens. Alkane-degrading bacteria enrichment and discontinuous CO2 consumption lead to the significantly high CO2 concentration. Atmospheric N2 concentration was negatively correlated with groundwater runoff intensity, while thermogenic N2 concentration showed a weak correlation with total dissolved solids (TDS). High atmospheric infiltration and thermogenic N2 replenishment lead to a N2 concentration exceeding 10%. Stable carbon isotopes are related to methanogens, and more methanogens in Li/Zn/Cu/Rb/Sn-enriched environments lead to decreasing δ13C–CH4. However, when TDS exceeds 15,000 mg/l, the inhibited methanogen production results in δ13C–CH4 higher than −55‰. Three CBM geochemistry distribution models were ultimately established: atmospheric mixed in the runoff–weak runoff area, reformation by shallow microbial gas migration in the weak runoff–stagnant area, and damping microbial gas generation with abundant alkane-degrading bacteria in the weak runoff–stagnant area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Maogongdong deposit is located in the giant Dahutang W-Cu-(Mo) ore field, northern Jiangxi Province, South China. It is mainly a vein-type deposit, characterized by early W and late Cu-Mo mineralization, and temporally and spatially associated with Late Mesozoic S-type muscovite granites emplaced into a Neoproterozoic granodiorite batholith and the Shuangqiaoshan Group metasedimentary rocks. Fluid inclusions and H–O isotopes suggest that the early ore-forming fluids of the Maogongdong deposit are mainly magmatic water with relatively high temperature (270–410 °C) and moderate-to-low salinity, while the late ore-forming fluids are mixed with meteoric water, with medium-to-low temperature (160–270 °C) and low salinity. Infrared and conventional microthermometric studies of fluid inclusions of the main tungsten mineralization stage show that the homogenization temperatures of primary fluid inclusion assemblages in wolframite (325 to 355 °C) are about 20 °C higher than those of coexisting scheelite and generally 40 °C higher than those in quartz. The δ34S values of sulfides (− 5.2 to − 1.3 ‰) in the sulfide stage are slightly lower than the magmatic sulfur (− 1.7 to 0.6 ‰) in the pre-ore stage, most likely due to an increase in oxygen fugacity. The low carbon isotope values (− 26.2 to − 15.5 ‰) of fluid inclusions in the tungsten mineralization stage show that a large amount of organic carbon was added before mineralization. Fluid cooling and pressure decrease are the main factors of tungsten ore precipitation, while local boiling may also make a contribution. Mixing of the different fluids led to the formation of copper and molybdenum ores. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Early-Middle Permian δ13Ccarb variations are recorded by the marine carbonates of the Luduba section in the northern margin of the South China Block. The investigated interval (~ 300 m) spans the Chihsia and Maokou formations. Preservation of the investigated micritic carbonates was evaluated by multiple petrographic and geochemical screening tools. The δ13Ccarb and δ18O values of near-primary micrites range from 2.3 to 5.0‰ (VPDB) and from − 6.4 to − 3.4‰ (VPDB), respectively, showing insignificant correlation (R2 = 0.13). Similarly, the Mn/Sr ratios show insignificant correlation with δ13Ccarb or δ18O ratios. In addition, the Al and Sr concentrations exhibit insignificant correlation, which suggests preservation of at least near-primary δ13Ccarb signatures that can be utilized to construct a reliable C-isotope profile of the equatorial eastern Paleo-Tethys for global correlations. The C-isotope profile exhibits distinct short-time negative shifts superimposed on the general long-term trend of increase in δ13Ccarb values. The long-term trend likely reflects a consistent global sea-level rise during the Early Guadalupian, which was associated with one of the largest Permian transgressions. The general sea-level rise was disrupted by few minor short-term sea-level low-stands associated with negative δ13Ccarb shifts (~ 1–2 ‰) on the C-isotope profile, which are associated with similar minor positive 87Sr/86Sr shifts (~ 0.0005 each) on the Sr isotope profile and with Al enrichment, possibly caused by the combination of global eustasy and regional tectonics in South China. Two negative δ13Ccarb shifts have been recorded in the lower and upper Chihsia Formation that can be correlated with the Early Kungurian and the Kungurian/Roadian boundary, respectively. Also, the Maokou Formation records a middle negative shift that inferred correlates with the Early Wordian. These three negative δ13Ccarb shifts are globally comparable with those documented by both the eastern Paleo-Tethys and western Panthalassa Early-Middle Permian sedimentary records and can be utilized as chemostratigraphic markers. The general increase in the δ13Ccarb values peaks at ~ 5 ‰ near the top of the Maokou Formation that resembles the Kamura event recorded in Tethy but there are issues with the origin and timing of this positive δ13Ccarb excursion. The petrological characteristics of the Luduba section carbonates support the suggested scenario of the general long-term trend of sea-level rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Plant carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) levels and their stoichiometry and N uptake strategies are important aspects influencing vegetation composition and C dynamics in boreal peatlands. However, C, N and P levels and N sources of different plants remain poorly understood, which prevents a better assessment of plant responses to projected increasing N availability in boreal ecosystems with climate warming and increasing N deposition. Methods: We investigated differences of leaf C, N and P concentrations and C and N isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) between graminoids and shrubs in 18 peatlands in northeastern China. Results: Ericoid mycorrhizal (ERM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) shrubs have higher C and P while lower C/N and C/P than nonmycorrhizal (NM) graminoids. Shrubs and graminoids have similar leaf N/P, mainly exhibiting N limitation or N and P co-limitation. ECM shrubs show higher N and lower δ15N than NM graminoids despite having similar rooting depths, indicating higher N availability and more uptake of 15 N-depleted organic N of ECM shrubs. However, deep-rooted ECM shrubs show slightly higher N than shallow-rooted ERM shrubs, and their δ15N differences are insignificant. Shallow-rooted ERM shrubs have higher N and lower δ15N than deep-rooted NM graminoids. Conclusions: Our results imply lower N and P use efficiencies of shrubs than graminoids, and the important role of mycorrhizal association in differentiating N availabilities and sources between shrubs and graminoids. These findings are useful for understanding peatland plant responses to environmental changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The occurrence of Precambrian stromatolites is closely related to the ancient seawater composition and the evolution of life. It is also a potential oil and gas reservoir. In what kind of environment the stromatolites of the upper Ediacaran Qigebulak Formation in the Tarim Basin developed, and whether they constitute potential hydrocarbon reservoirs, remained unclear. Stromatolites occur in 1–5 m thick layers, interbedded with thrombolites and dolostones. Distinct stromatolite morphologies were observed, including columnar, sinuous, short columnar, domal, and conical shapes. The δ13C values of the stromatolites (6.1‰ on average) are slightly lighter than those of the dolostones, and the δ18O values (− 1.4‰ on average) are significantly heavier than that of the dolostones. The stromatolites have a relatively high content of rare-earth elements and a minor Ce anomaly. The geochemical results imply that the stromatolites formed in an evaporative hypersaline lagoon environment. The presence of barrier dams near the coast led to the formation of lagoons, where hypersalinity was achieved when evaporation was greater than marine or freshwater input. High salinity conditions inhibited the growth of Ediacaran metazoans, allowing the buildup of stromatolites in the restricted lagoons. The stromatolites are rich in primary fenestral pores and sheet-like cavities along the laminae, and the secondary dissolution pores and vugs are related to meteoric karstification. The stromatolites, together with dolostones and thrombolites, constitute the majority of the hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Upper Ediacaran in the Tarim Basin. The results clarify the environment where the stromatolites could still flourish and be well preserved whereas they significantly declined globally throughout the Neoproterozoic elsewhere. The results imply that extensive stromatolites in the Proterozoic strata are potentially important reservoir rocks of Precambrian petroleum systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]