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Purpose: The objective of this study was to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution patterns of two common heavy metals, Cd and Pb, in urban rivers in plains, and analyze the impact of weak hydrodynamics on the transport of heavy metals, and guide their ecological risk assessments in these regions. Materials and methods: Two field surveys (wet and dry seasons) were conducted at a total of 36 sites in the tributaries of Gehu Lake, located in a plain region in China. The European Community Bureau of Reference (BCR) extraction method was employed to analyze the components of Cd and Pb. The Nemello index and ecological risk index were calculated to assess their pollution levels and ecological risks. Results and discussion: Cd primarily accumulated at the river mouths, while Pb was predominantly concentrated near the discharge sources. The mobile fractions of Cd were more likely to be released and migrate downstream, and thus the total Cd content demonstrated a significantly negative correlation with these mobile forms (p < 0.05). In contrast, although Pb had a greater proportion of mobile fractions, they were readily re-adsorbed onto particles and settled near the source. The source area displayed notable pollution with Pb, whereas the downstream river mouth area posed a high risk of Cd pollution. Conclusions: The results indicated that the weak river hydrodynamics within plains amplify the impact of heavy metal mobility on their behaviors, producing a "screening effect" on Pb and Cd and resulting in distinct distribution patterns in sediments. These findings can guide the ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems within plains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sarcopenia (low muscle mass, i.e., quantity) is associated with poor clinical outcomes in patients with acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF). In this study, we aimed to illustrate the clinical prognostic value of myosteatosis (muscle fat infiltration) for short-term mortality in patients with ACLF. We retrospectively enrolled consecutive patients with ACLF between January 2019 and January 2022. Computed tomography-based body composition analysis was performed at the third lumbar vertebral level to determine skeletal muscle radiation attenuation. Fine and Gray’s competing risk regression model, with liver transplantation as a competing risk, was used to assess the factors associated with 90-day mortality. A total of 431 patients with ACLF were included. Myosteatosis and sarcopenia were observed in 261 (60.6%) and 87 (20.2%) patients, respectively. Competitive risk regression showed that age (HR 1.021, 95% CI 1.000–1.043, P = 0.042), APASL ACLF Research Consortium (AARC) score (HR 1.498, 95% CI 1.312–1.710, P < 0.001), and sarcopenia (HR 1.802, 95% CI 1.062–3.060, P = 0.029) were independently associated with increased 90-day mortality. Subgroup analysis of male patients with HBV-ACLF revealed that myosteatosis (HR 2.119, 95% CI 1.101–4.078, P = 0.025) was promising prognostic factors for 90-day mortality after being adjusted for ascites, acute kidney injury, AARC score, and sarcopenia. Myosteatosis is predictive of short-term outcomes in male patients with HBV-ACLF. Our results emphasise the importance of focusing on muscle fat infiltration in patients with HBV-ACLF. Further studies are warranted to investigate the underlying mechanisms and potential therapies for myosteatosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasing interest in wearable smart healthcare systems has sparked considerable attention toward flexible sensors owing to their high sensitivity and flexibility. However, these sensors still face challenges in terms of performance imbalances and instability. To address these issues, graphene-based conductive materials with exceptional mechanical and electrical properties have been incorporated into flexible sensors. Despite the potential of graphene, a comprehensive understanding of the sensing mechanisms and influence of fabrication methods on the performance of graphene-based flexible sensors is lacking. This article aims to bridge this gap by providing an overview of the latest research progress in flexible graphene sensors. We begin by analyzing the main properties of graphene materials, including tensile strength, specific surface area, thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. These properties highlight the superior characteristics of graphene for flexible sensor applications. The sensing mechanisms of strain/pressure, gas, and temperature flexible sensors are reviewed, with a focus on innovations in graphene composites, regular microstructures, and emerging preparation methods that enable an effective balance of the individual properties of a single flexible sensor. Furthermore, the article discusses graphene-based multifunctional flexible sensors that allow for the simultaneous monitoring of multiple stimuli, self-powered performance studies, and wireless communication performance studies. Performance analysis of these sensors in the context of flexible systems is provided. Finally, this article presents a comprehensive summary of flexible graphene sensors and offers an outlook for the future. We aim to provide theoretical guidance and technical support for the realization of individual whole-life physical sign detection using flexible graphene-based sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study developed a modified oxygen nano-bubble lanthanum-aluminum attapulgite (OLA) for increasing oxygen and inhibiting phosphorus (P) release from heavily polluted sediment. Materials and methods: The OLA material was prepared. The vertical sediment columns were divided into three groups for incubation experiment, namely, OLA capping, LA capping group, and uncapping group. The feasibility of OLA applied as a capping material to regulate redox condition at the sediment‒water interface (SWI) and to reduce the sediment P release was assessed by comprehensively analyzing the oxygen penetration depth and time. The changes of dissolved and labile P and Fe in pore water and sediment were measured using DGTs and HR-Peepers. Variations of inorganic and organic P (IP and OP) and the microbial diversity in sediment were investigated during the incubation period. Results and discussion: OLA can rapidly increase the dissolved oxygen (DO), which significantly alleviate the anoxic environment of SWI. The largest DO penetration depth reached 22.5 mm and maintained a high concentration for 48h. The presence of oxygen changed the abundance of microorganisms on the sediment surface, with a decrease in the relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Cyanobacteria and an increase of Chloroflexi. This resulted in the acceleration of the conversion of organic P (OP) to dissolved P. Also, a part of OP and mobile P oxidized into non-labile OP. It is worth noting that Fe(II) and S(-II) showed positive correlation at the depth of 0–40 mm. This may be due to the reduction of sulfate generating FeS, which decouples Fe and P. Conclusions: OLA capping is a promising method for controlling the internal P release from sediments and has the potential for emergency P remediation management from black odorous rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language transfer is one of the most significant aspects of cross-linguistic influence. It can be divided into two types: positive and negative, the beneficial and detrimental use of one language's acquired characteristics in another. This study aims to investigate the L1 (Chinese) influence on Hong Kong ESL learners' acquisition of conjunctions and whether the use of L1 has an impact on this influence. An online questionnaire combining questions about students' English learning experience and a grammatical judgement task was sent to a government-funded secondary school in Hong Kong and completed by 79 students. Evidence of both positive and negative transfer from Chinese to English was found by testing six conjunctions or conjunction pairs: although...but, because...so, not only...but also, either...or, neither...nor, and despite. The results suggest that Chinese is likely to have an impact on students' acquisition of conjunctions, and the use of Chinese in English classes can worsen negative transfer and boost positive transfer. The degree of transfer might increase when more Chinese is used in class. To alleviate the impact of Chinese transfer and to provide more effective L2 teaching, monitoring the use of L1 and regular evaluation might be useful. Teachers can also adjust the amount of Chinese used according to the students' English proficiency level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased copper ion (Cu2+) concentrations in aquatic ecosystem significantly influence the environmental quality and ecosystem safety, while information on the Cu2+ biotoxicity to aquatic microorganisms and the models for biotoxicity prediction are still unclear. In this study, the toxicities of Cu2+ to Chlorella vulgaris under different environmental conditions (e.g., Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, pH, and dissolved organic matter) were explored, with the experimental results in comparison with those predicted by the biotic ligand model (BLM). Results showed that increased Cu2+ concentration caused obvious toxicities to C. vulgaris, whereas the commonly occurring cations and dissolved organic matters can protect the metabolism system of C. vulgaris. The presence of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) matrix can alleviate the biotoxicity via increasing the surface biosorption but decreasing cell internalization of Cu2+ in C. vulgaris. Due to the presence of EPS matrix, the experimental biotoxicity results under each condition were significantly lower than those predicted by the BLM model, which was thus modified via taking the EPS matrix as the supplement of allochthonous organic matters. After that, the modified BLM was characterized with a higher degree of precision and can be used in natural waters for biotoxicity prediction. Results obtained can enhance our insights into the ecological effects and biotoxicity prediction of heavy metals in natural aquatic ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Increased temperatures can promote phosphorus (P) mobilization in black-odor sediments. It is generally believed that the temperature-induced release of P from sediments is mainly controlled by iron reduction, while the role of sulfate reduction is often neglected. In this study, the effect and mechanism of sulfate reduction on P release in response to increasing temperatures were investigated. Materials and methods: In January 2021, a total of nine sediment cores were collected in the Zhongzi River, a typical black-odorous river, using a gravity sampler. When all samples had been transported to the laboratory, three sediment cores were placed in three different tanks for incubation, and the water temperature in the tanks was controlled at 5 ℃, 15 ℃, or 25 ℃ through circulating water flumes. Following a 15-day incubation, the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) were combined, and the high-resolution dialysis (HR-Peeper), P sequential extraction, and the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques were used to investigate the relationship between temperature changes and variations in sulfate reduction rates and P migration. Results and discussion: A rise in the temperature from 5 to 25 ℃, the concentrations of labile sulfide (S(-II)) and soluble reactive P (SRP) in porewater, and the vertical distribution trends of these two variables were significantly and positively correlated (r ≥ 0.45, p ≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the largest decrease in organic P (OP) and iron-bound phosphorus (Fe–P) was observed in sediments. Further analysis found that the relative abundance of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) increased from 4.35 to 5.43%, while that of iron-reducing bacteria (IRB) decreased from 4.99 to 3.68%, indicating that SRB inhibited the growth of IRB and that microbial sulfate reduction (MSR) became the primary pathway of OP mineralization. Although the growth of IRB was inhibited, the Fe–P and Fe(III) oxide content in sediments were significantly reduced, indicating that chemical iron reduction (CIR) had occurred. Conclusions: Increasing temperatures promoted the propagation of SRB and inhibited the growth of IRB in black-odor sediments, which not only made MSR become the primary pathway of OP mineralization but also changed the main pathway of iron reduction so that microbial iron reduction (MIR) was replaced by S(-II)-induced CIR, leading to high mobilization of P in black-odor sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore the specific pharmacological molecular mechanisms of Kai Xin San (KXS) on treating Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on network pharmacology and experimental validation. Methods: The chemical compounds of KXS and their corresponding targets were screened using the Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine (ETCM) database. AD-related target proteins were obtained from MalaCards database and DisGeNET databases. Key compounds and targets were identified from the compound-target-disease network and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis. Functional enrichment analysis predicted the potential key signaling pathways involved in the treatment of AD with KXS. The binding affinities between key ingredients and targets were further verified using molecular docking. Finally, the predicted key signaling pathway was validated experimentally. Positioning navigation and space search experiments were conducted to evaluate the cognitive improvement effect of KXS on AD rats. Western blot was used to further examine and investigate the expression of the key target proteins related to the predicted pathway. Results: In total, 38 active compounds and 469 corresponding targets of KXS were screened, and 264 target proteins associated with AD were identified. The compound-target-disease and PPI networks identified key active ingredients and protein targets. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis suggested a potential effect of KXS in the treatment of AD via the amyloid beta (A β)-glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (GSK3 β)-Tau pathway. Molecular docking revealed a high binding affinity between the key ingredients and targets. In vivo, KXS treatment significantly improved cognitive deficits in AD rats induced by Aβ1-42, decreased the levels of Aβ, p-GSK3β, p-Tau and cyclin-dependent kinase 5, and increased the expressions of protein phosphatase 1 alpha (PP1A) and PP2A (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Conclusion: KXS exerted neuroprotective effects by regulating the Aβ -GSK3β-Tau signaling pathway, which provides novel insights into the therapeutic mechanism of KXS and a feasible pharmacological strategy for the treatment of AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We investigate the possibility of optimizing genuine tripartite quantum steering inequalities via machine learning. In particular, we consider two types of hybrid scenarios: one-sided device-independent scenario (where one party is considered to be untrusted) and two-sided device-independent scenario (where two parties are considered to be untrusted). In both scenarios, we apply a method of machine learning, known as artificial neuron networks, to optimize the quantum steering inequalities for the family of noisy Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger states and noisy W states. The results show that the optimized steering classifiers can verify quantum steering well with only a small number of Pauli measurements, which can be easily realized in experiment. The method can be generalized to other multipartite or high-dimensional quantum systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sources of P and N in water-carrying lakes include exogenous input and endogenous release. However, the influence of pollution from different sources on the dynamic distribution of N and P at the sediment-water interface in water-carrying lakes remains unclear. The objectives of this study were to investigate the differences in dynamic distribution characteristics of P compounds and N elements in Lake Jiaogang, a major water-carrying lake in eastern China. Four functional regions with different types of pollutant sources and different kinds of aquatic plants were selected to study the distribution of total P (TP), inorganic P, organic P, ammonium (NH4+–N), and nitrate (NO3−–N). The results revealed that regions with internal-source pollutants contained the highest concentration of TP, Ca–P, and Fe–P with high concentrations. L–P, Al–P, mostly organic P, and soluble reactive phosphorous (SRP), the region with internal-source pollutants were lower than that with the imported-source pollutant. The concentration of dissolved NH4+–N showed high in regions with imported-source pollutants, however, in regions with internal-source pollutants, the dissolved NO3−–N was with the highest concentration. Overall, P from upstream was still dominant in the sediments despite uptake by the aquatic plants. SRP showed high concentration in regions with imported-source pollutants due to the imported pollution and the improved bioavailability by plant root exudates. Feces and feed residues from aquatic livestock breeding resulted in the highest concentration of TN, NH4+–N, and dissolved NO3−–N in the sediments of the region with internal-source pollutants. High concentrations of dissolved NH4+–N were due to the input of N from imported source pollutants. This study provides insights into the contributions of P and N to the eutrophication of the water-carrying lake. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing in frequency and severity, which makes their toxic secondary metabolites of microcystins (MCs) have been widely studied, especially in their distribution and influence factors in different habitats. However, the distribution of MCs on the early growth stage of harmful cyanobacteria and its influence factors and risks are still largely unknown. Thus, in the present study, two reservoirs (Lutian Reservoir and Lake Haitang) with different trophic status in China have been studied weekly from March to May in 2018, when the cyanobacteria communities were just in the early growth stage, to investigate the variation of MCs concentration and the relationships between MCs and environmental parameters. During the investigation, Lutian Reservoir and Lake Haitang were found to be mesotrophic and light eutrophic, respectively. In Lutian Reservoir, the concentration of EMCs (extracellular MCs) was obviously higher than that of IMCs (intracellular MCs) with a mean value of 0.323 and 0.264 μg/L, respectively. Meanwhile, the concentration of EMCs also fluctuated more sharply than that of IMCs. Congeners of IMC-YR and EMC-LR were respectively dominant in total concentrations of IMCs and EMCs. Unsurprisingly, in Lake Haitang, the concentrations of IMC and EMC were both significantly higher than that in Lutian Reservoir with a mean concentration of 0.482 and 0.472 μg/L, respectively. Differently, the concentration of MC-YR was dominant in both IMCs and EMCs, followed by MC-LR. In correlation analysis, the IMCs were significantly and positively correlated with the density and biomass of phytoplankton phyla and potential MCs-producing cyanobacteria and the parameters of water temperature (WT), nutrients, and organic matters. Similar results were also observed for EMCs. While the different variations of MCs in the two reservoirs might be primarily caused by the differences in WT, nutrients (especially phosphorus), organic matters, and the composition of MCs-producing cyanobacteria. In addition, the coexistence of the dominant species of Pseudoanabaena sp., which can produce a taste-and-odor compound of 2-methylisoborneol (2-MIB), might have a significant impact on the concentration and toxicity of MCs. Our results suggested that the risks posed by MCs at the early growth stage of cyanobacteria should also deserve our attention, especially in mesotrophic water bodies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work presents a new method for obtaining the precise stationary state solutions of the Generalized Langevin Equation (GLE). The method combines Mori–Zwanzig formalism and diffusion approximation theory to provide an accurate analytical method for exploring the non-Markovian GLE. We demonstrate that the above-mentioned method can capture well the stationary state solutions of the GLE with memory kernel control and provide a valuable tool for studying the anomalous diffusion events. Numerical simulations confirm the accuracy of such Mori–Zwanzig formalism and diffusion approximation method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While a large body of literature has focused on the positive effect of work effort on improving individual performance and organizational effectiveness, little is known about how work effort produces the negative outcome, such as unethical pro-organizational behavior. Our study proposes that work effort will activate the moral licensing mechanism through moral credential to increase unethical pro-organizational behavior, and leader Confucian value negatively moderates this relationship. Through the single-factor two-level experimental research (study 1) and the multi-time point investigation data analysis (study 2), the mediation model and the moderated mediation model proposed in both two studies have been supported by observation data. These findings are significant to further understanding of the psychological mechanism and boundary condition of unethical pro-organizational behavior, and provide practical guidance for managers to effectively control employee's unethical pro-organizational behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different crystal phases of MnO2 were synthesized and tested for NH3–SCR of NO and NH3 oxidation performances during 50–120 °C. Among those catalysts, α-MnO2 showed the most superior SCR performance for NOx conversion and N2 selectivity, and NH3 species on its surface were active to react with the oxygen, while NH2 species were also easily oxidized by the oxygen. For β-MnO2, NH3 (ads, B) species and part of NH3 (ads, L) species on its surface were active to react with oxygen, while NH3 (ads, L) species adsorbed at Lewis sites showed low reactive with O2, thereby producing less N2O and low NO conversion. γ-MnO2 showed the similar NOx conversion rates and N2O amount generated from the NH3 oxidation comparing to α-MnO2, while yielding much more N2O generation ratios from SCR reactions conditions. Besides, NH3 (ads, L), NH3 (ads, B), NO32− and NH2 species adsorbed on γ-MnO2 surface had high reactivity and could all be consumed by oxygen rapidly. And the N2O formation of δ-MnO2 mainly generated from SCR reactions conditions in the temperature range of 50–120 °C, while the adsorbed NH3 (ads, L) species were hard to react with O2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The application of modified clay is an effective and common method to control harmful algal blooms (HABs), but the impact on benthic organisms caused by the settlement of clay–algae flocs (CAFs) should also be considered. In this study, a simulation experiment was carried out to investigate the responses of antioxidant enzyme activities and the accumulation dynamics of microcystins (MCs) in Corbicula fluminea to CAFs after migrating HABs to the sediment surface via chitosan-modified clay. Materials and methods: We collected sediments, C. fluminea, algal cells, and lake water from Sancha Lake in Sichuan in June 2020. We simulated four treatments in the experiment—a control treatment, a modified clay treatment, an algal cells treatment to simulate the natural deposition of algae, and a modified clay with algal cells treatment. Then, each treatment was quickly stirred for 3 min (100 r min−1), and then slowly stirred for 20 min (30 r min−1). Water and sediments samples were taken at 3, 7, and 15 days to determine the chlorophyll-a and MCs, and C. fluminea samples were collected to analyze the MC content and antioxidant enzyme activity and malondialdehyde content. One-way ANOVA was used to identify the differences between each treatment. Results and discussion: Results showed that the enzyme activities of catalase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide, and superoxide dismutase in the controlling HABs treatment were significantly lower at the end of the experiment compared with the control and the other two treatments—namely, clay only, and algal cells only—while the malondialdehyde content was significantly higher than in the other three treatments, indicating that deposition of CAFs resulted in oxidative damage in C. fluminea. Moreover, a significant increase in MCs in sediments and C. fluminea was also found after deposition of CAFs at 7 and 15 days, which represents a disadvantage of applying modified clay to control HABs. Conclusions: This study shows that the application of chitosan-modified clay to control HABs can result in the reduction of antioxidant enzyme activities in C. fluminea, ultimately leading to their death with a mortality rate significantly higher compared with the control. Moreover, an accumulation trend of MCs in C. fluminea was also found in the HABs control treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: One of the most significant problems in eutrophic lakes is the presence of algal blooms, which may affect phosphorus (P) inactivation agents (PIAs) in the control of P release from sediment. Therefore, in this study, lanthanum/aluminium co-modified thermally treated calcium-rich attapulgite (LA@TCAP) is used to analyse the influence and mechanisms of algal blooms on P inactivation effect to provide technical support for the application of PIAs. Materials and methods: In August 2020, lake water, sediments, and algae were collected from Zhushan Bay in Lake Taihu and LA@TCAP was prepared in the laboratory. These samples were used to establish three groups of microscopic simulation experiments. Through sequential extraction and 31P nuclear magnetic resonance, the mobile forms of P (Mobile-P) of sediment in each experimental group were measured and analysed, and the influence of algal blooms on the inactivation effect of the P immobilisation of LA@TCAP was determined. Physical and chemical properties of overlying water (DO, pH, algae organic matter (AOM), etc) and microbial community structure of capping layers were used to understand the influence mechanisms of algal blooms on the inactivation effect of PIAs. Results and discussion: The concentration of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in the overlying water was reduced due to the decomposition of algal blooms, which increased the relative abundance of P-solubilising bacteria, and transformed more inert forms of P (Inert-P) into Mobile-P in the capping layer. Simultaneously, the algal blooms released OP, which passed through the capping layer and increased the OP content in the sediment. Under this dual effect, the Mobile-P content in the sediment increased, making LA@TCAP unable to inactivate the increased mobile-P, which was bound to affect the inactivation effect of LA@TCAP. Besides, the AOM released from the algal blooms combined with the metal ions in LA@TCAP, resulting in the reduction of adsorption sites of LA@TCAP for P. Conclusions: The algal blooms significantly decreased the DO concentration in the overlying water, thereby affecting the microbial community and transforming more Inert-P into Mobile-P. In addition, the adsorption performance of LA@TCAP for P also reduced owing to AOM competed with P for the metal ions in the LA@TCAP. Thus, algal blooms reduced the ability of LA@TCAP to control the P release from sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization and urbanization has created significant air pollution problems that have recently begin to impact the lives and health of human beings in China. This study systematically investigated the spatiotemporal variations and the associated health risks of ambient O3, PM10 and PM2.5 between 2016 and 2019. The relationships between the target air pollutants and meteorological conditions were further analyzed using the Spearman rank correlation coefficient method. The results demonstrated that the annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 experienced a decreasing trend overall, and PM2.5 significantly decreased from 1.54 μg/m3 in 2016 to 1.48 μg/m3 in 2019. In contrast, the annual mean concentrations of O3 were nearly constant during the study period with a slight increasing trend. The pollutants exhibited different seasonal variations and cyclical diurnal variations. The most highest O3 pollution was seen in spring and summer, while spring and winter were the seasons with the most PM10 and PM2.5 pollution. The highest concentrations of O3 appeared in periods of strong solar radiation intensity and photochemical reactions. The highest concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 appeared at commuting time. The pollutant concentrations were significantly affected by meteorological conditions. Finally, the non-carcinogenic risks from exposure to O3, PM10 and PM2.5 were at an acceptable level (HI < 0.96) and O3 accounted for ~50% of the total non-carcinogenic risks. However, PM2.5 posed highly carcinogenic risks (2.5 × 10−4 < CR < 1.6 × 10−1) and O3 exposure showed high potential ecological impacts on vegetation (AOT40: 23.3 ppm-h; W126: 29.0 ppm-h). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Swine influenza is an economically important respiratory disease in swine, but it also constantly poses a threat to human health. Therefore, developing rapid, sensitive, and efficient detection methods for swine influenza virus (SIV) is important. By aligning the haemagglutinin (HA) gene sequences of SIVs circulating in China over a 10-year period, an H1 primer-probe set targeting both Eurasian avian-like H1N1 (EA H1N1) and pandemic 2009 H1N1 ((H1N1)pdm09) lineages plus a H3 primer-probe set targeting the prevalent human-like H3N2 (HL H3N2) subtype were designed. Subsequently, a TaqMan-MGB-based duplex one-step real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR) assay was established and evaluated. The duplex RT-qPCR has a detection limit of 5 copies/μL of HA plasmid for EA H1N1, (H1N1)pdm09, and HL H3N2 subtype SIVs, and its overall detection sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 91.67% matches that of traditional virus isolation through chicken embryo inoculation using experimentally infected mouse lung samples. The method showed high repeatability both within run and between runs, and there was no cross-reactivity against several other porcine viruses that are commonly circulating in China. Furthermore, the duplex RT-qPCR method revealed a higher prevalence of subtype H1 than subtype H3 in 166 nasal swabs from pigs collected from one slaughterhouse between October and December 2019. This assay could be very helpful in the rapid differential detection and routine surveillance of EA H1N1, (H1N1)pdm09, and HL H3N2 SIVs in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]