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In this paper, we contend that urban middle-class older Indians engaged in "serious leisure" as a way to reimagine and reconfigure the structure of everyday life during the pandemic-led epochal downtime. In particular, we heuristically show that leisure activity patterns and constraint negotiation strategies among older Indians followed conceptual semblances with the dominant leisure-based typology of Serious Leisure Perspective. By thematically analysing household surveys (n = 71), time-use diaries and in-depth interviews (n = 15) of middle to upper middle-class individuals (55–80 years), we show how both men and women distinguished between serious leisure that is marked by motivation, agency and perseverance with that of unstructured, routinized free-time (or causal leisure). Time-use diaries suggested that despite the changed realities of heightened domestic time available to both genders due to the pandemic, women recorded higher proportion of their daily hours in household management and caregiving. Although women were governed by moral-cultural self-descriptions in their engagement with leisure, it was often associated with an enhanced sense of self-actualisation, self-management and identity. Overall, we show how the social codes of age and gender were inextricably linked with the practice of leisure during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elder abuse is evil in human society. The present paper unveils this social issue from two major factors psychological and physical abuse. The study sensitizes the subject matter of study by examining the effects of demographic variables like gender and age on elders. For achieving the purpose of the study the research is a design by exploring and validating the factors of measuring elder abuse through the mix method approach, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). To test the established hypotheses of the effects of the demographic variable on elders the two-way ANOVA was applied. The present study verdicts the development of a sound measurement scale with two influence factors. The separate and composite effect of aging and gender type on elder abuse was evidenced. These findings are crucial especially when the prevalence of elder abuse is higher during COVID-19. The limited novel understudied variable opens an avenue for further research in behavioral and demographic variables like marital status. The present study has practical insinuation for caring the elders in any human society like physical and psychological treatment of elders to avoid abusive situations. In addition, the study attempts to validate the novel issues like psychological and physical abuse of elders in the dimensions of demographic variables. Some rare studies in the Indian continent established the motivation of conducting the research on this dimension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies on the association between population ageing and health spending are inconclusive. Though per capita health spending has a strong age gradient, evidence from the developed countries attributes increasing health expenditure to high spending in terminal year of life. In India, though studies have examined the level, trends and determinants of health care spending, no attempt has been made on association of population ageing and per capita health spending across the districts of India. The objective of this paper was to examine the spatial dependencies and heterogeneities of population ageing and per capita health spending across 640 districts of India. Data from the Census of India (2011) and the consumption expenditure rounds of the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) (2009–10 and 2011–2012) were used in the analysis. Univariate and bivariate LISA analysis, ordinary least square regression, and spatial error model were used to decipher the spatial pattern of population ageing and health spending in the districts of India. Results suggest that per capita health expenditure is positively associated with the proportion of the older adults (aged 60 years and above) in the districts of India. Districts with less than 5% older adults have an annual per capita health expenditure of ₹629 compared to ₹2432 in districts with older adults 12% or more. Districts of India also exhibit large spatial heterogeneity in household health spending. Bivariate Moran's I statistic of proportion of older adults and per capita annual health expenditure was 0.48, suggesting spatially association of the share of the older adults and the per capita annual health expenditure in India. Results of the spatial error model confirmed that share of urban population, mean wealth score, and mean household size are significant predictors of per capita annual health expenditure in India. This study is important to monitor the progress of universal health coverage across the disadvantaged districts and to integrate age component in universal health coverage programmes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual disability in India is substantially under-reported, especially amongst females. This study quantifies the prevalence and gender bias in household reporting of intellectual disability by estimating the age-and-gender specific prevalence of the intellectually disabled by education, Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) score, place of residence, (rural/urban) and income of household head. We estimated prevalence (per 100,000) at 179 (95% CI: 173 to 185) for males and 120 (95% CI: 115 to 125) for females. Gender differences declined sharply with increased education, was higher for lower ages and low income and varied little by state development. Under-identification and under-reporting due to stigma are two plausible reasons for the gender differences in prevalence that increase with age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To assess the efficacy of submucosal diathermy (SMD) in Chronic rhinosinusitis and inferior turbinate hypertrophy undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery. Materials and Methods: We conducted a Randomized Prospective study in patients undergoing Functional Endoscopic Sinus surgery for Chronic Rhinosinusitis in a tertiary care centre in South India for a period of 2 years. Patients were divided into two groups, Group A underwent FESS and Group B underwent FESS with SMD. The outcome was evaluated using nasal endoscopy score (NES), modified SNOT score and Modified Lund Kennedy scores. Results: A total of 80 patients were included in this study.40 patients were allotted in each group. Male: Female ratio was 48:32. The age distribution ranged from 19 to 44 years with a mean of 29.55 ± 6.90 yrs. Mean NES scores, Modified SNOT and Modified Lund -kennedy scores were estimated pre-operatively and during 1st, 2nd and 3rd month of post-operative periods. The mean pre-operative sores were comparable in both the groups except NES score, which was higher in group B. Both the groups showed significant improvement in post-operative period. Inter group comparison showed significant difference in all scores with group B having better results when compared to group A. Conclusion: This study proves that FESS combined with SMD improves the postoperative clinical outcomes when compared with FESS without turbinate reduction. We conclude that SMD is a simple, mucosal preserving technique with almost no complications and can be safely done along with FESS to improve the outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Household age-sex composition in India is changing fast due to persistently declining fertility and improvement in life expectancy, rural–urban migration and change in family orientation. Under such circumstances healthcare of older adults is expected to be affected as they mostly depend on other household members. Keeping this in view the present study attempts to answer the question 'How does the change in household age-sex composition affect out of pocket healthcare expenditure of older adults in India?'. Household age-sex composition and healthcare expenditure for rounds of National Sample Survey Organaization (NSSO) conducted in 1993, 1999–00 and 2007–08 are used for the study. Considerable shift in the share of older adults over period of time is noticed and the change in household age-sex composition is found to have significant effect on healthcare expenditure of older adults. More specifically the share of consumption by older adults above 60 years has increased substantially over time with the increase in their composition. The study provides empirical evidence to support the need for public policies to respond to the growing challenges of the changing age structure of India's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the psychometric properties of a semantic differential scale developed to evaluate the attitudes towards menstruation among Roman Catholics in India, which is referred to as Menstrual Semantic Differential Scale (MSDS). For this purpose, the south Indian state of Kerala was chosen as the location. First, exploratory factor analysis was conducted on the data collected from a sample of participants of different ages, gender, and caste groups. The analysis produced a 10 item scale with a tri-factorial structure that explained 74 percent of the variance. Subsequently, confirmatory factor analysis on a different sample established that the three-factor model was a good fit. Moreover, Cronbach's alpha coefficients of the subscales ranged from 0.73 to 0.93, confirming the acceptable reliability of the instrument. The findings suggest that the MSDS is a reliable and valid measure for assessing attitudes towards menstruation among Roman Catholics in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The psychosocial model of social exclusion postulates that age identity of older persons induce and sustain perceived and enacted discrimination, resulting in psychosocial disability and social exclusion. These propositions were tested by using a cross-sectional survey of 573 older persons, aged 65 years and above. The variables were measured by standardized rating scales. The results reveal age identity significantly influenced perceived (β =.762; p <.001), enacted discrimination (β =.514; p <.001), psychosocial disability (β =.588; p <.001) and social exclusion (β =.389; p <.001). Perceived discrimination significantly increased enacted discrimination (β =.314; p <.001) and enacted discrimination influenced psychosocial disability (β =.279; p <.001) and psychosocial disability increased social exclusion (β =.090; p <.05). Perceived discrimination significantly mediated the negative effect of age identity on enacted discrimination (b =.211; p <.001), psychosocial disability (b =.219; p <.001) and social exclusion (b =.073; p <.05). The conceptual model showed good data model-fit, giving evidence to conclude that this model was useful in explaining process and outcomes of social exclusion of older persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]