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The Carbonate Compensation Depth (CCD) refers to the depth within the ocean where the production and dissolution rates of carbonates reach equilibrium, widely likened to the oceanic calcareous 'snowline'. The reconstruction of deep-time CCD has significant implications for understanding ocean circulation, seawater chemical conditions, sediment distribution, and the surface carbon cycle. This paper critically reviews the methods for CCD reconstruction, summarizes the driving mechanisms of the Cenozoic CCD evolution and its association with the carbon cycle, and offers insights into future directions for CCD research. CCD reconstruction has evolved over the past half century from early qualitative to quantitative methods. These methodological improvements have markedly improved the accuracy and resolution of CCD. Existing studies have indicated a general trend of the CCD deepening across major ocean basins since the Cenozoic, interspersed with a minor shallowing phase during the mid-Miocene. The variations in the CCD are primarily influenced by factors such as ocean productivity, weathering, and shelf-basin partitioning. During climate events such as the Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum, the CCD exhibits pulselike fluctuations. Future research should focus on precision and quantification while integrating model simulations to further explore the correlations and response mechanisms between the CCD and the paleoclimate as well as the carbon cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visible spectral radiometric measurements from space, commonly referred to as ocean-colour measurements, provide a rich stream of information on ocean biota as well as on biological and ecosystem processes. The strength of the ocean-colour technology for observing marine life lies in its global reach, combined with its ability to sample the field at a variety of spatial and temporal scales that match the scales of the processes themselves. Another advantage lies in the growing length of the time series of ocean-colour-derived products, enabiling investigations into any long-term changes, if present. This paper presents an overview of the principles and applications of ocean-colour data. The concentration of chlorophyll-a, the major pigment present in phytoplankton–single-celled, free-floating plants that are present in the sunlit layers of the ocean–was the first, and remains the most common, biological variable derived from ocean-colour data. Over the years, the list of ocean-colour products have grown to encompass many measures of the marine ecosystem and its functions, including primary production, phenology and ecosystem structure. Applications that exploit the data are many and varied, and include ecosystem-based fisheries management, biogeochemical cycles in the ocean, ecosystem health and climate change. An integrated approach, incorporating other modes of ocean observations and models with satellite observations, is needed to investigate the mysteries of the marine ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distribution analysis of scleractinian coral species in the Pacific Ocean using the data of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology and literature data was carried out with regards to the global ocean conveyor belt. The idea was to evaluate if the Conveyor acts as a natural barrier for hydranth larva. Series of maps of scleractinian coral distribution in depths intervals of 1000–2000, 2000–3000, 3000–4000, and 4000–5000 m were created in order to study the characteristics of their distribution in the Pacific Ocean. The majority of stations (up to 300) with corals were registered in the depth range of 1000–2000 m. A few stations are located in deeper regions. The second highest number of stations (more than 60) are located in abyss depths deeper than 4000 m. However, only three species are present in this depth range. The geographical distribution of scleractinian corals shows longitudinal asymmetry. The majority of the stations are located in the western part of the Pacific. We are suggesting that this distribution is associated with the global ocean conveyor belt and with the evolution of the ocean. The paleogeographic evaluation of the possible time period when the species first appeared shows that relatively shallow water (1000–2000 m) corral associations are older than the abyssal scleractinian fauna. This supplements the hypotheses that we made in [4] of the evolution of F. marenzelleri and L. discus [4]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality control (QC) of ocean observational data, essential to establish a high-quality global ocean database, is one of the basic data pre-processing steps in oceanography research, marine monitoring, and forecasting. With the introduction of various advanced instruments in recent decades, oceanographic surveys have expanded from coastal regions to open oceans. However, as ocean in-situ observations are obtained using different instruments that offer heterogeneous data qualities, it is paramount that bad data could be accurately and efficiently identified via QC to provide a reliable global ocean database. In this review, we briefly summarize the latest progress of QC for oceanic in-situ observations, and mainly focus on temperature and salinity data. The similarities and differences between QC schemes developed by various ocean organizations are introduced. We also discuss the performances of the various QC schemes and identify the key challenges. Based on the discussions, several recommendations are proposed for future improvements in the QC for ocean observations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Affiliation 1 and Affiliation 2 share the first position. Correction to: Climate Dynamics https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-021-05943-1 In the original version of the article published online, Xia Zhao SP 1,2,3 sp and Dongliang Yuan SP 1,2,3,4,5 sp SP 1 sp CAS Key Laboratory of Ocean Circulation and Waves, and Center for Ocean Mega- Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China. [Extracted from the article]